WenigHoffnungauf LÖSUNGEN DER GENTECHNIK · Why, then, has the central dogma continued to stand?...

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2/14/19 1 Wenig Hoffnung auf LÖSUNGEN DER GENTECHNIK Dr. Angelika Hilbeck Institut für Integrative Biologie Gruppe: Umweltbiosicherheit und Agrarökologie ETH Zürich, Schweiz Source: Steffen et al. 2015. Planetary Boundaries: Science, January 2 9 planetary life support systems Chemical pollution, novel org. (invasives, GMOs, etc) DIE PROBLEME

Transcript of WenigHoffnungauf LÖSUNGEN DER GENTECHNIK · Why, then, has the central dogma continued to stand?...

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Wenig Hoffnung auf LÖSUNGEN DER GENTECHNIK

Dr. Angelika Hilbeck

Institut für Integrative Biologie

Gruppe: Umweltbiosicherheit und Agrarökologie

ETH Zürich, Schweiz

Source: Steffen et al. 2015. Planetary Boundaries: Science, January 2015.

9 planetary life support systemsChemical pollution, novel org. (invasives, GMOs, etc)

DIE PROBLEME

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Toni Meier: Planetary boundaries of agriculture and nutrition – an Anthropocene approach. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Communicating and Designing the Future of Food in the Anthropocene. Humboldt University Berlin. Bachmann Verlag. (2017)

INDUSTRIALISIERTE

The Contributions of Plant Biotechnology to Agriculture in the Coming Decades, R. T. FraleyKrattiger, A.F. and A. Rosemarin. 1994. Biosafety for Sustainable Agriculture: Sharing

Biotechnology Regulatory Experiences of the Western Hemisphere.

VERSPROCHENE LÖSUNGEN DER GENTECHNIK

TOLERANZ GEGEN TROCKENHEIT, NÄHRSTOFFMANGEL, KRANKHEITEN, SCHÄDLINGEN, ETC.

INHALTSSTOFFE: VITAMINE, PROTEINESTÄRKEN, NÄHRSTOFFE (EISEN), ETC.

IMPFSTOFFE, ENZYME, ETC.

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VERSPROCHENE LÖSUNGEN DER GENTECHNIK

REALITÄTSCHECK nach …

• über 65 Jahren seit der Entdeckung DNA

• über 45 Jahren seit der Entdeckung der ‘molekularen Scheren’ und anderen Werkzeugenfür Herstellung von GVOs

• über 20 Jahren weltweiten kommerziellen Anbausund Zulassung von GVOs

• 7 Jahren seit der Entwicklung von CRISPR Cas9

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ISAAA – not independently verified industry data

2 Gentechnik-Eigenschaftstypen(99% aller angebautenGV Pflanzen)

Eigenschaftstyp IResistent gegen Herbizid

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

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Eigenschaftstyp II Produzieren Insektizid

Insektizid in die Pflanze eingebaut

Innovation (?):Kombination beiderEigenschaften

ISAAA – not independently verified industry data

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Produzieren Insektizid Resistent gegen Herbizid

Insektizid in die Pflanze eingebaut

+

Plattformen für Chemie

4 IndustrielleRohstoffpflanzenSojabohnenMaisBaumwolleRaps

ISAAA – non-verified industry data

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The Contributions of Plant Biotechnology to Agriculture in the Coming Decades, R. T. FraleyKrattiger, A.F. and A. Rosemarin. 1994. Biosafety for Sustainable Agriculture: Sharing

Biotechnology Regulatory Experiences of the Western Hemisphere.

VERSPROCHENE LÖSUNGEN DER GENTECHNIK

TOLERANZ GEGEN TROCKENHEIT, NÄHRSTOFFMANGEL, KRANKHEITEN, SCHÄDLINGEN, HERBIZIDEN ETC.

INHALTSSTOFFE: VITAMINE, PROTEINESTÄRKEN, NÄHRSTOFFE (EISEN), ETC.

IMPFSTOFFE, ENZYME, ETC.

The Contributions of Plant Biotechnology to Agriculture in the Coming Decades, R. T. FraleyKrattiger, A.F. and A. Rosemarin. 1994. Biosafety for Sustainable Agriculture: Sharing

Biotechnology Regulatory Experiences of the Western Hemisphere.

2017

Realität

Warum?

TOLERANZ GEGEN …. SCHÄDLINGEN, HERBIZIDEN ETC.

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Gentechnik baut auf veralteter Wissenschaft

Annahmen:• Nukleotidesequenzen von Organismus A funktioniert in Organism B

ausschliesslich wie in A

Daraus abgeleitete Annahmen:

• Nukleotide/DNA = (Digital) CODE (des Lebens)

Genetik = eine Form der digitalen Informationstechnology (IT)

Kontrolle über DNA = Präzision = Sicherheit = Vorhersagbarkeit

‘Central Dogma’

“IntentionalBiology”

“DigitalBiology”

‘Synthetic Biology’ Fantasien

Quaternary codeBinary code

Andrianantoandro et al. 2006

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Veraltete Annahmen:

• Reduktionistisch-simplistische Sichtweise: Organismensind die Summe ihrer gen-’kodierten’ Bausteine

• Gentechnik limitiert: kann nur Eigenschaftenverändern, die von Einzelgenen beeinflusst werden(Punktmutationen) (einfache Eigenschaften)

“Environmental information ….Random, or stochastic, signals can generate significant noise in biological systems…”

Die Umwelt – Ein Problem!

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Barry Commoner (Senior scientist at the Center for the Biology of Natural Systems at Queens College, City University of New York)

Harper’s Magazine, February 2002

“DNA did not create life; life created DNAWhy, then, has the central dogma continued to stand? To some degree the theory has been protected from criticism by a device more common to religion than science: dissent, or merely the discovery of a discordant fact, is a punishable offense, a heresy that might easily lead to professional ostracism. ….The central dogma was simply too good not to be true.”

Seit 2012, neue ‘Scheren’ tauchen auf begleitet von altenVersprechen

CRISPR-Cas9 – der neue Hype!

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27. Juni 2016

“…Die Erzählung der Natur zu verschönern.”

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Hoffnung auf Lösungen der Gentechnik fürdiese Problemesehr limitiert

DANKE!