Were the necks of Apatosaurus and Brontosaurus adapted for combat? Michael P. Taylor 1*, Mathew J....
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Were the necks ofApatosaurusand Brontosaurusadapted for combat?
Michael P. Taylor1*,Mathew J. Wedel2,Darren Naish and3
Brian Engh4.
1Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, UK.
2College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific and College of Podiatric Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA.
3National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, University of Southampton, UK.
41522 Charles Avenue, Arcata, California 95521, USA.
Artwork: Bob Bakker
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Apatosaurus louisae (Carnegie Museum)
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Apatosaurus louisae (Carnegie Museum)
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Brontosaurus excelsus in Zallinger's mural
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Brontosaurus excelsus in Zallinger's mural
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Brontosaurus excelsus in Zallinger's mural
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Zallinger's Brontosaurus (1947)
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Knight's Brontosaurus (1897)
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What exactly isan apatosaurine?
Tschopp et al. (2015), Figure 115.Reduced consensus tree obtainedby equal weighting. Fifteen OTUswere deleted a posteriori. Numbersat the nodes indicate the number ofchanges between the two branchesdeparting from the node (for theapomorphy count).
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What exactly isan apatosaurine?
Tschopp et al. (2015), Figure 115.Reduced consensus, apatosaurine section.
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What exactly isan apatosaurine?
Tschopp et al. (2015), Figure 115.Reduced consensus, apatosaurine section.
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What exactly isan apatosaurine?
Tschopp et al. (2015), Figure 115.Reduced consensus, apatosaurine section.
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What exactly isan apatosaurine?
Tschopp et al. (2015), Figure 115.Reduced consensus, apatosaurine section.
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AMNH 460 … whatever it is
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What exactly isan apatosaurine?
Tschopp et al. (2015), Figure 115.Reduced consensus, apatosaurine section.
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NSMT-PV 20375 … whatever is is
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Diplodocus and Apatosaurus (Carnegie Museum)
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Diplodocus and Apatosaurus (Carnegie Museum)
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Tokyo apatosaur
Apatosaurus ajax
Brontosaurus excelsus
Kaatedocus
Diplodocus
Haplocanthosaurus
Camarasaurus
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Tokyo apatosaur
Apatosaurus ajax
Brontosaurus excelsus
Kaatedocus
Diplodocus
Haplocanthosaurus
Camarasaurus
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Tokyo apatosaur
Apatosaurus ajax
Brontosaurus excelsus
Kaatedocus
Diplodocus
Haplocanthosaurus
Camarasaurus
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Tokyo apatosaur
Apatosaurus ajax
Brontosaurus excelsus
Kaatedocus
Diplodocus
Haplocanthosaurus
Camarasaurus
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BrontosaurusexcelsusholotypeYPM 1980
Cervical ?8
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Umbaran starfighter
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BrontosaurusexcelsusholotypeYPM 1980
Cervical ?8
Cervical ribsrobust
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BrontosaurusexcelsusholotypeYPM 1980
Cervical ?8
Cervical ribsrobust
Diapophyses andparapophysesrobust
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BrontosaurusexcelsusholotypeYPM 1980
Cervical ?8
Cervical ribsrobust
Diapophyses andparapophysesrobust
Cervical ribsdisplacedventrally
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BrontosaurusexcelsusholotypeYPM 1980
Cervical ?8
Cervical ribsrobust
Diapophyses andparapophysesrobust
Cervical ribsdisplacedventrally
Diapophyses andparapophysesprojectventrolaterally
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BrontosaurusexcelsusholotypeYPM 1980
Cervical ?8
Cervical ribsrobust
Diapophyses andparapophysesrobust
Cervical ribsdisplacedventrally
Diapophyses andparapophysesprojectventrolaterally
Cervical ribs haveanteroventral knobs
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Knight's Brontosaurus (1897)
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Why this big, heavy, weird neck?expensive to build, maintain, and operate.
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Taylor and Wedel (2013a:26) just gave up
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Taylor and Wedel (2013a:26) just gave up
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No sex, please, we're sauropods
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But apatosaurs are different
Emiliano Troco
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But apatosaurs are different
John Conway
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Sexual combat like necking giraffes?
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Giraffes have crass, uncharismatic,Highly fused mammalian skulls ...
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… Whereas apatosaurs have elegant, fragile skulls
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Sexual combat like necking giraffes?
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So what were they doing?
?
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1. Ventral displacement of cervical ribs
Improved mechanical advantage of hypaxial muscles.
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Stronger ventral movements of the neck
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2. Ventrolaterally directed parapophyseal rami
Oriented to resist ventral impacts
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Provided soft-tissueprotection forthe trachea,oesophagus,and majorblood vessels.
3. Ventral troughbetween thecervical ribs
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4. Ventrolateral processes on the cervical ribs
Apatosaurus louisae holotype CM 3018 cervicals 10–12.(Gilmore 1936:plate XXIV)
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Ventral midline callositieson ostrich torsos
Slack (2002: figure 4)
(Note the hilarious three-toed ostrich feet)
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4. Ventrolateral processes on the cervical ribs
Maybe instead of this ...
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4. Ventrolateral processes on the cervical ribs
… this? … this?
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Keratinous horn in rhinoceroses
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4. Ventrolateral processes on the cervical ribs
Maybe instead of this ...
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4. Ventrolateral processes on the cervical ribs
… this?
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Summary
1. Ventral displacement of cervical ribs Improved mechanical advantage of hypaxial muscles. Stronger ventral movements of the neck
2. Ventrolaterally directed parapophyseal rami Oriented to resist ventral impacts
3. Ventral trough between the cervical ribs Provided soft-tissue protection for the trachea, blood vessels.
4. Ventrolateral processes on the cervical ribs Calloused lumps or spikes on ventral surface
⇒ combat by crashing necks ventrally.
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Male southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina)
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Male northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris)
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Male northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris)
![Page 67: Were the necks of Apatosaurus and Brontosaurus adapted for combat? Michael P. Taylor 1*, Mathew J. Wedel 2, Darren Naish and 3 Brian Engh 4. 1 Department.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfc71a28abf838ca7d7b/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Male southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina)
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Northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris)
University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge
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Northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris)
University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge
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Sea lion (Zalophus californianus)
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Sea lion (Zalophus californianus)
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Huge soft-tissue envelope
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Extremely inexact analogue
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Brian Engh