Wesley Mc Gregor An Ontological Approach
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Transcript of Wesley Mc Gregor An Ontological Approach
22-10-2008
1
Founding Sponsors
This Presentation Courtesy of the
International SOA Symposium
October 7-8, 2008 Amsterdam Arena
www.soasymposium.com
Gold Sponsors
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_experience the commitmentTM
Enterprise Unity:An Ontological Approach to
Connecting SOAs
SOA Symposium, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Wesley McGregor, Senior Advisor, CGI Inc.
October 7, 2008
© CGI GROUP INC. All rights reserved
22-10-2008
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3
The Theory
4
The Theory
Perfect Market 0 Negotiation
Perfect SOA 0 Discontinuity
Perfect Engine 0 Friction
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3
5
The Problem
6
The Public Sector: Disparate Communities
InteractionsInteractions
InteractionsService Service Service
Community of Interest
HEALTH
Service Service Service Service
Community of Interest
POLICING
Service Service Service
Community of Interest
OVERSIGHT
Service Service Service
Community of Interest
IMMIGRATION
Key Challenges:
Trust (Internal & External)
JurisdictionalCommunities of Interest are usually
circumscribed by government departments.
Disparate: fundamentally unique
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7
The Simple Company: Distinct Communities
Interactions
Communities of Interest are usually
circumscribed by functional departments.
Product
Development
Community of Interest
Service Service Service
Manufacturing
Community of Interest
Service Service Service
Sales &
Marketing
Community of Interest
Service Service Service
Executive
Community of Interest
Service Service Service
Distinct: different in nature or quality
Key Challenges:
Market Responsiveness
Financial
8
The Complex Conglomerate: Disjoint Communities
Communities of Interest are usually
circumscribed by individual companies.
Interactions
Manufacturing
Community of Interest
Service ServiceService
Sales &
Marketing
Community of Interest
Service ServiceService
Executive
Community of Interest
Service ServiceService
Product
Development
Community of Interest
Service ServiceServiceInteractions
Manufacturing
Community of Interest
Service ServiceService
Sales &
Marketing
Community of Interest
Service ServiceService
Executive
Community of Interest
Service ServiceService
Product
Development
Community of Interest
Service ServiceServiceInteractions
Manufacturing
Community of Interest
Service ServiceService
Sales &
Marketing
Community of Interest
Service ServiceService
Executive
Community of Interest
Service ServiceService
Product
Development
Community of Interest
Service ServiceServiceInteractions
Manufacturing
Community of Interest
Service ServiceService
Sales &
Marketing
Community of Interest
Service ServiceService
Executive
Community of Interest
Service ServiceService
Product
Development
Community of Interest
Service ServiceServiceInteractions
Manufacturing
Community of Interest
Service ServiceService
Sales &
Marketing
Community of Interest
Service ServiceService
Executive
Community of Interest
Service ServiceService
Product
Development
Community of Interest
Service ServiceServiceInteractions
Manufacturing
Community of Interest
Service ServiceService
Sales &
Marketing
Community of Interest
Service ServiceService
Executive
Community of Interest
Service ServiceService
Product
Development
Community of Interest
Service ServiceServiceInteractions
Manufacturing
Community of Interest
Service ServiceService
Sales &
Marketing
Community of Interest
Service ServiceService
Executive
Community of Interest
Service ServiceService
Product
Development
Community of Interest
Service ServiceServiceInteractions
Manufacturing
Community of Interest
Service ServiceService
Sales &
Marketing
Community of Interest
Service ServiceService
Executive
Community of Interest
Service ServiceService
Product
Development
Community of Interest
Service ServiceService
Super Executive
Community of Interest
Service ServiceService
Disjoint: separate or disconnected
Key Challenges:
Management & Control
Cultural
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9
End Result: Localization
Using ESBs
that provide…
Registry/Repository
Transformation
Routing
Reliable Messaging
Standardized Interfaces
Orchestration Engine
Connectors & Adapters
Interactions
Manufacturing
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Sales &
Marketing
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Executive
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Product
Development
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Interactions
Manufacturing
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Sales &
Marketing
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Executive
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Product
Development
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Interactions
Manufacturing
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Sales &
Marketing
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Executive
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Product
Development
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Interactions
Manufacturing
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Sales &
Marketing
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Executive
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Product
Development
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Interactions
Manufacturing
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Sales &
Marketing
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Executive
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Product
Development
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
enterprises
end up with
Localized syntax
Localized nomenclature
Localized semantics
Vendor influences
Interoperability challenges
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The Solution
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11
Ontology: Definition
“An ontology is an explicit specification of a conceptualization.
The term is borrowed from philosophy, where an ontology is a systematic account of
Existence. For knowledge-based systems, what “exists” is exactly that which can be
represented. When the knowledge of a domain is represented in a declarative formalism,
the set of objects that can be represented is called a universe of discourse. This set of
objects, and the describable relationships among them, are reflected in the representational
vocabulary with which a knowledge-based program represents knowledge. Thus, we can
describe the ontology of a program by defining a set of representational terms. In such an
ontology, definitions associate the names of entities in the universe of discourse (e.g.,
classes, relations, functions, or other objects) with human-readable text describing what the
names are meant to denote, and formal axioms that constrain the interpretation and well-
formed use of these terms”
Source: “A translation approach to portable ontology specifications”, Tom Gruber,
Knowledge Acquisition 5, (1993) pp. 199-220
This definition, although debatable, is satisfactory for the purposes of our discussion.
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Layered Ontological Overlay
Interactions
Manufacturing
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Sales &
Marketing
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Executive
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Product
Development
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Interactions
Manufacturing
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Sales &
Marketing
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Executive
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Product
Development
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Interactions
Manufacturing
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Sales &
Marketing
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Executive
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Product
Development
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Interactions
Manufacturing
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Sales &
Marketing
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Executive
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Product
Development
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Interactions
Manufacturing
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Sales &
Marketing
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Executive
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Product
Development
Community of
Interest
Service ServiceService
Local
Ontology
Local
Ontology
Local
Ontology
Local
Ontology
Local
Ontology
Shared Ontology Shared Ontology
Common Ontology
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13
Ontological Framework
“Chaos” “Consistent Structure” “Order”
Model of Common
Services
Depts
Modeling
Group
Exec
Projects
Standards
Bodies
Vendor
Formal
Common Service
Description
Key Stakeholders
& Influencers
Enterprise Vision
Other
Areas.Mediation
Services
Analysis Phase Synthesis Phase Design& Build Phase
Governance
14
Analysis: Service Concept Exposition
“Chaos”
Depts
Information
ModelsExec
Projects
Standards
Body
Vendor
Ambiguous Service Descriptions
Other
Areas
Business
Logic
Service
Descriptions
Process
Models
Reference
Models
Service
Architectures
Dependencies
Dept-specific
Project-specific
Guided by
Enterprise-wide
Se
rvic
e C
on
ce
pt
Ex
trac
tio
n
Consider others
Problem Space
Project
Standard
Exec
Vendor
Dept
Service X
Service Y
Service Z
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15
Synthesis: Consistent Service Representation
“Consistent Structure”
Model of Common Services
Syn
the
sis
of
Se
rvic
e C
on
ce
pts
Machine-understandable
Representation of
Service Components
Classification of
Common Service
Components
Project
Standar
d
Exec Dept
Service X
Service Y
Service ZSemantically Consistent
Description of Service Types
and Components
Formal Description
of Common
Services
Vendor
16
Design & Build: Service Interoperability
“Order”
Consistent
Semantics
Platform-specific Implementations
Successful
Exchange of
Information
Consistent Data
Interpretation
Service
Interoperability
Automated Mediation
Capability
Service X
Client Z
Service Y
Client Y
Client X
A community can
effectively interpret
information and interact
successfully in a
completely automated way
with another community or
environment
Service
Descriptions
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17
Issues
Issues
1. Ownership of the design-time interpretation capability can
be problematic. • Knowledge is power
• Monarchy or democracy
2. Where does the run-time translation execution lie?• Centralized, distributed, shared,…
3. How are conflicts resolved?• Jurisdictional, human behavioural,…
4. Can inconsistencies be resolved in an automated way?• Rules - both static and dynamically generated,…
5. Technical interoperability.• E.g.. is XML (RDF, OWL,…) enough?
6. Semantic interoperability with outside partners.• How much human modeling effort is required to bring a new
community onboard?
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19
Implications
20
Complexity Reduction: Amdahl‟s Law
Amdahl's law, (Gene Amdahl, 1967)
Named after computer architect Gene Amdahl,
is used to find the maximum expected
improvement to an overall system when only
part of the system is improved. It is often used
in parallel computing to predict the theoretical
maximum speedup using multiple processors.
Source: www.wikipedia.com
If S is the fraction of a calculation that is serial and (1-S) the fraction that can be
parallelized, then the greatest speedup that can be achieved using P processors is:
which has a limiting value of 1/S for an infinite number of processors.
Source: www.phy.duke.edu
1
(S + (1-S) / P)
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Extensions to Amdahl‟s Law
Can we update Amdahl’s law to include complex
service orchestrations?
(From a linear to a multi-dimensional perspective)
Can we then calculate the reduction in complexity
of a system using a framework of consistent
service descriptions?(What efficiencies do we gain)
Finally, based on the reduction of a system’s
complexity, can we calculate the reduction of
discontinuity of an entire environment?(What controls are now implicit)
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Final Thoughts
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23
Mapping to Maslow‟s Hierarchy of NeedsT
ime
Yesterday
TomorrowNeeds Notional Service Types
Physiological Survival Infrastructure food, drink, air
Safety Growth Enterprise security, physiological safety
Belongingness & Love Community Community of Interest affiliation, acceptance, affection
Esteem Distinction Differentiation competence, approval, recognition
Aesthetic & Cognitive Wisdom Knowledge
knowledge, understanding, &
goodness, justice, beauty, order Reasoning
Self Actualization Abstraction Adaptive,
& Autonomic, &
Continuity Self-Perpetuating
24
The Future
As we move from Enterprise SOA to an SOA
Marketplace, the commoditization of services
will force the creation of a
generalized ontological overlay
SOA Continuum
Enterprise SOA SOA Marketplace
Dynamic arbitrage between service supply and demand
Organizational efficiencies leading to improved performance Source: William A. Murray
- Organizational - - Whole-of-Environment -
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„Till we meet again…
Thank You!
Wesley McGregor