Wendy Brown - Walled States Waning Sovereingty.pdf

7/23/2019 Wendy Brown - Walled States Waning Sovereingty.pdf

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© 2010 Wendy Brown

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Wanng oeregn Walled Democracy 7

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aes and bjecs 7

V Desrng Walls 107

cknowledgmens 135

Noes 17

ndex



CHAPTER ONE

Waning Sovereignty,

Walled Democracy

cation as the defense of places ended for al l practical purposes i he breaching of the Atantik Wall in hereafter forma

ications a s a principal mea ns of defence , even on the most

sive scae were obsolete.

Hrst, Space and Power

d soft bodes not rg d pereable ones . . . . At the

od of the twentyfirst centry, we do not ned to reinforce�gnty.

on Peres The Ne Middle East

hem don't build fences around your settlements If you put

ce you put a limit to your expansion We shoud place the

ound the Paestinians and not around our places

Ai Sharon, quoted i n eve Gordon, Israel's Occupaion

he wall that has created the camp, but rathe the stategy and

i encampment which has ed to the constuction of the wal l.

Ai Oh and Ariella Azolay "The onster's Tail

gnerally much more harmful than useful

i Mhe, The Discourses on The Frs Ten Books us

W av a ll globalized world os fd n bn opn n cdng fuo d

, n 1"\'nsn. T nsn mt



W A L L A W A I V I

inceasingly libealized bodes, on he one hand, and he evoion o unpecedened unds, enegies, and echnologies o bodeoicaion on he ohe Globalizaion eaues a hos o elaedensions beween global newoks and local naional isms, viualpowe and physical powe, pivae appopiaion and open soucing, sececy and anspaency, eioializaon and deeioializaion. I also eaues ensions bewen naional ineess adhe global make, hence beween he naion and he sae, andbeween he secuiy o he subec and he movemens o capial

One place hese ensions nes is in he new walls siaing heglobe, walls whose enzied buildng was undeway even as hecumbling o he old basilles o Cold Wa Euope and apaheidSouh Aica was being inenaionally celebaed Bes knownae he Unied Saesbuil beemoh along is souhen bodeand he sael ibuil wall snaking hough he Wes Bank , wopojecs ha shae echnology, subconacing, and also ee

o each ohe o legiimacy. Bu hee ae many ohes. Pos-apaheid Souh Aica eaues a complex inenal maze o wallsand checkpoins and mainains a conovesial elecied secuiybaie on is Zimbabwe bode Saudi Aabia ecenly inishedconsucing a enoohigh concee pos sucue along isbode wih emen, which wil l be ollowed by a wall a he aqbode, which in un Saudis say may be ollowed by walling hei

whole couny. o dee eugees om is pooe neighbos , osake is side in a land dispue, and o suppess he movemen oslamic gueillas and weapons acoss is Pakisan bode, cudebaies have been buil by India o wall ou Pakisan, Bangladesh,and Buma and o wall in dispued Kashmi eioy.2 The cudeness should no deceive India has mined he land space beweendouble layes o babed and conceina wie along he Indo

Kashmi bode Also in he conex o a land dispue, bu ofi cially buil in he name o inedicng slamic eoiss,Ubekian ed u yy a hasa in b rk s s ow ot k s Bsw t a al rer w th



lnior around the Spanis enlave of Mella orocco (Ciara Tamburii).



U-Mxo or (Dv M N/G Igs)



U.S -Mexico brde (Ma S lver)



Te Isel Wl i he ea of Qlndiy, Nor Jerusem (Sebst Boesc).



'nu!li wll clsg Bethlehem (s A1-Se/FP/Gey Igs).



India-Baglaesh bore fence (Veonique e Vigere/Gety mages).



b fc A ValGy Ia)



a ae a e e Yee Kae azaaAGetty ages



eal eeaewie

a op a othids of ase

ISand

berms

0ramd

Bae-wie

urellae

Ultavoetsesos, face

eogo

sofwae

Gmmad sselads

Evey yas

derrudsesrsMovee ses

off sile alas

aud rea all iles log

lg 550-mle ber beg b by Sd b o s ode h Irq C Hghes)



Barrie sepaatng Shie ad Su neghborhds f a-Sla and aGazayeh n Baghdad

(Ai AI-Saad/AFP/Gey mages).



W A I O V Y W A L M O A Y

mawe n osensiy o sop he spread o f fooandouh dsease among vesok u aied a nerdiing Zim

awean humans as we In response o he souh haandnsurgeny and o deer ega mmgraion and smugging Thaiand and Maaysa have ooperaed o ud a onree and seeorder wa. The wa eween gyp and Gaza was rough oe word's aenon when was reahed n anuary oo yazans seekng food fue and oher domesi goods. Iran i s wa g ou Paksan Brune s wang ou immigrans and smuggers

mng from imang. hna s wang ou Norh Korea o sem e ide of Korean refugees u parae o one seon of sw Norh Korea is aso wang ou hna.

There are was whn was Gaed ommunies in henied Saes have sprung up everywhere u are espeiaynifu n Souhwesern iies near he wa wih Mexio . Wasound sraei seemens n he Wes Bank au he seuriyrier" and was around he dispued Museum of Toerane sie erusaem nese nex o was pariioning ha y. Behe has een ompeey sea ed off from erusaem wih ower g onree was The European Unon sponsors ripeayer s around Spanish enaves in Moroo even as Moroo isefnains a enghy erm" aimed a seuring he resoures oft h ongdspued Wesern Sahara. And in he name of prevening he ermed renh siuaons" he soa is mayor of Paduan y ui he Via Ane i Wa o separae whie mddeassorhoods from he soaed Arian gheo" where mos mmgrans ive

i more was are oming Nowhsanding he dusup in ver a proposed Baghdad wa he Uned Sas mary

pes o wa e rrir arked y Grn L n y ldy b l oov w od S

ghooods u h hmy d my mod th of I gtd cmm t es espse t y

clari,

l hd th p t i s t s



W L T W I V I

wth Paaguay, sae pans to epae an od fene wth a seutyae aoss ts Sna eset ode wth Egypt , and the UntedAa Emates s desgnng a wa fo ts man ode. Kuwathas a fene, ut wants a wa n the demtaed one appoxmatng ts ode wth Iaq Seous poposas have een foatedto foow ompeton of the U.S.Mexo wa wth one aongthe Canadan ode and aso to fnd a means of aadng thesands that povde onduts to Euope fom woude NothAfan mgants

f these was va n what they am to detepoo peope,woes, o asyum seees; dugs, weapons, o othe ontaand; smugged taxae goods; dnapped o ensaved youth;teo; ethn o egous mxng; peae and othe potafutues thee ae suey ommon dmensons to the pofeaton at ths moment n wod hstoy. Let us stat wth a sees ofpaadoxes st, even as those aoss a wd pota spetum

neoea s, osmopotans , humantaans , and eft atvstsfantase a wod wthout odes (whethe onsequent to goaentepeneushp, goa makets, goa tenshp, o goagovenane, natonstates, h and poo, exht a passon fowa dng Seond, wthn the ostensy tumphant unvesapota fom, demoay (headed y Euopean postMaxsts,sam seuasts, o Amean neoonsevatves, even f eah

nfets demoay dffeenty, we onfont not ony aades,t passageways though them segegatng hghend usness taff, odnay tavees, and aspng entants deemed suspet yvtue of ogn o appeaane. hd, n a tme featung apates fo destuton hstoay unpaaeed n the omnedpoteny, mnatuaton , and moty, fom odes wed foexposon to neay nvse ohema toxns, these deady ut

nopoea powes ae pevesey answeed y the sta physasm of was So the aaxs fatug smuus

o bloki o featurng vs wh x ·lso sic�o, <1d k wo

d v p m b h



W A O V E E I T W A M O C A C

ha s aso srkg abou hese ew barrers s ha eve1 ey m or aemp o defe aosae boudares, hey

o bu as defeses agas poea aas by oher sovc gs, as forresses agas vadg armes, or eve as sheds s weapos auhed ersae wars. Raher, whe he uar dager may vary, hese wa s arge osae ras a aorsdvduas, groups, movemes, orgazaos,1d dusres hey rea o rasaoa, raher ha eral ia reaos ad respod o persse , bu ofe forma or

rraea powers, raher ha o mary uderags. he111 ao, smuggg, rme, error, ad eve poa purposes h t as woud erd are rarey sae sposored, or, for he par, are hey ed by aoa eress. Raher, hey k shape apar from oveos of Wesphaa eraoa whh sovereg aosaes are he doma po a s. As suh, hey appear as sgs of a posWesphaa word.

o spea of a posWesphaa order s o o mpy a era11 h aosae soveregy s eher shed or rreeva. h he prefx pos" sgfes a fra ha s temoal t not oe ha o whh s axed. Pos" daes a very uar odo of aferess whh wha s pas s o efIhi bu o he orary, reeessy odos, eve dom- cs prese ha everheess aso breas some way wh hs

� oher words, we use he erm pos" oy for a prese pas oues o apure ad sruure . hus dd pos haraerze muh of he seod haf of he uroAa t h eury, jus as posommusm" defes poa,Wia eoom haeges ad predames se by he formerie , whe posMarxsm" gahers oemporary dverse s of phosophy ad aayss worg he og shadow x t l paradgs ad poa aahmes

Cc h v oro h h saes s asser sovereg

l t he i m o o n ob o dd h m h l a i m t h t t v t s a - ? h i l p led h tc we m mpl

71



D T T E G V E R E I G Y

ote that a omposite fgue of soveeigty daw fom assiatheosts o mode soveegty, iudg homas Hoes, ea

Bodi, ad a Shmtt, suggests that soveeigtys idispesae eatues iude supemay (o hghe powe, pepetuityove tme (o tem mts, deisioism (o oudedess y osumissio to aw, asouteess ad ompeteess (soveeigtyaot e poae o pata, otaseaity (soveeigtyaot e oeed without aeig tse, ad speied uisdto (tetoiaity. 6 I atio state soveeigty has aways

ee somethig of a ito i its aspatio ad aim to thesequates, the itio is a potet oe ad has suffused the iteaad extea eatos o atiostates sie its oseato ythe Peae o Westphaia. Howeve, ove the past haf e-tuy, the moopoy of these omied attiutes y atiostateshas ee seveey ompomised y gowig tasatoa fows oapita, peope, ideas, goods, vioee, ad potia ad eigous

eaty. hese fows oth tea at the odes they oss ad ysta-ie as powes withi them, thus ompomisg soveeigty fomits edges ad om ts iteio Natiostat soveeigty has eeudeut as we y eoiea atioaty, whih eogies osoveeig apat fom etepeeua deiso makes (age adsma , whih dspaes ega ad poita pipes (espeiayea ommitmets to uvesa iuso, equaity, iety, adthe ue of aw wth maket itea, ad whih demotes thepotia soveeig to maageia status. Natostate soveegtyhas aso ee eoded y the steady gowth ad mpotae oteatoa eoomi ad goveae sttutos suh as theteatoa Moetay ud ad Wod ade gaiatioAd atiostate soveeigty has ee haeged y a quateetuy of postatioa ad iteatioa assetios of aw, ghts,ad authoity that sometimes opey aim to suvet o supesede

the soveegty o states.Whie it is o ews that atostate soveegty is haeged

ga o aa a gg we tasollgI coo m poliic nt i s h ot fo



W A I O V Y WA L L O C A C Y

entioned aove ae es s often eognized a s pat o f potiaoveeignty's ontempoay undong. These inude the poitia

ationaites of neoeaism, tansnationa moa and ega s ouses, aong wth atvatons of powe eated to , ut no t e-e to apitathose that taffi nde the sign of utue, ideogy, and egon Meanwhie, foes sustanng o shoing upatonstate soveeignty ae few an tend to e akwad ooking exampe, nationaism despotsm, and mpeasm

The effet of tese omined deveopments is not to emnate

eeignty fom the poita ap o to ente ethe a postsovgn o poststate ea As nationstate soveeignty wanes, statesan soveegnty do not smpy dene n powe o signfane,t instead ome apat fom one anothe. States pesist as non-eegn atos, and many haatests of soveeignty (though ts intat teoogia fom appea today n two domans pwe that ae not ondentay, te vey tansnationa

ains of powes that the Peae of Westphaa emege to on- wthin o suodinate to natonstates potia eonomy and ousy egtimated ioene Thus, n ontast wth Mihaet's and Antono Negs aim that natonstate soeeignty ansfomed into goa pie, and n ontast wth Giogioens thesis that soveeignty has metamophosed nto thewde poduton and saifie of ae fe (goa iv wa,I that key haatestis of soveeignty ae migating fom on stat to the une ieved domination of apita and God e potia vioene. Nethe apita no Godsantioned ows to anothe powe; oth ae ndffeent to and/o doest as we as ntenationa aw; oth spun oen ua noms; oth eupeate the pomise of sove uu uu As fo deisonsm, the signatue haa y tf y Ca Shitt, oth apita and

l en v h apaty o e desie wthout et n t y y in vg all l l i n n t e t t W B H e



W A L L T AT W A V

paod eemen o f a fom n s dea oes) i s essenia Ceany if Smi s ig a poa soveeigny deives fom a

eooga vesion i s sgniian a God 's soveeigny s nodeisionsi simpy

n sum in a posWespaan ode soveeign naionsaesno onge exusvey define e fed of goa poia eaions o monopo ze many of e powes oganizing a fiedye saes eman sgnifian aos n a fied as we as symos of naiona denifiaion. Ts ook agues a e new

naionsae was ae ionogapi of s pedamen of saepowe Couneinuivey peaps i is e weakening of saesoveeigny and moe peisey e deamen of soveeignyfom e naionsae a s geneag mu of e fenzy ofnaonsae wa uding oday. Rae an esugen expessions of naonsae soveegny e new was ae ons of seosion. Wie ey may appea as ypeoi okens of su sov

eeigny ke a ypeoe ey evea a emuousness vuneaiy duiousness o nsaiiy a e oe of wa ey aim oexpess quaies a ae emseves aniea o soveeignyand us eemens of is undong Hene e vsua paadox ofese was Wa appeas a fis us as e aiuaion of saesoveegny auay expesses is dimnuion eaive o oekinds of goa foes e waning eeane and oesiveness of

e fom .Rae an eaons of naion sae soveeigny e newnaonsae was ae pa of an ad o goa andsape of fowsand aies o nside naionsaes and n e suoundngposnaona onse aons fows and aies a dvid iefom pooe pas of e goe. Ts andsape signfes eungovenay y aw and p os of many p owes un easedy goaizaion and ae moden ooniazan and a eso opoiing and okading n e fae of is ungovenaiiy. Teseae powes a possess dseie ogs u a ak poia fom o oganizaion e aone sujeve and oodnaeiioiy.9 Id, ifa ew wa a edgs

4



W N G SO V G W MOCAC

aiosaes ariuae wi oer aies ad forms of survei ae , prvae ad pui, ey siga e exisee of a oruped

divide ewee iea ad exera poig ad ewee epoe ad e mi iary. Tis, i ur, suggess a reasgyurred diso ewee e iside ad ousde of e aosef, ad o oy ewee mias wi ad eemies wi ou Su urig is emazed y e growg moveme e ied Saes o rmaze ad impriso, ae adepo udoumeed mgas Tus, oe ioy of ae moder

waig is a a sruure ake o mark ad efore a isde/ousde disiio a ouday ewee us" ad em" adewee fied ad eemyappears as pesey e opposewe gasped as par of a ompex of erodig ies ewe poie ad e m iary, suje ad atia, vigae ad sae, awad awessess

See from a sgy differe ag, as resposes o oesed

ad eodg sae sovereigy, e ew was poje a image ofsovereig jrisdoa power ad a aura of e ouded adseure aio a are a same ime uderu y eir exis-ee ad aso y er fuoa ieffiay Noisadigeir srkigy pysas ad oduae dmesos, e ewas ofe fuio earay, proeig powe ad efaiousess a ey do o ad ao aua y exerise ad a

ey aso peformaivey oadi. To ieraize was as pue erdio oudes er poduo of a imago of sovereg power e fae of is udoig, ad oudes e was 'eraio of e orupio, oesao, or vioaio of es ey woud fofy I aso misses eir sagig of sove oers of proeo, powers raday imied y moder h o ad pas of ifirao ad y e depedee of

aa oies" o mu of wa was pupor o t e s aly ap ao I misses, so, e Wzad i y t nw a ay ey o oded yeow/ /e) e y tt l v l s a g g a l tl t h ac t he t .



W A L L D A W A N I N O V

hs hearazed ad speauarzed performae of sover

eg power a aspraoa or aua aoa orders rgs oreef ao sae soveregy's heooga remader. If was doo auay aompsh he erdo fueg ad ega-g hem f hey perversey suoaze he oesed addegraded saus of he oudares hey m hey everheesssage oh sovereg ursdo ad a aura of sovereg powerad awe Was hus ear he roy of eg mue maera adprosa ye poeay geerave of heooga awe argey ure -aed o her quoda fuos or faures

The srkg popuar desre for wag oday osdered gh of ree pejorave hs ora assoaos wh wag adwh oemporary wags geera efay vsvs s puave ams a e raed o a defao wh ad axeyaou hs sovereg mpoee. he popuar desre for wag harors a wsh for he powers of proeo oam

ad egrao promsed y soveregy a wsh ha reas heheooga dmesos of po a soveregy If he o ofsae soveregy s he seuarzao of he fo of dvepower he deerorag vay of hs poa fo geeraes udersadae popuar axey a axey addressed pary he heooga effe ad affe of wag. he deahme ofsovereg powers from aosaes aso hreaes a magary

of dvdua ad aoa dey depede upo perevaehorzos ad he oame hey offer hus was geeraewha Hedegger ermed a reassurg word pure" a mereasgy akg he horzos oame ad seury hahumas have hsoray requred for soa ad psyh egrao ad for poa memershp.

I he remader of hs haper I argue for he vady of o

evg he ew was a s a sge hsora pheomeo despeher formay dsparae purposes ad effes haper offers aaou of h raoshp of soveregy ad eosur od po l i oy opns up the prdicamn of o sgf s sv r Cpters 4 ve o



I N G V R I G N W A L L M O C A C

the ways in whih was addess the mutua y imiated theatsto the identity and powes of states and sujets onsequent to

deining state soveeignty in ate modenity hapte 3 fousespimaiy on poitia exampes and disouses fo this wo;hapte maes a tun to psyhoanaysis.

ontempoay nation state waing may e nameae as suhut does not emege o appea in the wod this way. With theidistintive poitia and eonomi ontexts vaied histoies vaious stated puposes and effets and dispaate uiding mateias

and appeaanes the new was ae not geneay onsideed as aoheent o even ommon event. Thus the aims I am fowadingasset onnetions among undetaings aey eognized as in . 1hat does it mean to teat nationstate waing as a theoetiajet when it does not emege and exist in the wod as suh

ah of the new was an e seen to issue fom etain peses on nations and states exeted y the poess of goaization. geneate signifiant effets in exess of o even ounte toi stated puposes; none eay wo" in the sense of esovng o even sustantiay eduing the onfits hostiities o i at whih they offiiay aim; eah is uit as povisionae taing shape as pemanent; and eah is expensive yetingy popua These things an e said of evey wa uit ationstates in the past two deades. Moeove the was seves ae ineasingy ned y a divese enseme of i-

s inuding oefotfiation tehnoogies ontatos d ontatos potest muas ad gaiti and of ouse ation. The goa poifeation of waing itsef ineas l gitimates wa s espeia y in Westen demoaies wheee d expet suh egitiation to e had won

yt the diffeenes among these aies add up to aq1 l l gthy ist Some was ae itte moe than u

l wi otes a amot i sts i l od wit onto vi l nlo.'Y I dd c d i o f obl. M

A i ll X tg t i ig t



W L S S I S V N Y

whie mos of he was of he Midde Eas ae ui in he name ofseuiy fom eoism he U ekisan wa agains Kygysan

was pomped y ode onfis whie he eua and Meawas in Mooo seek o peen hese Spanish enaes fomeoming saging gounds fo Asians and Afians seeking o geo Euope. The em aoss Mooos Wesen Sahaa aims oappopiae dispued eioy and some aso egad he Isaeiwa as a andga

Pehaps nowhee ae ese diffeenes in pupose and effes

shape han in he wo ages mos expensie and mos nooious of he new was Isae s seuiy fene" and he U Sode fene. " The Isaei wa issues fom he eoing ahieue of see ooniaism and oupaion onsiues a newsaegy of sepaaion in ha onex. The U S . aie espondsmainy o US popua anxieies aou he effes of an impoeished Goa Souh on he Ameian onomy and uue

Why and how o hink aou hem ogehe Why hao ohunde he aegis of eoding naionsae soeeigny in a posWesphaian wod

The Israel Security Fence, a.k.a. "the Wall

Soeeigny is a issue in a nume of ways in he saePaesinianonfi hee is he sugge fo Paesinian soeeigny he

quesion of soeeign oupaion and he inena y muuay aswe as inenaionay oesed soeeignies of sae and Paesine Thee is aso an open quesion aou whehe a poiiasouion o he onfi woud feaue one o wo soeeignies pehaps een spaiay oeapping soeeignies . 1 Howee hegoa eosion of sae soeeigny is no usuay onsideed afao diing e uiding of e saei wa in he Wes Bank.

ike is pedeessos on he Isaei and Egypian odes of Gaza,he Wa is pa of a speifi deeopmen wihin he foyyeaod oupaion of Paesine a dopmen oady haaeibl hif fo nia dominaion oug adminisaon P le is an hu te



G V E E I G N T Y E D D E M R

separatio ad depivato o ts popato. 2 Te barer i s oeeeet a ase o teooges ad strateges o pysiay

dsetagig ad spatiay dvidig two itatey etwiedpopatios to reate a te o wat Pe Miste Ed Baradeied pity as s ee, te tee"

Te Wa s sitaeosy a ariteta istret o sepaatio, o opatio, ad o teritoa expasio adated byte twiig o statesposoed ad otaw extesios o setterooias. As is we ow, i te orse o separatig Pa

este ro sae , te Wa espods as to te probe ote sraei setteets te Opied Paest ia errtories asto serty treats posed by Paestia terrorists or mass pris igs s as tose o te two tiadas We sessive sraeeges overseeig te Wa s ostrtio ave detered toprotet ad opoate te setteets, state sovereigty aotbe said to ave estabsed te stoiay otiget arater ote Was isd ito, or is te Wa ever oiiay deeded asa sovereig risdtioa borde ater, t appeas as a teoogy a sitg state approa to a gobay iqe oditio oiged peopes, aged sovereigtes, ooia ad atiooiavoee, appropiated ad otested ads

Gve ts sga otext, tipe prposes , ad te geograpi, potia, ad itary opexty o aagg te opatio, wat possibe isip does te Wa ave wt otersarod te gobe Tese aiities appea soe o ts egtaio stateges, peoaes, ad sppeeta teoogies, its osstet textres, eve soe o ts eets ad ars , or exape, erta paes aog ts rote te saerrr ostittes a teiqe o strategi ad appropriato h poses as a atiterost teoogy, esewere, te Wa as a oesve potia itary teoogy, posig as a

trtre, yet eetg eooi disrptio, soia , d y iatio1 paes, te Wa pro gaiond l i l k to gated oites" h h , l d r ts



W D S S , G S V G Y

mmuiis mi b m apppialy mpa Spais lavs i M. I plas, Wall sas i quas Jusalm, ivis a uivsiy, lavs a Palsiia w, amiy, a, aspai u . . upusa ivisis a a pa, smims lily by mpais,a sis walls. T IKasmi wall spaas ams m i las. T U . S .Mxi wall sus a uivsiyi Bwsvil l, Txas , uas amily a a Cal iiaa Aia bs wi Mxi, ivis a sas Naiv

Amia las, a isups maks i lab a sumpil vial mmuiis b sis b.

Bu s' pups a ajy Isali wallmai siula T Wall vs m 7 G i wap au slms p i Ws Bak ii ailus a sis p bais ampai by silsuiy s pai v u i Palsiia las .

Ts a am aus a mak i a m b wall suiy , bu a ly spaai a miaii a mplx x sl lialism a upai. Twall, Eyal Wima wis, as bm a isiuus aam sis slls bais a a b bus as a pval i sai a siii a a iuus li ui iy i

w.6 I wiss, us, a quly ubls bak sl as iaps au illp slms a ivis Palsiia mmuiis wil sablisi iy sips i bw pks Isali wis xis i Ws Bak. Al s ailiais is ass il spaai is a wiwk as a uls (spivly sia Jwis Palsiia, pi wa y a w as

ass m) ai v a u Wall a a .Sill a au Wall 's smi lbal uiqusspas is mpay a spaially a a pvisialu l i s . Cns v is i is a av sap s s u e iu n h I s e Sp



N I G G D D E M R Y

anWal pr r nvrnmnal an alrh Wal pa ha bn rpaly alr vr ur

nun . Mrvr ha nv bn mally anna a paran barr bu ahr a bn bu n nam a mprary a mrny nu by Panan . I ally ar rmvabl an ruabl ah uy uan rqu a a pl al lun prm. 17C A la Aulay an A O phr a l h ap hWa a upn p a lun un upn

vln y am Wal rprn a ubu nnuan an rrn r h maa na nvnnavn. 1 In an abran r ppnmn pla armn an vrn nn upn pal lun unr h lral upnn aw aunably an lmay an h nun abrary an xralal a prrav ha u n a mrny. Thu au Azuay an Opr upn vlnn h rr pv n h law bu vry upnn an nu n a nw aw bu a nlaw uan . aw han bn ab alhr bu mry upn. nv-an an mply mpay a mny a al vln n unqu nmpray p nral bu par a a an r uv nmy nalnan pnbl r n ah vln mn n

ral arna an aun ran h mn a ju an r m ral vln. Wa nw h parax hrmu an huy xpnv barr n h nx vy n wh rapaly han a mpra by whh ma.

a an rma y mprmann au h Wal par urv lman a r m h

a l a a a mr rawa brr mark an n a a b wa an na by nn i . Wz m wds, wa ap play essui ioogh o n u l l bd



W SS W N N SVN

even as it atua maks the vioent reait o a shiting ooniarontier Notwithstanding the onstant shiting o its route in its

massive phsia pesene that has made it the agest and mostexpensive projet in the histo o the state the Wa seeks toappea as a heavi ortiied bode."2

Weiman's agument about the dierene between bariers and bodes is aimed at the speiiit o the Israei wabut it is impotant o undestandng man nationstate wastoda. Baries" he wites do not sepaate the in side o a

soveeign poitia or ega sstem om a oreign outside butat as ontingent strutues to prevent movement aross territor."2 The Isae i wa is not unique in signiing atenate asbarier and boder sometimes using and sometimes separatingthe two depending on egitima requirements or haenges.Most was onstuted b nationstates toda draw on the easegitima o soveeign borde ontro even as the aim to un

tion moe a s pophatis against postnationa transnationa orsubnationa ores that do not aign neat with nationstates ortheir bundaries. Some theeoe inude variations on the Isaeidepth barrier" or exampe the highwa hekpoints teenmies noth o the .S. bounda with Mexio. Others appearas nationa boundar markers but ae atua diven b post-nationa investments in baies to goba immigration. Suh isthe ase with the uropean nion ontribution o more than miion uros to orti the Ceuta and Meia was in Morooto deter Asian and Aian migation to urope The shiting or-tiiation o urope against immigration rom the east a task etto the easternmost nation reent added to the is anotherinstane o a postnationa baier appeaing as a nationa border.Most was ontinue to daw on the idea o nationstate sovereignt or their egitima and seve perormative to shore up

nationstate soveregnt even as these baies do not awasonor to boders between nationstates and are v

oee th ag strength n of

on- oy

i



W A N V I Y W A D D E C A C Y

Moeove nowthsadig thei oen exobitat osts eab-oate heaes o onstuion ad sigiant ees on geopo

iia and eooga andsapes ew o the eent onstuedwas have been undetaken o pomugaed as pemanen o heonta the mode o egitmatg he ew was s exempiedb the baades omposed o exas baies" (outszed vesonso the ese baies" onvenona used as oadboks) panedaound Baghdad n eots to seue etan neighbohoods omsetaan vioee. he was ome down when this voene

povsioa eedes o eoaes a mome hat the Westenmainsteam media oen eage epots as a sig that the waad oupaion ae sueeding he putave impemaee othe new wa s thei paipaon in the suspended vioene"egimaed b a sae o emege as theoized b Azoua andOphi s o patua impotae i ibea demoaes wheewas isk oedig whateve emains o ommtments to uni-esa nusion and openness Suh ommtmets o ouse aeading n he disouse o ivizatoa sugge that has supeded Cod Wa disouse in oganizing he goba imagna o bea demoaies two dispaate images ae meged to podue inge igue o dange jusing exusion and osue theug masses o he one hand and uuaeigious agges-s io owad Westen vaues on he ohe. his meging is abe-t b the Wes's new e eonomi vueabit to quaeso wod it has hiheto domnated o ignoed. Civ izationad s use ombined wth ths new eonomi adsape endesv oe aeptabe o Weste demoats he waing out o ono despeaton oeign" o inassimiabe" uues.

u hie he Isae wa has sngua puposes ad eets Jny o s dist nt eatues a be oud n ohe was in othep t s wod athough owhee ese the same ombia

i w i st o eets I Isae s pght stemsi prt rom vin n taihed as a ste oon peise ol i l i s aoss t h lo i ed and dis l i t i s i t h i rgar urse by l o l l y j s in



W A D TA , W A O V R

its pesent Isae aso seems t o have the stange hono ohoningthe demogaphi and poitiamiitay tatis and tehnoogies o

the goba te. 2 In this egad the Isaei wa onentates athe divese peomative ntion s egitimating stategies andtehnoogies o mode spatia onto as we as a the ontaditions ond in ontempoay waing pojets. The Isaei waike the othes both peoms and ndoes a soveeign bonday ntion st as it peoms and ndoes soveeign stabiityegisative powe deisionism and endane . The Isaei wa

ike the othes eates a ompiated dependene on an ideao nationstate soveeignty whose vey deteioation the Walledesses yet whose histoia eipse the Wa aso onseates.I the Wa is a bid o soveeignty it is aso a onstos tibteto the waning viabiity o soveeign nationstates. om etainanges it appeas as an eeie monment to the impossibiity onationstate soveeignty today evn i thee ae niqe dimen-

sions to this impossibiity in the saePaestine ontext.Othe ontinities between the Isaei baie and those e se

whee in the wod inde the Wa's oe i n dispaing Isaeidomination onto the ige o a theatening and vioent sbodi-nate its symboi and psyhoogia tning o the inside ot. TheWa aso shaes with othe was he itea eoting o dangethat the wa ppots to bok its intensiiation o enmity and

initement o new tatis and oms o aggession against what itwod potet. It aso shaes the tageting o enmy popationsnot peisey ommensate with states o nations. And ike aontempoay was the Wa geneates (and sstains tensionsbetween) theatia theoogia and mateia eets .

Finay it is impotant to note the poiy ahitets o the saei wa egitimate it intenationay both by aiming Isae

is like othe demoaies that ae otiying thei bodes andthogh ais o Isaei exeptionaism. The Wa is bit in thenae o Isaes need to see its popation as any demoay" d h a a s singua hity a h i m n o l y l h om y



W A I N O V R I W A L L D D M O C R A C

o ved natons and speaks t o ts unque nature as a ewshstate suounded b enemes Howeve the disouses egitimat-

ing most nationstate wa s toda eature some version even a ess dramat one o ths anusaed positionng between thegenei eveone is doing t" and the unque this is wh need ths wa ")

The U.S.-Mexco Border Barrer

Like the Isaei wa at irst bush the U.S.Mexio bode baie appeas distntive in pupose unton and onstutionamong the man was beng buit aound the word Dividnghe Goba North rom the Goba South and aimed pima atorthward ows o iega dugs and immgants t s a spetau-ar arge and expensve endeavo one that aso varies exten-ve aong its route ranging rom setions that eature trpinored sxtoothgh onrete and stee baes to engths virtua ening" omposed o sensors suveane ameasd othe deteton tehnoog to desrt strethes onsstng o ement posts spaed to obstut a terain vehies

The U . S . Boder Pato undetook the bu ding o th irstpe o the bae the San Diego ene" n xtending the Pa Oean ourteen mies nand and ompeted n the ene was onstruted o a ore anding mats emain- rd om the Vietnam Wa whih tuned out to be emnent

I abe and aked the visua awe o what was soon to ome. In te Cnton admnistation aunhed Opeaton Gatekeepeo pp addtona ortaton and enoement esoues to p rt o the border te a eet o whh was to eduenossig and rime in the urban areas whie drvng immigaton ward and buking up the smugging ndust. Operaton Hod d Operaton Saeguad estabished at the mao oss

p n s Ar a and exas (and extended into ew Mexio) s l r wvr as popuar sentiment quikened or h g bu l o pitans aross p a sp v w h o h o p os o



W L D T , W I O V T Y

toughness o n the bode Meanwhie a s neoibeaization stippedpotetions om Noth Ameian podues and poieated

goba podution o heap goods and seies . S . empoes(espeia but not on in agiutue and onstution) eiedee moe heai and open on iega immigant abo. Thusthe waing pojet was bon out o a tension between the needso Noth Ameian apita and popua antagonism towad themigation inited b those needs espeia thei eet on wagesempoment and the demogaphis and utues omposing and

in som ees deomposing the nation.In 99 C ongess passed the Iega mmigation Reom and

Immigant Responsibiit At to authoize an extension o the.S .Mexio baie and a seonda ae o ning and seuitoads intended to buttess ineetie pima ening Howeeenionmenta haenges aised b the Ca ionia Coasta Commission and unoopeatie ownes o popet abutting the bo-

de soon staed onstution. These and othe ega haengeswee eentua oeome b the 00 Rea ID At and the o oSeue ene At whih ode the wae op ost9/ seuit onens to waie impeding aws and equie the onstution o mies o ening in ie sepaate stethes o the Mexio bodewith Caionia Aizona and Texas. Th Rea D At has boadsope authoizing the waie o all ega impediments to the

onstution o the baie and pemitting judiia eiew ono onstitutiona aims . To dat thitsix aws hae been setaside in the ouse o onstution inuding statutes onenedwith wate and ai poution endangeed speies potetion ani-a migation histoi peseation amand potetion andNatie Ameian saed ands poisions. In setting aside suhega statutes these two ats situate the . S . waing pojet as aesponse to a state o emegen" bidding to potet a une-abe nation unde siege and eating it to the suspended poitiasoution" ohestating the buiding o the Isaei wa

S ot he o e uns high po bo h r d s hou ho vor hv e e o



W A N I G O V I G T , W A D D M O C A Y

he mainsream media and poiiians Suppor or he barrier inommuniies neares he border is surprising weak; proximi

ends o breed greaer appreiaion o is imied eeiveness insemming as opposed o rerouing iega immigraion and border ommuniies are aso where eonomi inerdependene wihMexio ma be mos deep e 26 Tha said here is si p en organized suppor or he wa in border saes areas ha areaso home o he vigiane groups devoed o paroing he borderand huning down iega rossers

The os o he wa is diiu o esabish Muh ederaxpendiure o bureaurai and manua abor reaed o pan ng buiding mainaining and anazing he eeiveness oe wa is exuded rom auaions Prediions and budges he barrier have aso varied subsania over he wo deadesof is emergene and he simaes si range wide boh or gina onsruio and or mainenane and repair over imere o he onsruion has been ousoured o privae onralrs han was orgina panned and ear esimaes o seions r d a $ miion per mie have ome in a as muh as seven s ha xuding he oss o and aquisiion and abor heAr my Corps o ngineers now predis ha he weniveear fe e os o he omie barrier mandaed b he Seure:n A wi range rom $ miion o $ 7 0 miion per mieding on he naure o he barriade in various areas and on e a oun o damage i susa ns rom smuggers 27 Compeion nd anenane o he barrier mandaed b he a oud os up ilion over wenive ears a igure ha exudes eder Iy fn abor and remuneraion o privaeproper hoderswhe ad is used or ening or paroing he barrier

W t akes hese igures even more remarkabe is he im t • cv o h barrier in aua deerring as opposedt n f ega mmigraion Proamaions o · "suss rer dd ega rossings and ' ions n u rbn ras and no o i g a a 1 u n te s a c . 2� Wi e i ease fr te



W L , W I O V R

Bod Pao o ah iega bode osses i n open aeas hanin uban ones whee he an quik disappea ino neighbo

hoods mounain dese se a and unne smugging opeaionshave gown moe sophisiaed in esponse o he baie. Theseopeaions and he ouneesponses b he Bode Pao in uninease he genea eve and geogaphia eah o vioene and

iminai a he bode inuding in pevious peaeu emoeegions. Moeove b shiing migaion o moe geogaphiahaenging aeas he baie has damaia ineased boh

migan deahs and he ae o pemanen ahe han empoamigaion ino he Unied Saes.

n sho he .S . Mexio baie sages a soveeign poweand ono ha i does no exeise is bui om e abi oa suspended ue o aw and isa nonaounabii has muipied and inensied imina indusies and is an ion o heombinaion o soveeign eosion and heighened xenophobia

and naionaism ineasing pevaen in Wesen demoaiesoda. The sae o emegen ou o whih he wa s onsu-ion is auhoied aso gives i poiia sanding independen o ismaeia unions

Whie he saei wa is sues om and deepens onadiionsgeneaed o soveeign b expansionis oonia oupaionhe U . S baie issues om and deepens onadiions gene

aed o is Wod soveeign inegi and apai b neoibeagobaiaion. The was espond o and exenaize he auseso dieen kinds o peeived vioene o he naion and hewas hemseves exeise dieen kinds o vioene owad heami ies ommuniies iveihoods ands and poiia possibiiies he avese and shape. Howeve boh ae uimae ineeive buwaks agains he pessues and vioenes geneaed in

pa b he powe and esoues o he poiia eniies buidinghem Boh ae noneheess exeme popua. Boh inensi heiminai and vioene he pupo o epe and hene bohgnera n oaions and on Y bohar hldd for rouin e, oer d eur . B h t a



W A N O V I N T , W A L L O C A C Y

a soveegnty that the baes themselves undemne. Both mobe soveegn jusdtonalty both onound baades and

bodes and both atuate a bode on onsated lands Bothwaled demoaes ae justed as state neessty n potetngthe people both daw upon the xenophoba they also exaebateand pojet both suspend the law n the name o blokadngoutaws and mnas and both buld a suspended potasouton" n onete and babed we . n sum the deenesbetween the new wals matte bu should not blnd us to the

shaed pedaments of powe they espond to and atulate thee ae ommon eds and pedaments of powe genetng dvesey paed and puposed new wals ae thee aso onnutes between the new walls and the many pedeessos nh stoy Ths book agues fo a postWestphalan dstntveness ontempoay walls a dstntveness nheng n the eaton hey epesent to the dssovng effets of globalaton on naton

ate soveegnty. Ths dstntveness appeas n the at the new s ae but to bokade lows o pople ontaband and voe that do not emanate om soveegn enttes and n the at t they peom an neasngly toubled and unvable soveegns powe. The new wals teate n ths egad a vanshngl ta magnay n a gobal nteegnum a tme ate the ea sate soveegnty but beoe the atulaton o nstantaton o n enate globa ode

t thee hav bn pota wa s befoe. ndeed thee havel n nes sne the Begnnng and despte the new was ds v globa ontext thee exst etan ontnutes between < > poay wals and olde wals Polta was have awayss laed powe they have always geneated pefomatve 1 sy mbo efets n exess o the obduatey matea ones. dd and negated etan potal magnaes.

l v n bd to the pota subjetvty of those they ss d hs hy d deval wa s and otesses E pn ys d r e x p l l b s ns a l sev v d hn d d y



W L A W A I O V R

the towns the ened Moe geneall a was denng ordeendng potal enttes have shaped olletve and ndvduadentt wthn as the amed to blok penetaton om wthout.Ths s as true o the Grat Wa o Chna as o ontempoargated ommuntes n the . S . Southwest. ven the namouswang pojets o twentethentu uope ombned theseuntons and ees The Magnot Lne whh stoo or thedeense o ranes easten borde aganst Geman nvason wasoneved to podue the mage o an mpenetrabe ortress

rane" et was never ntended to be bult oo. The rhetoo the wal vast outan the bts and pees o ts onstuton 1The Atantk Wa bult b the Thrd Reh aganst an antpatdAlled nvason launhed om Great Brtan was also desgnedas a graph smbo o Naz ontoed uope The Bern Waretospetvel sgnng the mprsonment o a populaton psumed desous o esapng Sovet domnaton was ogna

oneved as a protetve odon around a rage new soet asoet based on work oopeaton and egataransm rathethan ndvduasm ompetton and herarh The arhtets othe new Communst soet be eved the laborator o soa andpshologa experents out o whh t would be born equrednsuaton om a oruptng and deadent outsd. 2

Lke the Ben Wal ontepoar wals espea those

around demoraes oten undo or nvet the ontrasts the aremeant to nsrbe Oa amed at protetng putatve ree open lawu and seuar soetes om tespass explotatono attak the wals ae bult o suspended law and nadvetentlpodue a oetve ethos and subjetvt that s deensve paro-hal natonalst and mltaed. The generate an neas ngl osed and poed oletve dentt n pae o th open

soet the woud deend. Thus the new was ae not meeneetve n resuretng the eodng natonstate soveregnt towhh the repod but the otrbute new ors o xenophoband p ra. h th rd o of f d t wd l i nes u a l o o i l y



W A N I N G O V N Y , W A D M O C A C Y

subjects who ack the vey soveeign capacousness tat wal leddemocacy woud potect as ts pze

Geman hstoian Geg Eghigian has gven the name homomuntus to the conomst passive paanoid and pedictabeceatue tat is the waed nation o subject Dawing on theLatin munie whch means to otiy secue deend potecto shelte Eghgian eamines both Westen mytology and theactua poducton o East Geman subjectivity behnd the BelnWa . While contesting the Westen (lbeal democatic nom

y whch this subjectvity is measued e cooboates the popua mage o the pesonality poduced by the wall an mage thatompots in stikng ways with Westen contempoay imaginngs o obeisant and deindviduated theocatc subjects cast as theemy o at east the opposite o Westen ndivduals us the nds o subjects that Westen nationstat wals woud bock oute paadoxically poduced wthn by the wals themselves yet

othe way n which was nadvetently subvet the distinctiontween insde and outsde that tey ae intended to mak ad tincton also undescoed by contempoay wang advocates to dsassocate ou walls om the Beln Wall o to dstn between walls that imn ee and unee societies

he ecognition that walls do not meely potect but poduce ontent o the natons they bacade pemits us to ask not

o l y what psycologcal needs and desies uel the constuction,h u t hat contingent eects they have in contouing natonaisms l ' i t z e n sujectvites and dentities o the poltica entites onh o thei sdes It pemts us to conside whethe and ow · poay wal s wok as symbos o colective and individualnt as oticatons o entties whose ea and imag- bords gobaization paces unde easue It alows us to, k e y a ctaining as wel as deending indeed h dfense tas containment and a contanment ' s f. Wh do he ne wa s coe ike the conn � w a l l o son r hr tn h o for n w l l o a huW oc t e t r b o n n t a ry



W A L A S W A N N S O V I

During he ld War, he EurAlan le sed hs quesin ruinely abu he ivil deense shelers ued by Wesern

liial and vi leaders as val in he nes beween Eas andWes. he shelers, even unused, nribued a widesreadbunker menaly amid he nulear arms buildu, a menaliyha sel reinred raher han quesined he assumins andsraeges undergirding Amerian deense and reign liy nhe 90s and 9s. Skiled nulear weans in bunkeredsils were mrrred by skiled subsisene sulies in bun

kered shlers deending agains Aragedn beame a muually reinring way vilan and liial lie, ne ha alsbsured he Ameran nrbuin his deadly sand LeIsraelis day se a similar quesin as he rje wall ng inWes Bank and Gaza residens n n ly dereases he ssiblies r a liial sluin, bu inensiies he milarzain andbunker menaliy nring Israel lie.

Walls buil arund liial enies ann blk u wihushuing in, ann seure wihu aking seuriizan a way lie, ann dene an eenal hey wihu rduing areainary we," even as hey a ls undermne he basis hadisinin. Psyhally, sially, and liially, walls ineviablynver a reed way lie in hunkering and huddlingn his rese he Berln Wall whse earing dwn weny

years ag is sill inernainally elebraed and whse imrisning unns are nrased by nemrary walling advaeswih he ask reing ree sees is n que s se wenyrsenury walls as suh advaes wuld sugges



HA TER TW O

Sovereignty and E nco s ure

Evey new age and evey new epoch in the coexitence of people,

empie and countie , o ule and powe fomation of evey ot,

i ounded on new patial divion, new encoue and ew patia

ode o the eath

-al chmitt, Nm ? he Earth

Pae: 1) pcket o take fo a fence; pace o feld avng bound

ncloue; a teitoy o ditct unde a cetain juidicton; anea o the lmi t wit n whic one i pivileged o potected

-MerramWeber' Dcinar y

bginning was t n" wits Jost i. nosu t to t sn by moving it om t odnay paing und its own laws and ntustng t to t dvin." And just osu lis at t ogin o t sad t also maks out t n g o t sula: st pson wo avng nd o p lo t o gound took it nto s ad to say his is mine and ound

I H · mpl noug to biv m was t tu ound ot i so ty " Roussau insists in is D sous on Inquaty"

I n h bg n g was t n" but also in t nd Paps Rou dr as t ttoal mine inauguating ivl

d wh Ti ou t sad dmnsion o nlo i oct r not on y foud o l or ty but appa ! o t o o i t i l s v ig y s d i ss t o o or

� wudt h w,

l l i g o t t on-s ta be t e d



W A E S A E S W A S G N T

atte o landed natonstate sovereignty, ossbly even sgnyinga certain teoogcal reande n its wake 3

Jon Locke s te early odern teost wo articuates ostdirecty te role o and aroaton in otcal oundng and neating te soveregnty o states and individuas e Seond reaise on Goenment eatures bounded roetors as te ivottat, troug te veicle o tacit consent deved ro ineri-tance, secures and reoduces te eatonsi o ndvdual andstate soveegnty Obtanng legal status and otecton or ro

erty owners otvates entry into te social contact w leotcal ower tsel s dened a s a igt o akng aws orte regulatng and resevng o roety" arl Sctt, ten,exaggerates ony sgty n Nomos he Earh wen e says tato Locke, te essence o oitical owe s its jursdicton ovete land "5 Fences, ttles, and enclosures ae aong Lockes ostecund and ubiquitous etaos in te eond reatse; tey

secue eedo, reesentation, and iits to te igt o rebellon, as wel as actua territory onvesey, Locke argues, it isartly or ack o clear and settled donion over and tat Indans n Aerica" cannot be sad to enjoy olitcal soveregnty andtereby reain in a state o otica savagey 6

e roertynded Locke is ony one o te ost exict nnkng land aroriaton, enclosure, ownes and te ound

ing o soveregn owe and rigt As Sctt wites, early odern otca teorsts ro Vco to Kant (and, I woud add, oMacavelli to Rousseau oruated land aroraton as teoundaton o otcal soveregnty and te essentia econdtionor ublc and ivate aw, owners, and order For Sct, land aroation is te riay ega title tat underles alsubsequent law" It constitutes te ogina satia order, te

source o al l urte concrete oder and a l urte aw" It i s tereoductve oot n te noative orde o story 7We ave ceased to aecate te iortance o tis oigin,

S a, ar bcaus w av ost te enegy and a - y" f e wd wd w v l ly t r d



V I N A D C L R

law, rgulatin, r nrm, but tat Smitt aims was rigina lly and undamntay a satial trm. Nomos rsss t r

dutin (itia rdr trug satia rintatin. wrdnomos drivs rm nemein, Smitt rminds us, wi mansbt t divid and t astur. us, nomos i s t immdiatrm in wi t itia and sia rdr a l bmssatially visibl. Drawing n rirs analyss t rimvaritual making an nlsing ring ut mns bdis (t manring, Smitt insi sts tat al aw and a riginay rstd n

nlsurs in t satia sns and tat vry nms nsists wat is witin its wn bunds . us, nluds, nomos anb dsribd as a wa, and lik a wa it, t, is basd n sardrintatins.8 r is rst t nsur and tn t svrign .Or, ut t tr way arund, i t is trug t wal ling sa rm t mmn tat svrignty i s brn .

Smitts tymlgy nomosmay b ntstd, and is ma

sis n and arriatin as t ssntial undatin al rdr may vrstatd, but is ariatin nlsur as a rrquisit litial rdr and law is dii t t st asid . is rrq-sit ud vn nstitut a undamnta alng r adv-ts glba itiznsi r dmray witut brdrs: Hwis an unbundd ity ssibl lin i s t basis nstitu- n, ooi onstit witin wat it nlss, as wll as t

sd bynd wi t law ds nt d. Bynd t lin, tt says, r an b usd rly and rutlssly, wit indi t law Hn t ayrs maning and istry akd rssin bynd t a, a ras njuring wat sid t bunds rrity and urtsy but als o tn and saty. bundary dsignatd by a al wooden stak usd t mak a n riginaly dinatd Englis · a errtry in Irand. lingy, tis lnia trritry itsl o be ald Pal. Wit Smitts rmuatin t enn o as r gud , wat is bynd t al v z e d w d i srt, yt lta y lind snss: v t d , u t also were te brushess



W A L L A S , W N S O V R I Y

te civiied is eeore peied wee violence ay e reelyand egiiately eecised. opessed into is prase is tus a

soricaonologcal cicuiy lining e stang ou o a setler colony y te Biis te Britis colonial view o te ris asunciviied and ereoe e legitiacy o Briis vioence towarde Is a s jus caion o o te orginal colonial conquesand te continued use o violence in deending te colony. isdiscusive circuiry is epeated n encounes declared ousde tepae o civiliaon oday weer in Gaa Kaul o Guannao

Evey nomos consiss o wa is wiin its own oundsScit wies A state o ecepion te declaring o artiallaw is precisey e suspension o aw in ie and space. Ieliinaes e oundary between inside and outside peitting e indierence o e law a is noay eserved o teouside o coe inside. is is also ow nomo organies spacein tie: Nomo is a aer o e undaental process o appo

tioning space essenial o every isorical epoc a ater o tesrucuedeerining convergence o oder and orienaion inte coaitation o peopes on tis . . . plane.

Aloug e does not pursue i Sct daws our atention toanoe crucial eaure o e wo o dearcaon troug encing nay is eaion to te sacedits iediae associaiono te political wi te eoogica No only i s nomo . . . lie

a wa . . . ased on sacred oientation u al uan nomoiare nourised y a single divine nomo"13 Te srine is awaysencosed or encircled weer wi eaorate tepes or witsones sipy ye delierately aid ou in a oes or pastue Teenclosur rings e sacred into eing aring i o ro tecoon or te ordinary Tus e edieval ciy was woseruins sil litter Euopean so il ay ave uncioned as protecion ut wee peroatively and syolicay os iporanin aring o te city ro te vast space o e coysideNeve oly a eans o wal ig ou tese wals srd o ound b l n d nr n y dn h u no t ys e w l s of ouse u o 1

I

I -

t



S V R I T D

like te wals o tempes, te cty was poduced a lega and politcal entity upon wc tey aso coneed a saced qualty Wat

may appea as tautoogcal in Scmitt's claims tat soveegntys oignay teological and tat enclosue geneates bot soveeignty and te sacedis esoved as te coconstitutive eaton osoveegnty teoogy, and encosue e ence ounds and eatessaced space and soveegn powe We sould teeoe not besupised to discove a teologcal aspect in late moden wal ngpojects, one wspeing te decne o natonstate soveeignty.

Founded toug encosue, dominion and juisdiction soonbecome pemises o soveeignty, even its pesuppost ions, atetan maks o its essentia attibutes . None o te geat teostso soveeignty denty t wit te powe to desinae domnionbut nstead wt absolute powe ove tis dominion Soveeigntys identied wit setted uisdction, not wt settling it. Put teote way aound, land juisdiction pemses ate tan consttutes eatly soveegnty o te cassica teoists And even tspat in oundng ecedes as te inceased sze o politca enttesequies tat political soveeignty like te nation itsel comes toave an eve geate imained dmension e elative dminutiono agcultue in politcal economy aso altes te status o andin te lexicon o po tcal powe and tecnoogical developmentsin waae elimnate tetoal juisdction as te soe o evenmajo pane o conontation between soveegns Walls neve

woy disappea om te geopolitca map and wallng pojects ,mosty undetaken n ete te anticipation o te atemat oeat was, eman impotant tabets o wod stoy. Stil , n denty, te idea o pysicay enclosing geopolitical enttescae exceptonal, ate tan nomal, eseved many o al outposts in ostie teitoy o o delineatng Cold Wadaies suc as tose n Gemany, Koea, and Hong Kong.

Enclour and Democracy

We sak o soveei od s know wat we meanw n we isuss x n , aievemn vo ion, ss o,

f



W A E D TAT E W A N I G V E E I G N T Y

jrsdton o r even wanng Yet soveregnty s a n nsally amorhos elsve and oysem term o otal le. George W

Bsh was not alone n denng t tatologaly: soveregntymeans . . yove been gven soveregnty . and yore vewedas a soveregn entty.1 Its rmordal stats a s the nmovedmover s oten noted n ontemorary shoary dsssons

Even among oltal theorsts soveregnty s sed n a varety oderent and nderseed ways. or some t s eqated wththe re and jrsdton o law and or others wth legtmate

extralega aton jst as some nsst on ts nherenty absoteand n ed natre, whe others nsst that t an be both artaland dvsbe. 17

o a degree olta soveregntys rovng and ambgosmeanng today derves rom ts ear doble ae n lberaldemoray and the shel game wth ower that ths dobe aeatates n beral demorat rate where what denotes

soveregnty n the Shmttan sense desonst state owers not named as soveregn n the Lokean or Rosseaan senseolar legslatve ower. he remse o demoray s thatsoveregnty les wth the eole yet beralsm aso neessaryeatres what Loke names rerogatve owerthe ower othe exetve to abrogate or ssend the aw or to at wthotregard or the law and t s the atter that rta theorsts andommentators have n mnd when they objet to dangeros orexessve soveregn ower today. 18 Contemorary theoretal ds ssons o soveregnty n demoraes tend to be entered onthe states ower to at wthot regard or law or egtmayrather than on the ower o the demos to make aws or tsela sl that ether ots lberalsm as tatly onerrng soveregntyto nonreresentatve state ower wh le ny n does so orsggests the extent to whh th S i t i l a l revva

has overwhelme nrr sus is vriny t s ie r s ! l d i i l t y f t h i k i n a

OV i t y fr < i l ry, se i l a t h i h i i < l ! ! h c l t s h b e t w e e



O V R E I G L S E

demcracy and sveregnty s psed a s a questn tday cnsequent t te partal and uneven decnsttutn te sver

egn natnstate n late mdernty a decnsttutn eected byunprecedented lws ecnmc mral pltcal and telgcal pwer acrss natna l bundar es t s a questn psed aswell by te vertly mpera l cnduct durng te ld War andals n ts atermat te wrlds ldest cntnuus demcracyte legtmatng am wc unversal demcracy as paradcally entaled bt dmestc subversns demcracy and d s

regard r ter natn state sveregntes It s a questn psedt by te ngng ccupatn Iraq n wc te twn plcyams nstallng managed (market demcracy and prducngIraq sveregnty appear nly vaguely lnked and bt wcare serusly stalled And t s a questn psed by te evlutn te Eurpean U nn as pstnatnal pltcal rms ntersect wttransnatal ecnmc pwers t ment a panply anetes

amng urpeans abut te means by wc demcracy can beecured and practcedBut even prr t t s set recent strcal cnundrums

e sveregntydemcracy relatn was a puzzle I ppularveregnty" as trpped easly te tngues Westerners r ee cetr e s t remans ne te mre str ngly catacres terms t enter rdnary dscurse n te era natnstatesd Kant s nt te nly tnker clamed by cntemprary lber t ave declared t an absurdty" It s nearly mpssble tncle te classcal eatures sveregnty pwer tat s nt undatnal and unmpeacable but endurng and ndv s agsteral and awenducng decsve and supralegal wt qustes rule by te demo. Agan te very act tat te a declared sveregn n Western demcraces wle te l sveregn pwer s gven t autcratc state actn s l y t actn tat vlates r suspends demcratc

ls sss we av wn all alng tat ppularety s tg a abstractw i t o a l t l . Wa

<



W L L W I N O V R I T

i t ea to idetiy as soveeig those state ats that susped oabidge the vey ue o aw that sigiies deoay, o to sea,

as we ote do today, o eaded eeutive o state owes ites o esugig o eadig soveeig owe

Fo a sighty dieet age, soveeigty i ibea deo-ay a be see to wo i a doube egiste, oe o outieegitiay, aw, ad eetios ad aothe o state atio o deisiois What we a the state i ibea deoaies opisesboth, whih is why oe sbdivided the powes o the state,

yet ouated peogative powe (state soveeigty as peiseywhat a susped o set aside egisative owe (poua sove-eigty Loe soteed the appeaae o this ove by deigpeogative owe as othig but the Powe o doig ubigood without a Rue, but ew this powe is uiquey vueabeto gettig out o had: Eess i its use was the soe justiiatioLoe oeed o a eoes eeise o the ight o evoutio

Moe iotat o ou uoses isoa as the peoe authoizethe suspesio o thei ow egisative owe i gatig peogative powe to the eeutive, they sused thei soveeigty i theae o thei ow potetio o eed But a soveeig that suseds its soveeigty is o soveeig hus does Loes thoughtgow ioheet i a way avoided by Hobbes

Moe geeay, the obe with ouatig soveeigty asdivided, seaated, o disseiated is the iopatibiity o thisove with a ieduibe eatue o soveeigtyot its uoditioed, a pioi o uitay aspets , but its aity ad deisiveess It is these ast quaities that ae soveeigty soethig thateithe is o is ot hee a be o sot o" soveeig, ay oetha thee a be a sot o" God, ad as the uet pediaeto Iaq attests, the idea o atia o ovisioa soveeigty is wosetha ustabe ad ioheet No, ovetioay, ca thee be

utipe soveeigs i a sig jisditio o etity stoiay,sov y d nd o t l dn ity ro id on.4

nd iy o o l d n o h w ra > L h , w , l l wi h ah h



S O R I N C L O S U R

o wih saes and human bengs psychologicaly dsnegaeI as Schmi suggess polical soveeigny deves is shape

and powe om God i does moe han epsodcally ump hepowe o auhoy o legmacy o laws and elecions and moehan sand as he symboic oign o hem I s na and abso lue hence indivisibe and nonanseable I canno cculaecede delegae o selsuspend any moe han dvine powe canI he people ae soveegn i his s he meaning o ay by hedemos, hen hei shaed powe mus be decisive in which case

a soveeign sae canno suspend his powe onvesely wheesoveeigny ess wh he sae o an eecuive democacy doesno acuay pevail he ule o he peope becomes a bes adsconnuous episodic and subodinae atie ahe han anacua l soveegn powe 5 I on he ohe hand soveegny issepaaed om ue i he people ae only epsodcally decsive(evey ou o s i yeas hen ue is no a om o seldeemnaion and soveegny is no a om o ule

he incoheen spi ing o soveeigny beween he pe opleand he sae in l ibea democacy is he conadicion a he heao his polical om ha is sezed upon by Rousseau n he SoialContat and also pusued eenlessly by Ma n On he Jewsh Quesion he vey eisence o he sae as wha ovecomesou paicuay and in egels wods eaizes ou eedom isvidence o Ma ha we do no acualy ule ouseves o veey I we did he sae woud no be equied o his oveoming and ealzaion Yeand hee s whee we no soonep ick up Ma han eave him agani would aso seem hee be no pol ica l ie wihou soveeigny ha is whou dec� nss and inaliy and above al wihou a powe ha gahes lizes and deploys he colecive oce o an eniy on behaloF n aains ise as boh is means o govening and is means

r is No by isel and ye es senially soveegny iv s a p p i ca o Soveegny is inheenya t iemorat i i so a t s t r ualy pow i a o t moy t o o i t ly v b ,



W L D S S , W N I G S R E G

be a (plial) nender appears require he suppemen svereigny. Derrida airms hs paradx n hs passig remark

n Roes, s n eran ha demray' s a pla nephrugh and hrugh."6

Soverein as/at the Border

Apar rm he dsinve prbemai svereigny's plae indemray, here is ambguiy n e erm and paradx in hephenmenn ise l. Sveregny s a peuiar brder nep, 7

n ny demarking he bundares an eny, bu hrugh hisdemarain seng erms and rganng he spae bh nsdeand usde he eniy. As a bundary marker ha is als a rm pwer, sveregy bears w deren aes . These appear n wderen dinary meanngs sveregny," supremay" andaunmy," and w equally disrepan pli al usages, as de-sive pwer r rule and as reedm rm upa by anher.

Wihn he spae ha is is urisdin, svereigny sgniessupremay pwer r auhriy (a meaning als apured byhe Midde Engsh use he erm r a husband r maser, as inmy sveregn, my rd" ). Ye urned uward , r n he spaebeynd is jursdn, sveregny nveys serule and heapay r ndependene in ain. Inside, svereigny expressespwer beynd aunabily Ouside, svereigny expresses heapay r aunmus ageny, inludng aggressn r deenseagans her svereign niis The w usages are reaed, urse, insar as i is he supremay whin ha enableshe aunmy wihu The aunmy derives rm he nvening and mbiling by a maser pwer an herws dusebdy wheher a dverse ppuan r he diverse inlinains an indivdua subje . The imprane svereignys arbues uny and ndivsbiliy, hen, s ha hey lieraly enable heaunmy ha is s exerna s ign. Svereigny des sipyuny r repress s subjes , bu s raher bh n y ngeerave hese sbj. r v z n s oy o f u< 1 01 0 1 �



S O V I G Y A N C O S

This i s oe reaso why Shmitt ormates order a s a ia eetad aompishmet o soveeigty

(Liberaism seeks to spit the spremay rom the atoomythe power o the peope om the atio o the state Bt asaready sggested, i so doig, ibera ism disavows the ospemay o the demos at the momet o sovereig state atio admakes sovereigty itse ioheret I t di savows the iheetyatidemoati momet i the podtio o state atoomy adthe ioheree or popar sovereigty that ress This i s the

ioheee o sbmittig atoomy to the r e o aw ad ogeeatig a atoomos powe ot o a state desiged to sereidivida rights Moreove isoar as itera ad extera dagers are what ativate the state whe these dagers beomepersistet or pemaet, the otside trs iward takig theorm o awess atoomos atio dieted towad the popae,iyig this popae throgh a at o sbordiatio by whih

sovereigty itse is poded Hege disered ad distied this oheee i his disssio o popar soveeigty i the hilooh Rih. )

There are a mber o paradoxes o sovereigty that are sbsets o it s Jasaed haate, i ts dieret meaig ad opera-tios ithi ad withot Soveeigty is both a ame o absote power ad a ame o

poitia reedom2 Soveeigty geerates ordr throgh sbordiatio ad ree -dom throgh atoomy

3 Sovereigty has o tera essee bt rather is ompeteydepedet ad reatioa, eve as it stads or atoomy, sepresee, ad sesiiey

Sovereigty prodes both itera hiearhy (sovereigty isaways sovereigty over somethig) ad extera aarhy (by to there a be othig goverig a soveeig etityo r o ta e sovereig etity i the iverse, a a on th) portaty, both a w dor t attr



W S T E S W N I N S E E I G N

i s ndestd a s a mdesty egaitaian shaing pwe. Yetwith ae exeptins pitial theists take sveeignty t

be a neessay eate plitial lie The vey pssibility pita atin pitial de and pitial ptetin seemt depend pn it. Pehaps the existene this paadx is neeasn why ibeals tend nt t exaine sveeignty seyeven as they assme that it ests with the peple bt as wyadials sh as Gigi Agamben Mihael Hadt and Antni Negi devep a plitis ppsed t sveeignty and wy

letish ibeas sh as Will iam Cnnlly seek t plalie anddisseminate sveeignty's ndemati e . 33

Sveeignty is bth a sign the le and jisditin lawand spevenes the law. O sveeignty is bth the se law and abve the aw the igin jidiism and whatesides tside it It is all aw and n aw. Its evey tteane isaw and it is lawess .

Sveeignty is a s bth geneated and geneative yet it is asntlgiay a pii pesppsed iginal Even patialyas Jean Bdin ntes sveeignty annt be need Thepesppsed a pii nate plitial sveeignty is btdawn m thelgy and is pat what gives sveeigntyeigis dimensins . It is a emind that a pitia sveeignty is mdeed n that eligisy attibted t Gd .

7 The thegial aspet sveeignty i s the intenal nditin the sela ntin the atnmy the pl itia atiated by and thgh sveeignty. A s the next setin wil sg-gest this paadx is patiay imptant t gasping what isbeming pitial sveeignty tday.35

Soverei9n Autonom and the Autonom of the Political

Cal Shmitt is the thine wh expliitly ats the nept the atnmy the p itia thg te nept svigtyShmitt amsly identies the pita wt ydistinti as te o n s y of sao n 3 6 t f ca u n a



S O V E I N N D S U E

ati plitial ie deidin wh the eemy is ad what dabt the emity. Deisii sm i tr is he deiig ati

ad expessi sveeigy svereig is he wh deides he exepti."3 Ad respse the riedeemy ditiarespse that a eithe b e diied malied i s thedeiig ai the pliial Pitial ai ha beaks withhe m als happes t be wha breaks apat the ibera eqati the pitial ad he jridial.

Deisiism whh Shmi dees as pe will ha bws

bere sveeig th" is the mdaliy pliia aibease the pitial ise is svereig sbjet either t rms law aable hig else ad deived m hgelse. 38 The svereigy the pitia preeds m its pviewve the lieaddeath mater he riedeemy relati adme preisely m w as: O the e had l ie is at stakewhile the ther there a be r t eide r abt

the eemy. Nr is here jst a missig rle vei heeaher his deisi is beyd he pale" ad eessariy estsside whaever ms bid the pity eve as it may perta tpretig he way ie hese rms gve ad bid.

the deisi abt wh the eemy is ad what d abt itis he plitia eisi ad i the atms apaiy t makehese deisis is he sig pliial svereigty he sveeigyi artilates a ertai amy he pliial . This lie easig gealed as a thsis is geerally egaded as he hea Shmis atiliberalism. It is he basis Shmits ritiqe alibeal e grdig law m ad predre i piis. rhtt this regdg mpmises the plitial isar asit mprmises it s amy ad hee is sveeigty.3

Ms libeal demats egad Shmitts hesis as shkig aepable. Bt t the exet that a steed vesi

i as i sial tat thery Shmit may be mre al mng r ast hee tast wih Aristt l t i t h t i t i l l i t a ieed tha e i i [ " I i ( · i oi corc try



W E D T E W N I O V G

pa emerges rm a piia gia dii adis bgh beg hrgh ae he brh he p

a hrgh he sa a s a he same me he birh pia svereigy he sia a ses he empraed ad spaa mi he sveregy ae r Gd ad heiagrai a disiy hma rm i he dmai hepia he ra simaesy esabishes he sveregyad he amy he piia eve i he sbjeve miva-s eeig he sa a ae sa em

exampe he desire r seriy ie ibey prpey rpssesss r he desire resve empe he despsm are he sa ra is preisey wha sepaaes adesabshes he amy ad sveegy he pia a hesame ime ha esabshes pia sveregy A s appare he harsh ahiaiaism Hbbes as s i he s iberaism Mi ad made expi by he sa a sres s

sea ad Le he jisd he pia s disi mhse ae Gd ad amy ad s sppse aiae ada emi e

Wha are he impais svereigy sgyig bh heamy a py ad he amy he pia As wehave aready eared he w sded are sveeigy masha s exera amy eais era masery r sbrdiai pwers ha wd rva dspese ragme hshe amy he pia araed by sveregy eaishe ei he pa dmiae r ame hepwes dg he em ad he eigs Pa sveregy by deii sbeds hese her pwers I his regardsvereigy represes bh a easig r priai hepiia ad he spreme reig he piia A his is apiia ad reg ha is exy q dpie

beig aspiaa degia my l hr irahgh he assi wo o y h

exaizai oy t o h

o m tr y ov l ra n s u l i o ,J !' au hor y h y



O R I C L O S U R

ptia sveegy atahed atstates. qually imprtat,hwever, is plia sveregys bid t subdiae he e-

m t he pitial. This is t say ha he mder sveeig atistate aways heavyhadedy gvers r reglates theemy, bu that it s premised the ti tha t a ad hat deide whther ad whe t d s Lasseaire apalsm is asmuh he expess suh a deis as s ew Deal meayad sal pliy r state saism.

itial svereigtys reah r aumy rm/masery ver

he e is well aptured i a aahrst meaig svereg" as the gld (als kw as he i herealm") mied i Eglad rm the ime Hery VI t hat Charles I ad idud repae a ad ad h urreies. The idtiai urrey wh he Cw (rw"als beig ahe ame r the ) sigiies a subdig he em by he pliial ad, mre speia y, he Crws

assei pitial tr ver he emy rder uiyad sldat the realm. Ths meag suggests as wel hatsveeigty s ever simply hd ad wieded, bu m he begi-ig ilate- wrks as ey ad hugh uey, adt ly hrugh law r mmad. (Just as sveeigty takesve hegia praties pwer, iludig makig is wrd law, t takes ve emi praes pwer, iudg

ruati, etshism, irprai, ad mre) The geeai a i e realm h arly sveeth etury, ike thegeeati he eu ur euies ater, remids us that heearly der peupai wih svereigty ides wh bththe slidai aiate sveregy ut deetaed lal, plal, ad em pwes (he abli lalurries aims t abish a svereges) ad a axius

p te emerget re apial meaie e -s at wuld burst atia budares wealthm u o d u o as eaaied makets adod o n So so y hre e sss th subai oo l < o l , a u urr s n



W A E S TAT E S , W A N I S O E E I G

he very mmen when he enm was evnng s wn weran s ressane suh subrnan

Ths hess abu he rean f a sveregny heenm fers frm ha u frh by Har an egr frwhm sveregny emerges n serve he enm Caahey am n Emire bemes he nen he a frmf sveregy. By nras I am argung ha even f he mern sae emerges an eves ner aa n resnse aa a sveregny as ea fn r rae s neher

equvaen he sae nr merey n he serve aa. ahersveregny s a hlcl a rmuan an rmanha ams ner aa subrnae an nan he enman eah a e frm he emans r meraves fhe enm Tha hs asran s umaey unreaabe esn reven rm bemng a en maera n wh sgnfan effes urng s regn Neher a nr enm

rae bear he subsanve snveness me by asveregny nvesed n nansaes bu bh have been shaehsray by hs nvsmn

h holoy of Sovrinty

Jus as he eary mern emergene f a sveregy ·�

resne a enmy's wer n sa r a

fe by aemng bh nan an hs wer smehng smar wh regn The nex he earymern regus wars rue sae sveregny as bh a rean agans regus auhry an an aem arrae Ths rean an arran s aaren a sveregnys G ke haraerss O ngay sveregny s heunmve mver. Esemgay s a rr As a wer ssureme une unaunabe an generave I s he surenn an rer f v fe an a unque f wrnsar as brngs a new eny n beng a su i n ver s rean. I unses and rs . I i t a av l



S O V R I N A N C O S U E

he hmgia ad ismphi dimesis the eatibewee piia sveeigty ad Gd ae t meey he es

eative imiati apppiai. Gd i s the igia sveeig ad is vety dispaed by pi ia sveeigty i eaymde theetia ats. Bt me ha its igi he hegia emais a eessay sppeme piia sveeigymakig piia sveeigy wk yet t made maies i itswkigs. Why A sigiiat epts he mde they the sate ae seaied hegia epts" wies Shmi

bease these epts wee ieay bwed m hegybease hei systemai ste ad bease he stae'sstas as a ivisibe pes." Agai hweve this hesis is tiqe Shmitt. hee is Hbbes's iams peig iahan: Nate (he a wheeby Gd hath made ad gves thewd) i s by he a ma as i may he higs s i this asim iaed."5 Leviatha the iteay eiyig mste mad yGd is imitaed ivaed ad iay bested by he isse n

w eaive pwes. 6 O i a se eadig Ho f Godmakes ma ma makes the age ad owr o t i

sbje tha is he mmweah.Sveeigy Hbbes wies i he od on t o

is the s his mamade eate. n y l f dmti the whe bdy."4 Cside the o datig sveeigy as he s he mmweath. Fist t

a ie piipe hat whih aimates ad gves the mvemets the mmweah ad t simpy a pitiay epessivesi t ivi sie exea dage. Sed sveeigyhgh made by hma aiie is iked Gd; ss ae thesig Gd's pesee i eathy bdies they me m Gdad et Gd. hs Hbbes des simpy iva Gd bttmeaies him i stig piia sveeigty a

etaiati that is epeated i ats 3 ad iahan,whr o o he sae betwee Chist i i y d he mmw , a b ies the ea Gd tpdu f t ( m w c t h . rp o ota y

j



W A L L T A S , W N G S O E G N T

Hbbes desrbes bth Gd ad sveregty a s pwers that verawe; sveregy leraly mtaes Gd's d awe

sbets, t merely hs pwer. Or, pta sveregy s hepwerrm hat wrks by verawg s, rather ha by gverae r re . The brrwg r Gd here s mplex Byaalgzg sveregy t he sl the Arta Ma" geer-ated by hma arie, Hbbes reveas a dameta rk sveregty We geerae ad ahrze what the verawes sad s atable t s bease ts dve sats. Ma geer

ates pltal sveregy thrgh he erra hs w pwer,bt s sveregty s the dve elemet wth he mwealh, h s press geera r abrat s d savwed advered ver.

Js as Hbbes's at pltal sveregty brrwsexptly rm Gd r s pwer ad legmay has rerse Gd r saat ts stas , ad as s " s he tke rpresee Gd the mmweath, here are smar lksbetwee pa ad dve sveregy her eary mderheres sveregty, dg thse Abb Seys, JeaBd, ad JeaJaqes ssea. Mrever, the dv qaly pla sveregy s wha araes he samet em pwers What is th Thid Etat? rexample, Abb Seys akes lar that whe pal emys wha geeraes he sal ra, pla sveregy s ts

eet. Ths, hs bre r rada ppar sveregty, Seys lteray herzes he s brdat he em by he palas the g ad he s he sal rat Bt thsg depeds p a helga rederg th pa wl he a as a prr , eteral, he dat al law ad exsg prr t the aw.

r Jea Bd, he detat plta sveregty wth

Gd s part a ehqe r ag peta exesses rabses sveregty Whe Bd says ste nd the aw, aw the wrk the pre, ad the pr G d. H ee, he law the pr be mod ' aw

f

l

I

l

I



S V I N T E S E

Gd," he draws a se inks beween Gd and svereignpliial pwer ha simulaneusly prdue he absluism

svereigny and hedge svereign pwer wih Gds wn law andbeneiene. Svereign pwer, spreme n earh, a ne imiaesGd and bemes smehing ike a meiar r Gd. As I wilsugges ward he end his haper, i Bdin's hpe was limi abses by linking pliial svereigny wih Gd, day, hissame link may liense raher han nain aspiring svereignswh as hemselves a s mediars r Gd r in he servie

Gd wheher Alah, Jahwh, r he Chrisian Lrd .The persisen helgia dimensin svereigny is eveneviden in he respeive reigius mdal es hrgh whih n-emprary heris s neie svereigny. Think Agambensrmal isi an , in whih svereigny and homo are asimeless a d eernal as h Lain Mass. Or Cnnlys (silhelgial) aheism, whih aemps wihdraw mnipene,

spreme pwr, and ay rm he nep svreigny,insising insad n is ps, ayered, sillaing, and puraiabe haraer, even making i qidian, raher han aweinding and herwrdly. Or nsider al, he apsed Cahi,r whm svreigny is msy a sry we e rseves ne hashrds he rea sry, ye is nearly impsbe esape and haals prvides a erain mr. Or hink Hard and egri,r whm svereigny nly and always sppresses he mliudeand ms be ppsed, as Gd ms be, r he mide knwand ena is wn messiani pwers. The pin is ha even ahe hereia evel, piial svereigny is never wih he gia srure and vernes, wheher i is impersnaing,ispell ing, kiling, rivaling, r serving Gd. B he nainmen regain religin is als always a dimensin pliil vreignys nin, even in he ms verly religis r rai sa. An ease is wn pwer derives in par rm p pop g n m ng wh i neers and sbends, pliil so g y by g lev n d r byt f G I



W A L E S A S , W S R

he Late Moder Wai9 of Poitica Sovereity

ad the Decotaimet of Reiio ad Capita

I pl al sveregy s strutured thelgally as the supremead uauable pltal pwer ad draws Gd r legtmay ad s thelgal dmess eable the et he autmy ad sveregty the pltal vs vs the em wha happes a s a stae sveregty waes Whatbemes he helgy the autmy he pltal thepsWesphala era Wha trasrma plal sveregy ad stae pwer s seqet t he trasatal lws aptal labr peple deas ultures ad relgus ad pltaleales ha erde plal sveregty rm sde ad usdeastaes My speulatve heses are hese As t s weaeedad rvaled by her res wha remas astate sveregty bemes pely ad aggressvely raher tha passvelyhelgal S als d ppular desres r resred sveregmght ad pret arry a strgly relgus aura. A the same

tme delg atstate sveregty detas helgalad em pwers a deamet hat sel abets the ers a state sveregty.

holoical olitical ointyAs asate sveregy waes bh eral ad exteralperrmaes are reasgly ad pely dressed rel

gus regala. Culess atvas pltal pwer day rest a strage brew gratyg he wll All ah Jahweh r aNew Testamet Gd the e had ad ulg vaguelylberal demra prples the her Whle r exampleresde Gerge W Bush yed Amera mperal ats the delvery the Almghy's g reedm" the Iraapresdet eleted Je delared Iraas be as re as

Allah eded ad led hs reewed lear weap pgrat he serve Allah 51 resdet Obama h s relatshp" bewee the ted t n s as nrm he latr's sa a " inpn w sh s a " J h



R I T A D S U R

nly te demay i n the Middle East"5 B sh invked Gdt legitiate his se vet wes sed nstittna

amendments t tet nbn lie" (m abtin) and thesantty maage" ( hmsexals) inside the ntedStates and t wthdaw nds ganizatins mtng ndm se abtiaents in the natns Obama als teshs egs beles as the bass hs stn t samesexmaiage athgh he has nt vety mbized state we nthis is se As these nvatins ae aaleed by state and state

less sveeigns estng thei athity with the gds SamelHntngtns mhdeded thesis ivizatnal lash takesn a deent he Cntng sveeign and wdbe sveegn wes in late mdenty aea t seve waing gdheads (Chistan Msl im Jewish Hind the) even i thesegdheads nt align esely wth natnstates and henewth the ltal sveegntes the Westhalian eid hats althgh thee ae elgis states the state s nt the nly even iay agent igsly egtmated vlene tdayathe as wanng natnstate sveeignty dentains eigiswe that we takes esdene n a vaiety me andess vent sbnatinal stnatna nstellatins At thesae tme hweve th s akes natnal and even state e gn aea ess stange than it wd thewise in a tatveysela age

Fm a deent ange ltia sveeignty's thelgialdimensn bemes me aniest as natinstate sveeigntyse weakens Cnetely sveeignty needs Gd me as itsth ses and wes thn and ts tetia gi altes lgn has as ntensed as a tal lnk between natnaand tansnatina ealtes in the stWesthaan ea nt nlyor l ims and Jews bt as Chstians even as th ink

C s a n s tn taks th m deending the West" aganstt r ) I n h i or ia l w i at ths eemegene thet o o ial fa a t e or ovrny r s th i y iu n a i o l

i dc nt t

nd j t i f c t ion r v o ,



W A L L E D S TAT S W A N I S E I N

t t meti its wals less amaus tha they might havebee yeas ag

Th Dcn tinmnt Rliin nd th Wnin inI the use its waig atistate sveeigty bemesme itesively ad pely thelgial but this tibutes tits udig i the g u O the e had the eligis thatsveeigty mbiizes ae tasatial athe tha atialad hee tibute t the esi atistate sveeigtythat pmpts its thelgia utig i the ist plae O thethe had itepetatis ad impiatis these eligisvay eve withi atia settigs ad eigi is as likey tistumetaize the atistate as the the way aud mthe msque mvemet i gypt t aptue Chistias ad A IPACi the ited Stats m the sa aai i Fae t the theat ivi wa m thdx settes i Isae m isig sam iseula Tukey t the miitay the au Gg i Chia sv

eeig states ae ewy vueable t pitiized eligius aimstasatial eigus es eligius lit ad umaageabe utua ad eigius hetegeeities i the atis whse uiiati ad pteti they stad

CpitlWhile a (statist substatist ad tasatial) busts pliti-

al sveeigty lak themselves i Gd tak ad ae assetedthugh demads ealty ad aims t pateaisti pteti i a pey thegia ame apita takes shape as aemegig lbl sveeig C apital ae appeas pepetual adabslute ieasigly uautable ad pimdia the sue al mmads yet beyd the eah the nms Capitapdues ie abset pvisis pteti ad ties meb

ship tuig ppulatis aud the d it hm 3 Yapita as iks the divese peples ad s f h w supplatig the s aso o w h s n . ates the diti o s f I \ L w h i



O V R T Y C O U E

beng y aabe n piia sveegn Capia mkses by ana and sbnana mmies n hei

ways ie de hei wn aes makng sh esappea sima hse eda iedms a he dawn mdeniy. Ad eibea pia ainaiy whih dssemaesmake aay ass he sa and gvenmea eds isise a pesipn ad edsemen apa as wdbegba sveeg.

Hweve ahgh apias manages eaiy deide hings

he sveeign an apa des n ake he m desism and is eeed n he iedenemy ean whihmeas a apia aks bh he pvew and he signae haShmi aibed pa sveigy. I gba apia ispepea abse and i yng b is n pa deisins in he Shmiian sese wd seem ha ahe ha beigeaed in toto, hee s a dssemiain eemens piia

sveeigny i he psWesphaia peid. Capa appeas beasending a m sveeigy wih a sveeig ha s wh a ahpmphzed Gd a is hea. A is bshhis wd seem mp wh a view apia as a eeesse desaazain a view peed by bh Maxss adeibeas wh egad he make as aenang egis adiba passis ad aahmens B hee s ahe way ndesand gba apia as embdyng eemens sveegnywih he sveegn Peaps s n a ean way me Gdike han mde piia sveeigns eve wee isa as mesey appximaes a gd's pwe make he wd wihdebea aai Deisinism whih nnes hiekwedge dgme even db ad neaiy may he b he s hma m sveeigny he e ayig an a appeiain he piia as he disy hman h d hmas as dis invey piia. his means ha S sveeig as he wh deides" wd w h" u ha dviei wd a n h d



W L L E S TT S , W N G S E I G N T

urns he is one insie ou as apia Go is no dea buahr inally eanhropomorphized naly God .

Here is how he heses onening he uneashing o religiouspowe an he soveeigny o global apial ou be pu ogeherCapial is boh mase an oin o he realm exep here isno ealm no global poliy govenane or soiey and neiheare hee boundaies o eioy ha delimi apials omain.Rahe oay we ae ineasingly aering heoogial pol iiasovereigny on he one han and apial as global power on heoher. his makes o a sange invesion an paradox. Whileweakening naionsae sovereigns yoke heir ae an legiimayo God apia ha mos esaalizing o ores beomes Goike almighy limiess and unonollable. In wha should behe inal and ompee iumph o seularism here is only hoogy. his is how he posWesphalian eonainmen o heheologial an he eonomi heoially eho eah other evenas hey move along isin ajeoies.

States without Sovereinty

o his poin we have mainy olowed soveeignys ourse in heonempoay oming apar o soveeigny and naionsaes . Leus urn now o he oher par o he onsellaion Wha are heimpiaions o sae aion an sae power o his oming aparn Losig Conrol? Saskia Sassen argues ha gobalizaion has

enailed a parial denaionalizaion o naional erioy an pariashi o some omponens o sae sovereigny o oher insiuions om supranaiona eniies o he goba apial marke. hisshi oes no mean ha saes have ease o be impoan anpoweu wol aors Rahe as Sassen insiss he ole andsaus o saes in boh omesi and inerna iona poiis havebeen aee by he win ores o enaionaized eono spae

and enaionalized poiia isouse by he sepaai svr-eigny om saes . 7

his aleraion woud aru l t D ion ha h a rue



S E I G T Y A E N S U E

sates , hat soveregnty, insofar a s t operates apart from the law,generates an ienses rogushness . 5 Derrias Shmitian insght

is ehniay orret, but in a postWesphaan epoh, anoherkn o stae roguishness appears in gobal an omest pots,on tha emanates rom states inreasngly osng ther grp onsovereign power. A s I suggese a he begnnng o he haper,suh rogue state behavior manfest , inter alia, n the builng ofwal ls may look ike hypersovereigny bu s aually oten ompensang or its oss. Laking soveregn supreay an majesy,yet invokng soveregn prerogatve an guile, postsovereign satesbeome peuiar new kns o nernatonal aors .

The posuring an hyperboe tha result onstute only oneeature of ae moern sates wihout soveregnty States remainiporant goba aors in worl markets, n the morapoiiaisourse o nternaiona human rghts an n a variety of inter-naona an transnaonal reations governe by Realpoliik 5 Thea oo inane apal meown mae obvous o any whoubte the extent to whih saes reman vial in stablizingmarkes an aang ontions o apital aumulation . How-ever, far from instaning sae sovereigny, this atvity revealethe egree of state suborination o apita. Inee, sates stausas neoibera ators an as neoberaize (or in ouauts exi-n , governmenaize hemseves is one nex o ther losso poital sovereigny. Staes o not omnate or orer, but reat

to he moveens an mperaves of apa as wel as to ohergoba phenomena ranging from imate hange to ransnaionaterror networks. They anno ong pursue parohial or shortrunnaonal interess wthou worsenng her postons. The auonoy of the poia onstiutive of the onept of poitia sovgny has hus ease o be an operaive or onvining fiton .

Yet states rema n a , if not th ruia embem of poa

ongng an p olial proteion The p igh of refugees an h eoples s a reminer o he exent o whih t n h y igfu stes of pota tzenshp s a t h m nurn bes o

�



W L S , W S R I

seuy, oweve n paes of zenshp have beoe, oweve ompomse an uneveny sbue ghs may be, even

n emoaes, oweve soe w faul nes s e spoeve apay, an oweve mpoan posnaonal onselaons of govenane su as he uopean non ave beomeHannah Aens aoun of e peamen of poswa saeless peopes, ognaly fomulae as pa of a que of saesoveegny, emans equaly elevan o he peo of polalsoveegnys elne an ssemnaon

he alamty of the ightle i not that they ae epied of life,

libety an d the put of happine, o o f equaity efoe the aw

and feedom of opinion fomu a which wee deigned to ole

pobem withn gien communitie-but they o longe belong

o any community whatoee. The plight i not that they ae not

equa befoe the aw but that no aw exit fo them not that they

ae oppeed but that nobody want een to oppe the

In e ombne aves of sppong gobal makes anonfeng beongng an poeon o subjes, saes oaymeae ensons beween global eono lfe an naona poal lfe . They ae ual egulaos, ownes, onsumes, an supples of apal, labo esoues an goos, an hey aso woko ofse he soemes eleeous effes of globazaon on enegy of naona poa lfe. Moe han meey eanng upafe he omes uman an envonmenal amage one byapal s pouon , as ey a he heg of welfae saeapas, a saes neasngly soue he a s of poengnaonal populaons agans e avagng effes of open makeson eveyhng, nung he naonal magnay.6 1

A numbe of omes poal ssues ae sape a e neusof wha Sassen ems enaonalz eonom lf an ena

onalze poal l fe, nlung ose on ao,aguue, manufaung, eney, d ev i m E

of hes genaes a i I rs th< h sfee m ext s . v I ms Is h m a



V E I D E C U E

of immigran hoes a s an iniemen o xenophobi naionaisman o emans for fiere sae poeionism ami gobaizaion.

Or pehaps here is now a riva for his posiion in he figure ofhe eroris If open oes are (fasey he esponsibe forgowing efugee an immigan popuaions an orer foifiaions are (fasey imagin apae of semming his ie,porous oers ae aso ommony figue as he srim hroughwhih error sips he wo angers of ourse, are fequenywinne in he figure of he Arab Musim. No maer ha he

vas maoiy of erro episoes in he nie Saes have eenhomegrown arrie ou y whie mae iizens an aime a hesae by he heaan, an ha he guns an exposives use inhese aas are aso soure omesiay. No maer ha orefoifiaions an have ie or no effe on he mos angerous insumens of erroioogia an nuear weapons orhiae airpanes . he a for saes o ose an seue naiona

borers is fuee by popuaions anxous aou eveyhing fromhei physia seuiy an eonomi webeing o heir psyhisense of " an we." oay xenophobia is so overeermine yh eonomi an poiia inseuries geneae by gobaizaionha even poiiians ognizan of he imie effiay of orerfoifiaions a isursive poins of enry fo is ssig he .

Soerein Deline an the Theoloy of Wallin

Poiia sovereigny has aways been somehing of a fiion, espeia y in emoaies where sovereigny sies beween popuaran asouis fomuaions, hene eween an absraion hainvess sovereigny in he peope an an abrogaion of emoaya invess i in auonomous sae power. he eahmen ofreign power from he sae in ae moeniy eveas his fi oe reaiy whih oes no mean ha saes ae finishe asr as, o y as sovereign ones. his isesabishmen of

i soveeit howv ras ore han a ehnia shif ords n f d ' p I eer a a pa g ic n . 1 \ f i fm u b j t o s t e d o e



W L L W N I N G O R E I Y

o whh he budng of was esponds. Offeng he speae ofa ea and song nsde/ousde, fend/enemy dsnon om

pong (o amng o ompo wh naona bodes, he newnaonsae was ae onogaph of soveegn and enosueand soveegn powes of poeon and onanmen n he faeof he dssouon of hese powes

The sae an be dvded, dsunfed, subodnaed, even apued, and s suvve o so poltical soveegny, whh, keGod, s fnshed as soon as s boken apa . Poa soveegny

may be a seuazed heooga onep, bu seuazaon, weneed ememe, does no mean he end of egon Rahe, seu-azaon podues egon whou he swod, egon oaedand depoyed apa fom de poa auhoy 6 Ths meansha soveegny seuazed fo poa puposes does no oses egous suue o beang, even as eases o have hede auhoy of God a s hea. As seua poa auhoy s subs iued fo Gods, he egous moday of he auhoypesss. Paadoxay, egon ndey eoves s swod as eemeges n he fom of po a soveegny.

Pu sghy dffeeny, whehe s undesood o es nhe peope o n a monah, whehe s denfed wh heue of aw, he ue of he demos, o he hef exeuve of henaon, poa soveegny susans a hsoa , pefomave,and heoa nk wh God and a sgnfan eane on a e

gous moday of beef and eognon o S h, po asoveegnys mos mpoan heooga e gous ae maeazes n he exepon, anaogous o he mae n heoogy foHobbes, hs ae s o be found n soveegn subes absouesubmsson, obesane, and awe and fo Bodn, es n eveene C onemp fo ones soveegn pne s onemp owadGod, of whom he s he eahy mage

Poa soveegnys neessay enamen of h yand supemay of he poa s aso a emnan of r Tdea of poa soveegny depend h e h o a fe domnaes her d w r d n

0



S O V R I A D E O S U E

those onventionally name the soial, eonomi, eiious, anultual . I olitial owe is not soveein ove these iels, i it

annot ea with them eisively when neessay (in the momento the exetion, then olitial soveeinty annot be sai toexist It woul emain vuneable to these othe ies o owe,ontestabe an otentiay maniulable by them, an hene, notsoveein . Thus o Shmitts omulations o soveeinty an theolitial een uon eah othe, an thus oes the iea o oitial soveenty eliate the oneit o Gos ominion ove al l,

o as Boin has it, oitia soveeinty imitates eiious soveeinty. n the same vein, a sae emanation is a uial onstitutive imension o soveeinty, an awe is a uia eet MajestasDeia emis us, has always been a synonym o soveeinty."

A wie ane o thines Dostoyevsy, eu, euebah,Nietzshe suest that the vey iea o eliious soveenty,o a sueme, n inite, an sueveient owe, is bon o thehuman exeiene o smallness an vuneabiity in a hue anovewhelmin univese an that it habos a esie o otetion, ontainment, an oetatio in th ae o this exei-ene. Politial soveeinty, too, ovies hoizons an omassoints o nowin an belonin an aies as we the omise o otetion. What beomes o the wish o these thinswhen oitia soveeinty eoes, the eiament in whihnations an thei inhabitants in themseves toay? Wals siniy, inte alia, es ies o ontainment an seuity, esonineseially to the owes that einin olitia soveeinty hasun leashe, those o aita an eliiously eitimate vioene.t is tese owes that oue the aaoxia slittin o soveeinty an enin in ou tim. On the one han, tee issoveeinty ate the ene, soveein owes (aital, eiiousysatione vioene without seii juisition o enosue

out eve t omise o ontainment o otetion.O or , at soveeinty, nationstates i i p o i i ttoisd pp I

/



CHATER HRE

Stat s and Su b j ct s

Myh onflate wih he popaganda he rapat i ao ideooga ,

ering boh t o eaure he popuaion a nd t o diarm e adeay

wih a ene of e ininibe, he pregnabe . he lat iade

i a heaer were war pa and peent onenrae eele . .

he inene propaganda around the ontrution o the Seond

Word War ' forifiaion (e Mag no Lne a well a e Aanti

Wa eea the theati te neay etaua de.

-au Viiio Buke Aceoogy

A o onweah, withou oereign ower, i bu a word, wiou

ubane, and anno and

- oa obbe Lvithn

Howeve aieally inteesting o omplex, wal ls ae onvenonally egae as fnonal nsments fo iv ng sepa-ating, ea ning, poeng, song p, o sppoing Weteonstng a lng, olng ak lan eosion, o lmn ngneigooos, alls ae onaly peeve as ntene fo amateial task Ye walls ae also omonly sai to onvey mooso feelings y e esgn plaemen, an elatonsp o l

o natal envonments. ey may set o foelose politialan onom poss es and e seens fo a os of pojeed nd o xe is espet walls an e al t h h Ed a d magnatv

ah , pd n t

/



W A E D S TA S , W A I S O V E

hrogh bonares A gop of peope vng on a few aes ofan wi se p bonaies beween heir an an he er

ory beyon, whih hey a he an of he babarians This iimaginaive geography of he or anbabaian an varieyoes no eqie ha he babaians aknowege he sinon.I s enogh fo s o se hese bonares n o own mnshey beome hey aoringy."

Two ommonpas, hn Was are onsmmaey fniona,an was ae poen oganzes of hma psyhi asapes

geneaive of a an poia ieniies . Hee is how hesemigh be p ogeher A wa as sh has no nns o persisen eanng o signifaion. As soia heois Pa Hsinsis s, bi ings o no naae an ae no hemsevs naaves. Biings are no exs or pres," phiosophe NesonGooan as , an o no esib eon epi or poayThey mean, f a a, in ohe ways" Ths, whe h Waiing

Wa may be he mos sare se on earh for reigios ws, heGrea Wa of China aris a hosan yeas of Soh Asan his ory, an he wa of he Vienam Wa Meoia in Washingon,DC. is nparaee n s apaiy o evoke memoy an rekoning wh ha parilay ak ho n Ameran foregn poiy,was as sh o no e a soy. They emerge from an figre insorses, hey an beoe isrsve saemens heseves,an hey are a o he oganizaion of power in an hoghspae. Was may be sai o be gy, sa, imposing, omforing,magnifen, beaf, an even igheos o ns, b hesejgmens ae no eqivaen o inrinsi or imeess meanngs orbase on narravs resing in was hemseves . The meanng isno in he eferen. Was o no narrae an o no even speak.

Pehaps his is why Sai rns o poes n hs own sssionof he spaia imagnaries poe by bonaries an rresBorrowng from renh phiosophe Gason ahar Poti rSpae Sai wies

space hous - i t s ( ' l S , ( ) " r i d o s C (

oom s is f r kss i mo n t t 1 w . p t \ i dw w

/



S TA S A S B C T S

whch s usua y a quaty wth a agatve or gura

ca ae ad feel thus a house ay be haued or h

rsoke or agca o sace acqures eoto a eve

sese by a kd of oetc rocess, whereby the vacat or a

reaches of stace are coverted to eag for us here.4

w

I addo o poec assocaios ad hsoes aach d ·

bul scues ad i addo o he discouses hough h

e desad hem coex s of specia mpoace ho peceve ad expece alls oside, fo exampe ho d

feely o deical als oud ead" f oe s buil o shea eghbohood fom he sighs ad souds of a feeay ad heohe o vde a hie eghbohood Ialy fom he sees ohch ece immgas have seed hee ae dffeeces evebefoe e ioduce he mpoa uesio of ho s dog heeadghe uba dee scee fom hghay ose o apasseby hose home has o bee so poeced, he od uopea

o a ece ava fom Noh A O csd e ffeece he ay he black gae a o h V W oa Washgo D, as de ood by i g r !

had a mpuse o cu ope h h . . i a v i o t me od heal he gass o d row t toud ema . . k a gode h yo o i i hhe eah" ad by some a veeas a who t l y

poesed he desg A black gash of sha om b o .

a aig al l fo daf dodges ad Ne Lfes of h fu . .

a moume o defea." osde eve ho dffeey a gaedcommuy appeas he s a aomay i a ohese opecy vess he s amog does ogaig a Amecasubub o he i s suaed Souhe alfoa vesus a-o Baghdad

Wals ad ohe fofcaios may aso sgfy dffeelya dffee imes of hei lves: The Gea Wall of ha is a de of h s as s he Aak Wall bui by he Nas ax d ay o h ose s seved as a playgodi i yo t h , l V i i t



W S S W N I N G O V R I N

e pet f te nker n t t eing a e t e

in the end a utate a an infant rebuit arr an pt hell

an etnal ving pant f an lfained d n which

the adverarie cud til k each ther in te ee thrugh te

narrw t f ter heet. he bunker i te pthitr f

an age n whic the pwe a inge weapn grat that n

ditance can prtect u fr it an lnge . . . . bandned n te

and the ttra lke t kn f a pece tat ha appared te

nker i the at teatia getue n the end gae f ccidental

ita t.6

I he discoses hogh hich alls sigiy ad ae ie-peed shi ove ime hey ae also mliple ad icosaacoss he sbecs ey ogaize ad he egioal ocas heymay avese I is oo simpl fo example o say ha he Isaeliall cooes poecio ad seciy o oe side ad agges-sio vioaio ad domiaio o he ohe. Whi e he Wa may

compo ih a eilem o saey i a Jeish hoad elby some Isaeli es i caies o ohes he shame ad violeceo he occpaio Moeove hese discoses ill coie odego empoal ad spaia shis aleig ove he yas o heWalls exisece ad ih is chagig efecs o he spaces adpeoples i cleaves avss podces

Aohe exampe o he complex elaio o physical scesad he empoaliy o discoses imbig hem ih meaig cabe od i pos 9/ seciy achiece i he Uied SaesI he aemah o he eois aacks o Ne Yok ad Washigo hdeds o Jesey baies" (hose amiia pside-do " empoay ceme oadbocks so amed becase heyee fs sed i he bidig o he Ne Jesey pike) eeisaled aod edea bildigs ad he Whie Hose i Washigo DC, ad i he Wal See secio o N ok iy.

The baies od be maiy eecive as poecio agais sicide ca bombes eapos ha had o pa i he v /i he Uied Saes o i t v o , h h t t t e l w mth e e



B J C

erve gas aack ha a decade earlier Nor were suicide car bombsamog he weapos o mass desrucio abou which he Depar

me of Homelad Securiy or he Sae Deparme had growmos cocered i he immediae aermah of 9/ Why hehe Jersey barriers? Arciecural scholar revor Boddy amesheir use i hi s period ear hemig" ad siuaes hem as paro a archiecure of disassurace" hepig o produce he visuasceography of a sae o emergecy 7 Give e mood of he dayhe barriers worked performaivey i a maer simiar o hyper-

vigia ispecios of baby srollers a airpor securiy saiosIrreeva o iercepig aioal securiy hreas ey werecoseueial i iducig ad susaiig a sese o im mieor proximae dager which i ur eased he way or ay saemeasure from uderakig ivasios o suspedig cosiuioalprovisios aed wh procig he aio

By ae 200, however he Jersey barriers scaered arouddowow Washigo ad he New ork iacia disrichad bee removed Agai why Accordig o Boddy i was obecause worries abou errorism had passed bu because of aalered pubic aioa securiy discourse Washigo's Naioalapial Paig ommissio had come o worry ha he barrierswere commuicaig fear ad rerechme ad udermi[ig]he basic premises o a ope ad democraic sociey"8 Eveualy his archiecure o disassurace was repaced wih aarchiecure of securiy ha was visible wihou beig scarrigbledig much more smoohly io a upscae urba coemporary aesheic he ew archiecure icluded srucures such ashe "

NoGo barrier" (srucuraly adapabe ad moveable impacposs placed i sidewalks ad driveways) ad he iger rap"(suraces a ca suppor pedesrias bu all away uder vehicewigh rappig ay wayward vehicle beow groud) More haa racme of mporary wih permae srucures hese l l on l ed n n discourse abou fear dager f o f ed Sae won u n k \ (: n a n r n n o



W L W N O R I N

ko og ad magtde to oe depctg t as maste osecty smooth codet pepaed.

Appecato o the ays hch as opeate th thecotexta ad dscsve ames o meags geeatg adgeeated by the bt evomet dees the mpotaceo gaspg the cotexts hch the e as ae beg bt.hs book does ot expoe those cotexts the atoa pa-tcaty someoe shod bt athe the age hstocayspecc cotext o decg state soveegty. Emphass po

the cotext geeatg the matea ad psychoogca meagad eects o as aso sggests the mpotace o cosdegatostate ag om the pespectve o sbects as e asstates that s om the pespectve o potca dese as e asthat o potca poe ad tems o the exs o symbocad aectve epesetatos ad appeas that ect both ado the to togethe. hese to egstes o cose ae oty sepaabe ad thee s o shap dstcto betee popa ad moe oca potca dscoses geeatg the demado ag egtmatg ag o costg ts meagState egtmacy ote ts o addessg soca deses thatdo ot compot th state teests ovesey sbects do otaays at hat the state may ee o exampe a taxes eve as they may be da to o mobzed by theseeemets As the post9/ Jesey bae stoy sggests

stategeeated d scoses o ea ad dage eect tepeate ad costct the aect o sbects O the othe hadthe dscepacy betee tese popa agtato o a baeaog the sothe bode o the Uted States ad dbosessabot ts ecacy by most po cy aaysts s a emde that stateams ae ecessaiy shaped ad costaed by popa dsesad atases

State poces ad sbect deses ae dct to i iaothe sese Whe the same gl iz i gthe soveegty o bth j I l d c ks d t ov n t h cnd a n re�d



S E S A S U B C S

o the subet asgessed ad upotetable polta boudaes ae the udog of both. Moeove subets may sometmes

dety th o as state soveegty ad the state tu may bedeted th o as a vueabe subet eed of poteto hs poetve detato s fatated bea demoaesby hat as todued hapte 2 as the uty beteestate ad dvdual soveegty at the heat o the bea soaotat. Fom Hobbes to Loke om Rousseau to Hegel potal soveegty s take to seue ad eage the soal sove

egty of the subet A eta pmtve dvdual soveegtys assumed the state o atue o ouse but t s a soveegtyso agle ad seue so vueabe to uy esavemet oeath so uable to eage ts puve though popety adposses sos that t a be udestood oly as a kd o attheo oga soveegty. hat s ths pmtve dvdual soveegtys the tea ivese of potal soveegty omulated as a seu

azed veso o Gods ulmted poe ad though hhhuma begs ae poteted. Ma po to the state s edeed bybea dsouse espeay ts Hobbsa vaat ot as havggeat poes ad usdto but as eetessy mpe led adeatve vg otual fea ad dage o voet death"ad uable to aomplsh o potet muh o aythg l fe .

Wth a lbea otoogy the dele o state soveegty thee-

foe theates a etu to a tesey vueable ad voableodto of estee fo subets . ve o the seveal levels o tmay ad detfato

betee state ad dvdual soveegty ad the ays hhals themselves ae stes of moblzatos betee state adsubet dsussos of the to aot be eay sepaated. hshapte osdes the tesetos o state ad subet motva s as el as the mutua mbatio of matea ad subetvers tat togethe gate the ezy o all budg today. ne h r n ty psyoga temst h r n f a r su- t u s f s .

/



W L S T S W N I S O V I N

Soverein Faiure

Wa s skng abou e walls poleang a e dawn o

e wenys cenuy s e seemngly pyscal obduaepemoden sgnaue n e conex o a ae moden wold nwc powe s newoked v ual mcopysca even ludand peoples ae nceasngly lnked no ybdzed Howeveaccusomed we ave gown o ceckponed esolds sangeveyday ea e enances o museums conces sposevens scools aposee s a makedly acac quay

o e slow and manes consucon o walls asoned omconcee bck on seel babed we o even synec mes ompaed w e evanescen poean and depless as olae moden culue and pocs wa s seem so ld and pemanenand appea o lack capaces o gule and dssmulaon (enomencaue o couse oen ams o ds smulae e Isaesecuy ence" e S bode make" e Noen Is

peace nes" bu suc nomencaue s openy mocked by eunmaskabe caacescs o e eeen and by e poesmuals and gaf oen adonng a eee) We wenavgae scoes o vual wals evey day ewalls spywaeand spam es on ou compues auomac ockng and aamsyses n cas omes oce buldngs and becases pass codeseveywee e specace o ese acua walls eans dsncve e pyscaly makes em seem lke a leal owbacko anoe me a me o oesses and kngs mas andmoas Guelps and Gbelnes ae an a me o smabombs mssle selds n space globa wamng dgal oucpads and peoples and danges so lealy on e move and soadcally mscegenaed as o be no moe conanable by a pyscal land bae an s a polluon o a new san o nluenza

Moeove conmpoay ccal eoy as auned us

modaes o powe adcaly a odds w e sym l o leal popylacc o wals W hve ered, espe c i l l yom lae weniecy t a I t hh t t o k p o u r

eye owr's scurs v d ss t d J b t

X



S A E S N S B J C S

noncommodiabe opeaion and is deeioialiaion. JacesDeida ales s o poe's esidence and opeaion in angage

Miche de eea o poe's spaia mobiliy Michel Focaand Gies Deee o is disciplinay o neoked qaliies ishiomaic iigaing o ciclaoy movemens is ligh andvapoos qaliies even as i ochesaes npecedened effecsof dominaion. Sil ohes have illminaed poe's locaionin ce symbolic odes ps yches science and a panoply ofohe knoedges. By conas as appea o haken back o

a modaliy and onology of poe ha is soveeign spaialybonded and eioial. Wals od seem o expess poe hais maeia visibe cenalied and exeed copoealy hoghove foce and policing. ae Focal's ciiqe of he epessive hypohesis" and emphasis on he podcive ahe han heepessive o censoios aspecs of poe alls old seem oembody pecisely he poe of he no" physicay poclaiming

and enfocing ha is intedit. he ne alls hs seem o sandas a ceain kind of ebke o evey posscalis heoia-ion of poe as ell as o evey ibeal hope fo a global vill ageIndeed as he al s limning naions and high seciy pisonscome inceasingly o esemble one anohe and o shae echnoogy and conscion ofis no only does a egime of disciplin-ay poe seem o fade befoe one of an ode cacealiy he

pomise of a gobally conneced hman old one bahed inlibea feedoms is conavened by one i n hich cemen babedie checkpoins and sveiance appea he nom

he elaion of naionsae all s o checkpoins vise s andpophylaxes o he disseminaion of poiical poe in neokedbodies and o seciy appaases in homes vehices schoosand aipos is an impoan s cle o ndesanding boh hesae and sbec invesmens geneaing al bilding odayA aady sggesed fa fom defenses agains inernaional y o pows enysceny als aerp o oo al and eligios fost h a d n p o l i t : a l o i y d them.



W A S A S W A I N S V I

The e alls arge e movemes of peoples ad goods ofedra by he pl l desao aos for mmgra labor

drgs eapos ad oer corabad ad o oly from epress ho. Ideologcally e dagers a all s are fgredas ercepg are o merely e oldbe scde bomberb mmgra hordes o merely volece o he ao baged d lo of aoal dey rog rasformed eh-czed or racal demograpcs ; o merely llegal erace bssaable pressre o aoal ecoomes ha ave ceased

o be aoal or o efare saes ha have argey abadoedsbsave elfare fcos. As sch e e alls defed asde agas a osde here hese erms sde" ad osde" do o ecessarly corrspod o asae dey orfealy a s here oheress ad dfferece are deaced fromrsdco ad membersp eve as e als hemselves oldseem o deoe ad demarcae precsely ese hgs Walls oday

arclae a sde/osde dsco hch ha s o esde ad beg defeded ad a s o e osde ad begrepelled are o parclar saes or czes deed chsbecs polcal poer pocal dey ad volece may beerrorally deached fom saes ad soveregy o boh sdes

The exe o hc sde/osde dscos comporever less h he bodares of aos ad e acves of

saes s evde e despread assocao of e mmgrash dager o e ao phly formlaed by Valry Gscardd Esag e probem h ch e are o facedas moved from oe of mmgrao o oe of vaso" admore recely by expoes of cvlzaoal clash Erope Asrala ad Nor Amerca. I s appare as el l he gro-g prevalece ad accepably of o or more legal classes ofczeshp may Weser democraces (regla" czes oe oe had ad resde ales o sot g previ

osly assoca nde s , l a I ss ss xp l l s g esee a a u a g s

r a l s s ss l s



S TA S A D S B T S

composed o regees rom aled" artorn o r economcaydese saes regees hose precise naton o orgin becomes

lost or rreevan o her recepion elsehere n he orld It isapparent in he link hether antasied or acal beeen neimmigrant poplations inside democracies and threats o errorrom thot and in iegal drg neorks lnkng spply regionsh demand ses s appaen n he globally dspersed sorceso abor and maerias n the manacre o cars m achneryeectroncs and other consmer goods a dspersion hat makes

t ncreasingy diclt to stamp prodcs and even many rmsth a natona dentiy (Is a Ford a U S car or an impor)In this context Schmtt's cster o deintons or he nter

lockng erms o polit ical ie appears o be literaly coming apartn lae odernty the sovereign as he ho decides on the exception" the polcal as trning on the riend/enemy dsncton asthe most degree o nensity o a non or separaon" and the

state as he ste here soveregnty and he polca converge 5 Noonger is he state a consistnt embodiment o spreme an decsvepoer or the agen o a consociaton (rends) hose deniy isconstited by an idenabe and ned xtna enemy. No onger s he poltcal capred or organiable by state soveregn po-ers or pt the oher ay arond no longer does sovereignty gov-ern or conan the political by Schmitts or any oher deiniionndeed rom the perspecve o the ne alls Schmtt appears asthe qintessenial o o Minerva lying a dsk. The concps heso brilanty stiplate and braided togeher in he inerar periodere enering the inal decades o their modern orm

n additon to rsponding to globaations dissolving eectson bonded naonal economes and demographes als respondn terms o both sate polces and the anxees o her sbects o a groing alessness apping he edges o natonsates

and sra ng acros th. his i s a alessness tha s isel ai naio-stat svreigny abeting isw w s I p l rahr tha n mal x

o f s : 1 l l lc rs ,



W L L W N I O R I G

aher ha ega ad discipiay pracices. Thus a s do oarise meey because e have os coo o ou bodes," a

popua ruism ha Pee Adeas argues udesaes he degreeo hich he sae has acuay sucued codiioed ad eveeabed (ofe uieioay) cadesie border crossigs adoversaes he degree o hich he sae has bee abe o corois boders i he pas." The idea of as as peraiig oy oborde coro aso assumes ha hey perai o a arro poicigpobem o ho ad ha ges i o he aio as o gasp

heir icoic pace i erosios o sae sovereigy ad cohereaiohood o a more sigiica scae erosios ha sufuse hepsychic poiica ecoomic ad cuura ives o boh aiosad hei subecs ad ha produce a bude o coficig addiicuomee iera ad exera impeaives or saes.

Raher ha emaaig rom he sovereigy o he aiosaehe he e as siga he oss o aiosae soveeigy'sa

prioi saus ad easy ik ih ega auhoriy uy ad seedurisdicio. This codiio is evide i he ac ha he eas codify he coics o hich hey respod as permaead uiabe. Such codiicaio ad miiariaio of coesed sovereig auhoriy ad a eaches from he ad dispesad cooiaio effors geeraig some a buidig o hehuma drug ad eapo smuggig iciig he cosrucioof ohers. Ad hie a s migh be cosued as issuig rom oembodyig a coige decisioism ha exceeds o supeveesae sig o soveeigy accodig o Schmihis is aidey dispesed decisioism ha uher dissemiaes saepoer ad hece furher eakes he ik beee he sae adsoveeigy. Nohig makes his more evide ha he vigiaism ad crimiaiy ha accompay aig ad ha are ofeiega o he pomugaio ad course of he e a s .

Sees i Israe ad ciies i he Uied Saes ad e se hee rouiey ake he a io i o had rol dsv o apprhd d r i l l g l " or o o

rod " t vo t ot t l l i v ad

H



N U C

vehoods where he wals are bl xampes abod heres e Israe seers' mdg desrco of Paesa ove

orchards ere s he rg skrmsh bewee wo opposedacv s grops a he U . S .Mexco border o oe sde he sefaoed ages" who depos waer ad maps ope deserads orh of rra border crossg pos ad o he oher heMeme who h dow legas ad coec hese maerassomemes repacg he maps wh perfdos oes ad ceawaer wh fo here s he Israe Defese Forces proec

o of ega Israel seemes ad seer aggresso agasher Palesa eghbors a pracce ha led Israe MP Ylamr o ame: I a orma cory crma s ad secryforces are o oppose sdes of he fece ad do o coordaeher acves."7 he Israe case s deed exreme b amrsame dowpays he exe o wch hs kd of coordaohas become creasgy orma" a he se of was where he

famar bares of aw/awlessess sde/osde ad milary/cvla do o hod.

If o sovereg as seros of r sdco ad a cod heew was be assmaed o a heoreca frame ha cass laemodr soveregy a permae sae of excepo" whereboh law ad czeshp are sspeded a ey be see as aeleme a ew poca adscape wch decdg o he

rdca excepo (posed by Scm as he sg of soveregy)becomes coos raher ha epsodc shor mgh heybe assmaed o Gorgo Agambes hess ha ae moder soveregy has ed he dreco of he geerazao of hesae of excepo"8 Was presmaby wold sgfy sch acodo sofar as hey ormae secry coflcs from heceer o he edge of sovereg errory ad aso ofe remake

hese edges or broade or relocae he edge zoes as he case ofhe Spash ecaves Morocco he Morocca approprao ofhe Wesr Sahara he walg of Kashmr or he wa wdgr W a . h rs ew was wod seem g i f a pr i fd wi h vrig x



W E D S T T E S W I N G S O V I G N

face emiy, ahe ha ode ad u hough he whole ofsocey, poducig pockes ad sads of waled fieds" amid

waedou eemes." The faasy of a us hee/hem hee"ooed aioal belogg ad sae ideiy cao be susaedamid he bacaded ad checkpoed ladscape of posapaheidSouh Afica, he wal caved ciies of Baghdad ad Jeusalem,o he eo checkpos ad gaed whe commuies ohof he U.S. bode wh Mexico. Fom Agambes heoeicalpespecive, was espod o ad exed a codio i whiche ao ceases o coespod o he bode bewee fed adeemy ad soveegy isead declaes pemae emegecypowes o susped he aw ad face dow eemes eveywhee.

f hee s isigh available fom cosideig wallg as aexpessio of soveeigy i Agambes ems, hee ae alsoimaios o h s famg. Fis, sofa as he ewok of wasisie , a, acoss, ad beyo aiosaes efoces he deachme of soveeigy fom he aiosae, Agambes agume

begs ahe ha esolves he ueso of whee polca sove-egy esdes, wha o who has i, ad whehe ad why akessese o cal hypebolc ad exaega expessos of sae powesoveeg " Secod, a agume ha would cas he ew walsas execses of soveeg poica powe, ahe ha as faiues ofi, occudes he exe o whch a socaed pemae sae ofexcepio" epeses a sae of emegecy fo sae soveeigy

iself, ad o oy fo he aio. Tha is, excepioaliy caobecome pemae whou eodg he om defig i adagas which fucios, wihou eplacig ha om wihiself ad heeby fofeig he saus of exceponaliy hougwhich soveegy s defied Thd, his famig would eschewa mpoa aspe of walig, amey, s mbicaio wi v-eeg pacices dissemiaed o cies, e mila, police, ha s, wh a ocal decisiosm" exci

fuhe udemes uified ad o ida td ta r These las o poi ir laa i I f l l a i a

weao a a �d nd l a



A U J T

boudaries ofaio saes ad cousig hrough hem i f hey aeamog he e echologies of poer respodig o he imia

ios or eve beakdo of he rule of la ad order i sovereigaios hey ae i his egad coiuous ih he exauidica pacices sprigig up eveyhere hose coceig eemyocombaas" ad faciliaig orure ad poiica assassiaios hose srucuig he Guaao gulag ad rediios" ofcapued prisoers hose seig aside domesic las o buid heU. S Mexico all ad hose pemiig he buldg of he Isaelia l i Paesiia eiory despie verdics agais is cueoue deivered by boh he Ieraioal our of Jusice ad heIsraei Supeme our. his ould seem o compor ih Agambe's argume abou he sovereig suspesio of la ad ciizeship i a permae sae of eergecy. Hoever i he case ofallig his exauridicis is o l imied o sae or sovereigprerogaive bu aher occus lagely hrough he bluig of miiay police ad ciie preogaives a he sie of as a bluig

ha chaleges he sae moopoly o decisiosm as el as hemoopoy o vioece pesumed o achor sae soveeigy.

A srikig isace of his bluig appeas i he ece cosrucio of a porio of borde fecig i Naco Aioa udeake by he Miueme a eko ad ell orgaied vigilae group O privae popey i his small o seveyvemiles eas of he secured po of ery a Nogales he Miuemefuded desiged ad buil a mile og barrier made of hiree-foohigh heavygauge eldig mesh ha ca eiher be climbedo cu ih coveioal ools his edeavo appeaed aimedi par a shoig a iep ad ieicie Deparme of Homead Securiy ho o do is ork ad i his egard expresses aerai aisaism or a leas disdai oad he bureaucaicad ega eighedess of libera democraic saes O he Web he vouee cosrucio ork he Miueme

ir dr o t t io he secuiy crisis plagui or t o d c l ' t h E E d o doom < M tm C i v Defee



W A A , W A V Y

ops s bldng a RAL bode ence along he USMexcobode!" O couse he Minemen ae aimng o shoe p

ahe han o deplee sae poe indeed o ncie ha poeo shoe up sel o oce o eckless edeal govenmen oecogne he need o poec Amecan ciens and eoy."Implyng ha he Mnuemen have an nac mascuny ha hesae may have los and needs o ecoup he e connes heMneman Bode Fence as ceaed o pu seel n he goundand demonsae he easbiliy and aodabiy o secuing hebode" in ode o poec Ameica's soveegn eoy agans

incusion invasion and eosm"2 Moeove as he Mnuemen sggle o pop p aleng sae soveegny he sae hasbecome a lling pane h his oa goup Signiicanyaop he ence hey bui he Mnuemen mouned video cameasha seam decy o he Nogales dispach oices o he U S Bode Pao. In his uson o sae and paasae poes and inh s appopiaion o sae peogave hch is hen elayed back

o he sae poliica soveegny sfes a he deeioaonndeed eakens a he vey se o is incaon by vglanes An even aong he exas poion o he bode povides an

ns ance o disseminaion o sae soveegny naed om heoppose diecion ay in 2007 , he goveno o exas auhozed a $ mlon poec o nsa l vdeo cameas on secons ohe edealy nded exasMexico bode ence hese cameasseam o an open Inene sie so ha eb ses oldde can

ach he bode and phone he auhoies i hey spo appaenlyilegal cossings."22 As he sae ousouces secuiy n hs ay son saus as soveegn poeco decines . hee is an addionalpaadox o nsecuiy podced by his kind o osoucing Noone can make bee se o sch bodeachng chnoogyhan vigilanes and hose in he inceasingy sohsca gabodecossing indusy ha h ecnooy a i s

n addo o e i la iv i y i ndin to i t a a ct a s t e , t a

l l i mr c \ mod ' h i r i



S E S N S B E C S

onside usbodepaocom" whose name ogo and Webdesign make i appea a is bush as he oicia Web sie o he

U . S . Bode Pao. In ac he sie is mainained by anonymoussuppoes o he Unied Saes Bode Pao" evideny usaed by he agencys insuicien aenion o pubic eaionspoiica mobiiaion and educaion and saed as we byaconic Homeand Secuiy poicies and echnoogies eaed obode secuiy. No is he pesoniicaion o soveeign auhoiyiied o Web sie gaphics o design . A page eniled A BodePao Momen" (aken down om he sie since his chape waswien) eaued a damaic accoun o he duies capaciiesand odinay pacices o he Bode Pao in a voice esonano ogue poice bavado and auhoiy. e eade inepeaedas an ouside o smugge seeking o dive ino he US a anoicia po o eny was addessed in a snide inimidaing andeven menacing syehe so pecuia o powe ha has conep o is subecs enoys oying wih hm a bi and is no

being monioed o is poessiona ism o conducin sho heso one can we imagine a he gaeway beween he is andhid Wods Mianda ighs wee aso casuay idicued andhe immense powes aey execised" o he U S agens weeundelned.25 neesingy howeve whie he Websi x wasevideny addessed o an aien you" seeking o gain iega enyino he Unied Saes i was wien eniey in Engish. hus

i woud no appea o be waning o educaing his you" buahe peoming h powe o he Bode Pao o UniedSaes ciiens who migh be dubious abou he vaidiy o eec iveness o ha powe and in a ashion ha h Bode Pao isecanno pubicy empoy. In his way usbodepao.com unde-akes a cious kind o public eaions o he Bode Paoe ha aemps o pop up is powe in pa by undescoing ib e s he Bode Pao can ake wih he aw and wih isj s i i y ovei uncion ha is aso being impee t he i l rp ee again is an nsance w i t i l eis i s e t e i i



W A T AT E S , W A I O R I N

he wake o f aos ae soveegy, a pae o f vgiasm ha, hogh s vey a of poppg p sae soveegy,

adveely does s am o sppleme he sae's falegpowe o defed he ao hese efos a bode fofaodissemae ad hee do pesely he sae soveegy heywold ese.

As aeady sggesed, hs dog of soveegy s expessedas well he ways he wals odfy he haleges o whhhey espod as pemae ad wable hs s expessed,oo, i e fa ha may of he ew wa s do o meely bo-de, b ve he soees hey m. Sh wals may be bdso agme exsg soveeges, o o bg o beg ewosae poa osoaos, o vgoae od dvidgles : soofgeae sael," Foess Eope, Sohe Afa,a geae Mooo, o oh Amea vess Soh Amea.Impoay, whie hese aaes a vsos may oespodo ea sae ieess, hey ao be pesely idefied wh

seed soveegs o aosaes as sh. o s he dsebewee walls ad soveeg isdio lme o pos ofe o fe aexao, sh as he peeao of saelswa deep o Palesa eoy o he Mooa wa ghogh h Wese Sahaa The sae wal maks ehe wosaes o oe ad s o a sefosse bd fo ehe, s as hewals of apahed ad posapahed Soh Afa o he peae

les" sag Belfas ad Dey am h o dvde o oe hose ees Rahe, as omes o seed ad seed soveegy, hese was soale a odo whoseoppose he desges wold have hem pefomavey ea

Thatricalizin Sorinty

A Aoa ahe ad fome Ma deaed o a oashey bl hs wall as a showpee, so mia i say, Oh , yeah, ha' l so m ih s V-wh io . oo oi ro x hrd j o , i o o op i B A o



A A N D U

sckig ches od. he hle hig i s phoy While he ealls someimes eecively iedic he oeig bodies deemed

dageos o ha hey lim hey ae oe ohig moe haspecacaly expesive poiical geses sops o ceai cosiecies sigs o ha disesses b cao be coaiedas ieleva o he poec o aioal seciy as he scp-os adig ad s icase disemboelig o a ado avelehogh h Des Moies aipo.

oside Opeaio Gaekeepe podced a he Sa Diego/iaa bode hee ayes o ieeoohigh seel alsadoed ih sesos ad video sveillace echology admoioed by hdeds o Bode Pao oices i eeps adelicopes Fo e yeas oloig is coscio s hiymiles o he eas he bode as maked by a diapidaed adeasiy scaabe ece cosced o Vieamea ai oce adigmas . ve o he meage vehicl ad pedesia bode ba ies oside he ciy coas sakly ih hose iside his soy

is epeaed a he ohe ba bode cossig pois i AioaNe Mexico ad xas. 2

Fo odbe migas hehe empoay o peme heeec o he specaca e oiicaios is o eie a logemoe expsive ad haoig oeyhogh moais addese s ha beoe he as ee bil. ( he pas hieeyeas hee have bee a leas five hosad miga deahs aoghe U S . Mexico bode) his eec podces a chai o ohesamog hem a expoeial icease i he sophisicaio sizead poi o smggig opeaios ad a geae ikeihood haillega eas il say ad sele i he Uied Saes aheha ee o seasoa ok ad he e home.

Bode expe Pee Adeas ages ohighly ha he ealls have e ss o do ih aca deeece ha] ih maag-i g image o h bd. He adds Bode po icig is a i

i c p W as o he deece ole o a m i , m ve y • t N A t c m m a



W A E D S TA S W A I N S O I N T

conol he cackdow o llega cossigs alog he mos visibleseches of he bode has eased polcay embaassg images

of chaos and eplaced hem wih comfoig images of ode."8Mike Davis is chaacescaly eve moe bun:

Sa Diego's triple wal ad smila medeval fortificatios i Ari

zoa ad exas are oltal stage sets eato Gatekeeper the

Sa Diego wall) for istae was udertake b the Clito

admiistrato at te istigatio of Democrati seator Diae

eiste i order to wrest te border ssue awa from Caiforia

Republas he m itarizatio of the border was desiged to sedthe message that the De morats were ot soft o illegal immigra

tio Feistei ideed has made fequet use of the ew stee wall as

a backdrop for press cofreces The triplig of the wall uder te

G. W. ush admistratio , meawhle was a uptheate move b

oservatve Sa Diego ogssma Dua ter hair of the

House Amed Services Committee] to show he was eve tougher o

the borde tha Feistei2

Walls povide specacua backdops fo poliicians and pa-es facig uagmed immgao ad amnesy polces and whoae coceed o culivae aciaied cosiuecies on boh sdesof he mmigaio dvide They also esuec an image of hesae as susanig he vey powes of poecion and sefdee-mnaio chaenged by eois echoogies o one side adeolibea capiasm on he ohe. They ae poeal specaces

of such poecion and selfdeemiaio and moe geeay ofhe esove ad capaciy fo acio idenified wih he poicalauoomy geneaed by sovigy If his fguaion is an illu-son ha does o cacel is mpoace offeig wha Andeascalls a appealig poical salve fo an exaodnai y d fficulse of pobems ha have no eay sho ss ocases hei polcal effec vn depn upn ir funcinal

elevance. As ne cy n h A zona-M x co bordr

pu , wh h w wal l e eme t l er, i rl l A 1� i l d



T T E B C

Economs Jagdsh Bhaga maes a smlar pon hen descbng ndas fs efor a allng o Bangladesh Whle lae

Pme Mnse nda Gandhs decson o consrc a fencealong he enormos IndaBangladesh bode . . . as an neffecve polcy . . as neverheless a splendd polcy For o be seeno be dong nohng a al l even hogh one cold no eally closehe border old have been polcally exposve . And bldng he fence as he leas dsrpve ay of dong nohng hleappeang o be dong somehng"3

Joseph Nevn bngs no ve sl anohe dmenson ofhe conbon of alls o he hearcs of proppng p sover-egny Opeaon Gaekeeper Nevns arges has lagely faledo poec he naonal cenry fom he hea' pesened byllegals B h he all he U.SMexco bonday nhghvsby o hghly rbaned areas appea fa more orderhan dd several years ago."3 hs appearance n rn resoesa more genera sense of order" n and fo he naon. Orde

ll be recal led s an mporan lemof n Schm's accon ofhe provso s of polcal soveregny In one of hs characers c nvesons Schm ages ha s soveregny raher hanla ha provdes order . hs s evdenced boh by soveegny'scapacy o sspnd he la n he name of order and by hefac ha he legal order self ress on a decson no a nom"4Soveregny acng n he excepon" Schm ages dssolves

he o elemens of he concep legal order . . . no ndependennoons . . . and hereby esf[es o he concepal ndepen-dence."3 hs does a all's prodcon of an appaenly moreodely border sage a overegn capacy and effec oeflly lmed by globalaon ha of podcng polcal ode as sch

mporanly he performances descrbed by Andreas Bhaga Davs and Nevns do no smply respond o exsng naon

a s or racsm Rahe hey acvae and moble hem n he a n ooc and polcal problems ssng conrad i oy im a i v w rd o ordr a global ed eraT s t a od, d e e



W A L L A E W A N G V E R

soveregn declne bot draws pon and intenses a xenopobicsense o natonood among te nations sbects To see more

ceary ow tis perormance operates we need to trn to teeconomysecrty nexs wtn wic walls are staged and towic tey contrbte.

e stated obectves of te Smart Borders Acton Pan (SBAP)formated by te United States Department of Homeand Sec-rty and sgned by anada and te United States in Deceber00 offer an exeplary retorical accont o te economc andsecrty mpratves constrctng contemporary border ortf-cations Tese obectves are to develop a one of condenceaganst terrorst actvity" and to crate a nqe opportnity tobd a sart border for te st centry a border tat allows tesecre ree ow o peope and goods a border tat reects teargest trading reationsip n te word" Tis mx ofbiopowertaken to te internationa leve (acevng te secre free fowof peope and goods") teatrcalty practced n te name o

governance (creating a one o confdence aganst terrorist actvty") and pdated classic Reapotk (bldig a sart borderfor te st centry") emblemates te compex natonal postnatonal and transnatonal economy and secrty contexts o tenew wals .

Te conventona wsdom abot neoiberal gobaliation istat t prodces opposng econoy and secrty imperatves wt

te ormr drvng toward te elmination o barriers and teatter toward border forticaton Ts an economcally drvenerasre of dstinctons between peopes ctres states or crrencies is contered by a secrtymotvated press or bondaresand closre Geograper Matew oleman arges tat tis ten-sion erodes state sovereignty as t disnes t A constttvtenson between a rebordering natinal seity t it aand a deborderng geograpy o part pato i p k s

and tra netorks" a at li I n o icracti h h e n p u pr y

nr p i pwr pb I i



S TA T S N S E S

secry ad rade agedas i s a fied o ewok ofpoicy desgswhose execse over space i s far from ordery"7 Becase border

poicy fomaed der hese codos ca be deceered ohe poi of icoherece Coema was ef crcs pa icar agais casg sch pocy as emergg fom he cosodaedeess of saes o capia.

However he oio of a eso bewee seciy ad ecoomy mperaives does o adeaey cape he secyecoomy exs o of whch he ew was emerge. Cose cosiderao of boh ses of impeaves does he simpe fomao i

which ecoomic ieress drive owad borderg ad secyeess oward reborderig

Wha he coveioa arrave aricaes as secry ssesae ofe fac coseeces of eobera gobaao adcorary o he receved wsdom ecoomc impeaives freey prodce wha are characred as secry coces. Assch hey ead o as ad wag o o ope borders ad he

fee fow of abor capia goods ad services. Whe may ofis popoes frame eobeaism as a lernive o he wascops srgge ad srife of Reapoiik ad pai a pice of agoba order pacifed by ecoomc egao is o secre haeobera efoms are ofe sheed by or geerae a papabeshae of vioece ha ess ew secriy cocers for everyregio hey och Voece idced or expoied o mpose freemarke reforms dbed disaser capiasm" by Naom Ke

characered eves ad poces Che ad Argeia he9 o s Cha i he ae 9 os Rssia he 99 os ra afehe US ivaso eve New Oreas he wake of Hrrcaeaa . 8 I addio o pavg he way fo he eoberaiaiof cea egmes ad egos voece s aso a crcia pa of fecs of eo iberaism hese effecs appear i he dvasa rgis depede for geeraos o idsries ha sd

d n ly r ecae; he makg of goba sms where - ld d rai ; i he spaig d r Gl S h i



W A L S A E S , W A N I G S O E E I G T

ive ad he pemae lo of familie o become oey paidad ociay diparaged ilega day laboe i he Noh i he

amogiicaio of ice farmer i rral hai lad o oeryicke eler ad proie o he ree o Bagkok or i heream o Bagladehi rdgig o aca for bee propec.

N eoliberaim' ighiga elocaio of he cee o prodcio rapidy iig ad alig cecie ad rice adohe viciide o ecoomic lie h prodce ha HaahAed aayzed iy yea ago a mae o (aee peopleredced o bare l ie" peope o poiicay diqa ified ad e

heed hece o lile aoied by poiica markr of hmae ha he e al appear a a kid of cage agai heiraimalike ivaio."3 (The Third World Inasion i he ie ofPa Bchaa creed agai lax U S immigraio eocemead i vadig immiga hode" i a aard ige i argme or cloed bode.) deed if here remai ay validiyo he hmai ad epecially democaic cocei abo peechecogiio la ad eedom a maker of h diicivelyha ee me baicade dey hee capacii boh o hebeig hey old repe ad i he poe hey repree hacily bbig he iveral hmaim pomlgaed by hepaively globa moal dicoe o democracy ad of hmarigh ad aciy degradig democacy a he ame ime

he efec of eolibeai m o eciy ie are a o mir-ored i poplaio hoe lalee peai o merey o

hei via a b o paricipaio i he raic i drg ex eapo erroim o pey crimialiy ha may o he eal old aim o ierdic. Focal remid ha eoibearaioaiy hich exceed he ecoomic phee ad pemeahe poliical ad he ocia ih marke vale ha a cooveec o he of la a hi raioaiy l d i v d ad ae aciviy o eepreial c i a T te ia pace he premacy of a nd v the su pe r v e i e n t alah iy h p t o u b at th k b tt i s a p dubbd � ou c u l l · "go ' n wn t z < o



TA T S A N D B J S

of he sae, hich invoves he emaking o f he sae on hemode of he fim, and a he eve of individuas, hei emakingfom compex moa subecs ino specks of human capia " hosefinves o appeciae hei vaue. 4 In sho, neoibea saesand subecs aike ae inepeaed and configued by measuesof pofiabiiy, capia appeciaion, and effeciviy, measues hasuppan a and oh pincipes nomaivey binding conduc 2oeove, as neoibea poiica aionaiy eases he songdisincion beeen cimina and ega enepeneuia aciviy,i aso egiimaes he poducion of an evegoing undecass

ha is i n, bu no of" he goba ode he cimina," Thomasemke ies in his descipion of Foucaus sudy of neoibeaism is a aiona economic individua ho invess, expecs a ceain pofi and isks making a oss . . . Fo he neoibeas, cimeis no onge ocaed ouside he make mode, bu is insead onemake among ohes ."4 In sho, given neoibeaism's imbicaion ih poiica vioence, demogaphic upheavas and deaci

naions and is coosive effecs on as moa sanding, i isdifficu, if no impossibe o sepaae he dimensions o f secuiyand economy ha sucue inenaiona bode poiics .

Even if hy coud b disinguished as canno be pacedeasiy on he secuiy side of a secuiy vesus economy" maixof conay pus oad boding and unbodeing. Such maices coninue o pesume soveeign naionsaes and he auonomyof he poiica and he economic. They aso ack a pace fo hesymboic and heaica dimensions of bode foificaions Abes, saying sicy ihin an economysecuiy faming, ascoud be chaaceied as (feebe) echnoogies in he a of a "geneaed by neoibeaism isef, secuiy measues espondingo economicay geneaed foces ha hemseves beak don heega spaces cvenionay oganied by po iica soveeigny andsend by naionsaes. Was epesen he emegence of

pl ing and aicading in he face of his beakdon and of he nni l lw n p ics of cs pu ce by gobai in n e e , l a t dn n i izi n .



W E D S T E S W N I S O E E I G Y

Was aso emege a s pa o f he ad hoc eguaory ad proeciois apparauses of eobeaism, apparauses someimesdiicu o see amid eoberaism's forma disavoa of bohreguao ad proeciosm Some crics have goe so far as oargue ha he e a s cosue he dea eguaoy schemefo eobeaism, eguag fos of abor ad goods hiepermig he uresrced fo of capia 44 Hoeve, ke hecam ha securiy ad ecoomy impeaives geae opposigboderig ad ubordeg edecies, hs eoMaxs accouovesimpfies eoibera mperaves ad aso egecs he hea-

rca ad heoogica dmesios of asLike earier forms of capiais goveace, eobera gove

ace is compicaed by esos beee capa ad abor adbeee vaious secos ih each abou desirabe eves adobecs of aioa proeciosm Labor, ogazed ad uorgaized, as o keep s o vaue hgh by rescig fosof cheap foeg abor, ye o he cosumpio fro, i as

access o cheap foeig goods apa, arge ad sma, seeksues iced fos of cheap abor ad oud resric fos ofcompeig producs. hus , as cao smpy be regarded asoos of capia ih idfeece o ha hey perform sym-boicay ad maeay. A s e have aeady see, eve he mosphysicay omious e as do o bar fos of iega mmga abor, ad ecoomic cyces of boom ad bus affec bohhe size of hose fos ad sae esposes o hem. Davs eporsdramaic variaios umbers of udocumeed immigrasad efoceme acios agais U . S empoyers accordig o heexpasio ad coracio of he ecoomy Durig he recesso of he eay 990s he U S Immgrao ad Nauaizaio Sevice coduced massve raids o aio orksies Some,000 efoceme acos ee ake agas empoyers of ega immigras durig 99 I he boomg ecooy he

ae 9 90 s, hoever, e I NS dogra wk l i iio e fo i r d i l t d m t i i 2 1 ."·



TAT A B S

These vacillaos eforceme efors ad mmgaoaes are o los o bode commuies. Oe Texa esidig

ear he all remaks: I hk poicas ad coporae Ameicaare i cahoos o oveide ou mmigrao las . . . heyre makg bg moey off hs cheap labo. . . . This a is a ay o make ook lke heyre dog somehg."• Similaly oly i he mosrece phase of he occupaio has Isael educed ogsadgrlace o hudreds of housads of legal ad lega alesaday aboes a pheomeo boh ecoomes depeded o adboh poles decried . 7 Whe his eliace fially produced oo

grea a poliical cos Israel soved s eed fo cheap abo fish empoariy mpoed Souheas Asa ad ase uopea okes ad he h Jeish mmigas from he fomerSove Uio ad hiopa 48

Oe commeao sums up as cobuo o ecoomcgulaio his ay Poous alls ha poduce o cosue buhudreds . . of eres ad cossgs" mror he emporay

legay" of he baeo pogam ad ohe guesoke polices boh forma ad ifoma . 4 Was emody ad fac ae he l m-aliy beee a ad ola impora o flexibe producobu o because hey are saighfoad sumes of capialor because hey ae effcacious i heir aims Tha argumeoccudes capals oscilag ad coradicoy eeds occudesohe cemes o allig ad he peformave effecs of al l g ad implies a sysemaic poli ca capaciy ha capial aey

habors. Raher i is he iesecio of la ad excepo a hesie of alls ha geeaes a body of labor ouside he a laboha s eihe ogaized or proeced ad ha icreases heumber of usable ad disposae subecs ho ae o ciies .This effec is ceray oe ha capa ca explo bu i is o oei ca poduce o is o.

Wha abou he ohe half of he coveoa sdom abou

ay o ad uborderig? If o sysemac argu-m de ht ay c eais drivetwar pe e I er t w lbr n g



W E D S TT E S W N I N G E E I G T

acoss them do secuity impeatves pess towad fotificatosad cosuetowad wag? hs too s dubious. Secuitytoday euies ot ust cotamet but movemet fow ope-ess ad avaiabity to specto Nothig is moe dageoustha potetia seditio o isugecy hidde cosed ces othe oe had o a stubboy mmoveabe utasfomabeiass imabe o othewse fxed ad suated mioity popuatio o the othe. Secuity euies ot oy the abity to suveyispect pocess cout ad ecod but the abiity to chaetasfe eocate o simpy dive out cetai popuatios he

checkpoit athe tha the bae the Pexigas booth athetha the widowess ce vdeo suveiace athe tha teguaded doo the tpped aam athe tha the io gatetheseae the cotempoay sigatues of secuitiatio Ideed a secu-ty diemma ofte idetified egad to the Isaei bae isthat the soid high wa that bocks buets ad othe exposivesaso bocks cea suveiace ad the access eeded fo subdugamed chaeges It s easie to shoot though a fece tha it sthough a wa" the tuism appies euay to the bode guadad he amed taget. Baicades thus geeate ew secuitydiemas as they am to sove existig oes

Secuity ad ecoomy ssues aso itetwe i was ' geeatio of uitedd effects. Sometmes these ae as posacas secuity" was sicg though the famad o cuttig ofsuppy access oads of those ivig at the bode 5 1 But sometimes

they ae moe damatic Fiftee yeas of U S Mexico bode fotficatio have spawed a hugey pofitabe ad effciet migat-ad dug smuggg idusty oe that does ot ema cofiedto bode oes but geeates escaatg eves of voece fomdug gags deep iside both atos. O coside the pact ofthe Isaei secuty fece" o what emais of the Pataecoomy eomous dowwad pessue o G NP hd pes of poduce ad cosm gods a d tr ir i

ifastuctu pl W i l m v i I l i i d i cw k

0 0



S S S U B J E T S

appealig Paesie, i also boades ad iesifies Paesiiaesisace o Isaeli domiaio.

ially, ecooy ad seciy isses iepeeae as legiimaig discoses i he podcio ad pomoio of a s Tobegi ih, he dissemiaio of eoibeal aioaliy, hichoveakes libea democaic poliica vales ad isiios ihis sigle cacls of pofiabiiy ad efficiecy, isef faciiaeshe legiimacy of allig ad ecampme acoss paiveydemocaic socieies Whe commimes o ivesa eaiyad libey cede he fied o cosbeefi accoig i polii

cal ad legal ife, o oy does aled democacy" cease ooed he (vaishig coe vaes of he sociey ha i caimso poec, e hypocisy" of a s ha hemselves ofe ogaize ilegaliy is baely egiseed as sch. Add o his pos9/ discoses aloig seciy o mp ibea democaicpicipes ad commimes, ad he als fsio of pemae policig ad miliaizaio, acial pofilig, ad exalega

iy al become assimilabe, if o affimed, i socieies callighemseves democacies

Seciy, ecoomy, ad geopoiica impeaives ae aso ofemobilized o dissimae oe aoe i he pomoio ad deve-opme of alig Isaes a ad befoe i, saei selemesi he 9 0 s, ee bil i he ame of seciy" eve as heycosied a ladgab amid isece ad ceai soveeig

ies I he pos9/ peiod, he U S Mexico al as beepomlgaed by poiicias ad ciize gops aike o aioaseciy gods. eoiss ove ope bodes Rememb9/," oe gop sogaizes o behaf of he U S . Mexico all. O, as a Weeedafece.com Web page declaes addiio ohe hdeds of hosads of ilegal immigas fom ealad Soh Ameica, hee ae seveal hdeds, pehaps hos . . of ilegal alies fom coies ha sposo eoism o

eig e Uied Saes each yea acoss o o t h M e x o a feces i ae have edced r r r %

1 0 1



W W I G O E E I Y

Weeedafee .om exemplfes e mob ao of seuryoers fear o bealf of eoom oes Bu wa oe aso

sees s merger, ad paruarly e defao of eUed Saes w srae as a arge for errorsm, are e operaos of rasm ad xeopoba s moblao operaose wals emselves meld as ey barrade e ao agaswa ey produe as a dark, dagerous, ad reaeg ousde.osder, s regard, e folowg poem promely plaedse oo o e Weeedafee.om Web se.

An O en Borderby So Roer

Take some brks ad bud a waMake sold, srog ad a l.e sre from gulf o seaTa safer a ome we a may be Bud wde from rm o r mSo errorss ad smugglers a seak ;Ad make deep, seure from oesTroug w flow e drugs a wrek our sous .Sop e drug rade s raks.Keep us safe from errors aaks .Ad e sad e es of meI pray, keep safe s ad of me .

osder s, a s your obTo keep ose ou wo woud rape ad robFrom s grea ause you ao ruWle so may of us ave os dauger ad so.ou ask our ldre o serve ad gTey rus er eaders o do was rg.Ad was rg s s s easy ;

I's pla ad sp, a w y wr rrA r



S S N S

I is easy o deide o di smiss a s reaioay igoae Rohesmeoymi hais of erroism smugglig drugs rape ad robbery ad iega immigas o oe side ad solidiy sreghheigh hisia prayer sevie safey ad hildre righeousysarified i ars of feedom o he oher. Suh meoymieshoeve boh evea he axieies geeraed by deiig saesovereigy ad disusivey esure myhs of viabe sae sovereigy ad of a homogeous ad auarki aiosae oaiedad poeed by su soveeigy. he ah opposiios beeehese o meoymi hais boh sage a divisio beee he

(good) ieior ad (evil) exeior of he aio ad disra fomh e fusios ad ofusios a he sie of as beee iside adoside miliary ad poie ivilias ad sodiers imigrasad eroriss laess vigiaes ad aspirig eras seekigeprieve from eoomi desiuio 56 They disra oo fomhe paadoxes of aed demoray ad of aios seed byimmigras he Uied Saes Israel aada Ausraia o

ageig immigras as he eemy (ompae Rohes poemih he isripio a a older po of U. S . ey Giv meyour ied you poor you huddled masses yeaig o brahefre he ehed refuse of your eemig shore") Like he odBausas separaig hie Souh Afias physialy adoologialy fom he Afria abo o hih heir exiseedepeded he e as oribue o orgaiig his depedey eve as hey visuay aiuae auarky sepaaio ad

aagoism. The e als hus dissimuae eed ad depedey as hey resure myhs of aioal auoomy ad puiy ia gobaized ord Dage disoder ad vioee are poeedouside ad soveeig poer is figured as seuig a homogeeous odery ad safe aioal ierio.

The Theoloical Remainder: Soerei9n Awe

T e als have bee ompared o dams isofar as hey bui l eul ahe ha impede fos.57 Bu hey arel k : y a f vua igfs of

0



W D S T T E S W I N G O R I

overwhelming uman power and sae capaciy and in the context of receding sovereigny tey proect a restored sovereignpower to decide deimi protec and repe ey visuay encasete nation as a proected compound and present o te outsideword a mighty national sied It is the effect of this spectace ofpower a elps expain not u st he curren conagion of borderforification among nations bu the move o bid mammotand imposing wals rather han (potetiay) more efective andess expensive virua barriers using sensors and aarms n tecontext of sovereign decine was stage a dimension of sover-

eigty described by Hobbes as overawing and wic is likened byHobbes to Gods power According to Hobbes bo divine adpoitical soverignty rue and bind by overawing a Sovereigntyis ot merey a superior or supreme power bu oe tha coec-ivey subdues its individua subects wih is maesty and migt 58haper 2 began wit the argument ta te encosure brings sacred into being A mammoh wal reca s the aweinducingeffects of the divine ad of sovereignys basis in it n a time of

waning nation state sovereignty it is te maerial embodiment ofis teoogica remainder

Walls a so conribute to the imaginary of intact naionoodto which suc a sovereignty would correspond Wals solidstrong and tal" redress fatering disinctions between us adtem inside and outside law and no aw with a singuary striking visual icon of ese disincions Wals are unrivaed meas

of signiying a divide between us and tem between our spaceand heirs beween inside and outside he domestic and theexterior us at he same time ta was i ssimuate decliningstae sovereignty with a spectace of its rectitude and migt wascleave e reai y of goba interdependenc and goba disorderwit stage set productions of inact nationhood adsefsufficiency ey resurrec the iagd

e nat ion tat sovrigy .

s ss w h n f y, n of > r h h n g h w w s s v o n m o



A A

doss . We ae hs emded agai ha w vr L yofe eveas soveegys heological aspec mo d y v

as decas he o poes as ogally esabshed o co-a eligio as e a s poiica ecoomy. We ae emided ooof he coempoay sscepibiiy of poiics ad is sbecs oheologcal os a sscepbly evde he popa desefo all s a sscepbily geeaed by hei effecs ad scibedo he alls hemselves as sovgys heological face. It is oicdea ha Rohes poe a a aye ad addsdo he sae 59

1



C HA TE R F O U R

Deiing Wall

The speale is he maeria reonsruion of he relgious ilusion.-Gu Debord, Sociey f th Speacle

srae i a via n he unge

-hud Barak

I hnk he ene s eas eeive B I bud he goddamned

ene if he wan i

enaor John ain

Yo show me a ooo fene and I'l show ou a 5foo adder a

he border

-U . Deparmen of Homeland eur erear Jane Napoliano

Why do a modrn sbcs dsir naionsa a s and hado als promis o scur proc rhabila conain or

kp a bay? To ha xn dos spcacl o a all graiya ish or sovrgny rsord o h subc as as o hsa? his capr consdrs cs o aning sa sovrigny on h psychcpolca dsirs anxis and nds oa modrn sbcs I horis conmporary rny onaionsa all bldng spcay n Wsrn dmocracisrom vanag pon o a sbc ad vulnrab by h os s o

orons ordr and dny anding h dcln o sa sovr-iy sks a psychc rassurancs or pa iavs a s prov id � m d t sss I sks s a anasis cnc



W A S A T E S W A I S O R I

potectio, homogeeity, ad sesuiciecy als secuehese queies i tu ope to aveues of aalytc possbility

O the oe had, the subect may idt ith the atteuatedpotecy of the state occasioed by decliig soveegty adseek measues that estoe ths potecy Hee, the atiostatesvuleablity ad uboudedess , pemeabi ity a violato, aeelt as the subects o Such idetficato, th ts gedeedad sexua cootatios , ould s eem to be at the hat o theaggeved masculsm o the Mutemes allg campag(Recal om hapte 3 the Miutemes dese to put steel

ito the goud" to ecove coto o soveeg tetoy adidee , soveeigty itse) Such idetfcatio betee the sub ect ad the state s o doubt a elemet o al oms o mitaied atoalism

O the othe ha, the efect o eodig poltica soveeigtyo the poe o the state to povde potectio a secuity fo tssubects may theate the soveegty o subects moe diectlyhe specte o tasatoal teoism, o exampe , taslatesstate vuleab ty cty to the vuleablity of subects Butteosm does ot xhaust the matte Recal the ccuty, idetified i hapte 2 that the social cotact establishes beteepolitca ad ivdua soveeigty his ccuity both pemisesthe cotact (divduas ae soveeig i the stat of atue, butisecuely so) ad is also tasomed by the cotact (soveegidivduaty s hat the socal cotact pomses to estabsh

ad secue) Fom Hobbes to Locke, Rousseau to Ras, politcasoveeigty s geeated by the pepoitica soveeigty of thesubect the state of atue ad egtimated by the postcotactua soveeigty o the subect society. he soveeg statebigs to beg ad secues the soveeig social subect, eve ast appopates that subects politcal soveegty o the makigo its o

hese to dfet sos o h s-subj intato d d r h mpn r t h d i r wl i l md r wh



socia cotact emas d l 1 I • (

tve. Udobtedy these two s s j ( I

tio ae petiet to obea soc e e s s w I 1 I waig i sch socetes. Howeve tes l s wu ; sai y ave deet cotos ad cotets om hs produced

by ibea socia cotactaiasm , a dieece et x led ths capte.

Oe additioa peatoy ote s i ode This chapte agesthat atostate wag espods i pat to psycic atasiesaxieties, ad wshes ad does so by geeatg visa eects

ad a atoa imagiay apat om what was ppot to do."Wa s may be eective podcig this p sycc cotameteve as tey ai to bock o epe t tasatoa ad cadestie ows o peope, goods, ad to bot tat siga acotibte to the demig o potca soveeigty Waigespods ts egad to sbject deses that ae temseves teeect o decig soveegty, deses that states ca eithe

gaty o goe. The act that was do ot ad caot acta ystop o eve eectivey mtigate these tasatioa ows s ampotat pat o ths agmet. Ts po to examig thedese o was we ist eed to et to the ae o was toachieve thei ptative ais

The neffcacy of Walls

Wa s have may sbstative eects o the poitica detity adsbjectivty o those tey sepaate o te ives ad ads o those o ea thei path ad o te pospects o itegato o peacesettemets coicts that they csecate. Howeve was doitte to at te iega mgatio dg smggig o teosmmos t eety ad ovety amatig ad egitmatg them,ad te easo o tis is simpe immigats, smgges, adteoists ae ot eteig atios becase ad bodes ae ax

ad ae ts ot deteed by bode oticatos, thogh thei v e y e etd ad othewse tasomed by hem.W l ls m h ls cs cia a at



W STS, W I N G SO V G N T

expeence nd menng o wh hey pupo o ock ou, buhey e evey neecve nedcon A one U.S. mm-

gon nd Cuom Enocemen gen ummed up he me, ke ueezng boon. The h go o go omewhee."

Bu don ome w n he pubcy deced m?Hn' e bu uch w ? ue, he e w, n combnon wh muped nd oed checkpon nd compexnewok o od, bdge, unne, nd n yem med ugcy epng Pen om e n n nceynme geogphy, my hve educed ucde bombng n TeAvv . . . hough mny gue h Hm w commng e oenve pmy egy d cc even he W wbeg conceved Wh cen h he W h no educedPenn voence nd hoy owd e, mpoved po-pec o poc eemen, o geneed gee nenonymphy nd hence poc cp o e. Cey he Wha poduced new poc ubjecve on boh de nd p

o ge checue o occupon epng Pennom e nd dcuvey nveng e ouce nd ccu-e o voence, pojecng he cue o he w ono mgnedogny Pe nn ggeon owd e . 2 One coud yh hee eec o he W, ong wh edwng o heePene mp o ncude numbe o We Bnk eeemen whn e eoy, e p o he pocy

m o wng. Bu pecey o he W egmed,ndeed, oen mened, eney on he goud o mkng eece om Penn hoe , eiccy n h egd kng Budng w h o opped Pen voence ohoy, ony eed Penn cc nd echnooge, even h excebed uon nd ge e domnon.

e he hd ce o my gumen. Mch hew om y med nedcng mg o, g,

nd ohe cob A v e y chy n e U Mx c w , wh c w eer zd, h l l d, J c h



D I I W A

twothosadmie bode, i s a poitica theate pic, abeit aexceptioay expesive oe i a mbe of espects . a f

soth of the bode has bee vita to the oth A c -omy sice the bidig of he aioads i the Ws t nties ago. the ast two decades, gobaiatio has daata yiceased both the qatity of thi s migatio a d th va f

keepig it iega. othe capita today qies abo that smaximay cheap ad expoitabehiabe at sbmiimm wage,withot beefits o egad fo egatios o ovetime, heath,eviomet, o safety, ad easiy dispatched whe ot eeded.

the face of gowig goba competitio, sch abo has becomeiceasigy impotat to he costctio ad mafactigidsties ad to the etai ad fastfood sectos, ot oy tothe domestic ad agicta wok with which it has og beeassociated

The bidig of a wa petedig to hat the immigatio ofabo eqied by capita podces a abdace of ioies Thee

is the stoy of the Gode State ece Compay, a fim that bita sigificat potio of the bod wa i Soth Caifoiawhich was chaged thee tmes ove a decade with havig hdeds of docmeted wokes o its payo . Thee ae theepeated immigatio aids o McDoad s fachises acoss theUited States fo hiig docmeted wokes to fip its aAmeica bges. These ioies have thei cosis i sae, otoy i the fom of Paestiias empoyed to bid the Wa, bt

i the emakabe stoy of a potest agaist the poposed oteof the Wa by wome of a iega saei settemet becase theote bocked access to thei homes by maids fom a eighboigPaestiia vi age . 5

The stoy is simi a wit dgs As Eopeas ecogize to ageate degee tha oth Ameicas, dg smggig does otdive dg se Rathe, the demad fo dgs ps the sppy

Svea stdies, icdig oe by the RAD Copoatio, haven tt c d demad i the oth, sbstace u e t t m t y d F f b bd



W L L E A W A N I G O V E R I G N T

einfocements , the man effect of whch is to incease dgpices . Bt what ses poticay ae was and eaboate sting

opeatons, not dgehabtaton factes, et aone pociesthat addess the soca conditons geneatng dg makets inNoth Ameca.

Moe than simpy fang, howeve, was often compond thepobems they ptativey addess . Fist , becase wang and otheodentensfication meases make mgaton moe diffctand expensve they tend to incase onedectiona mgaton,ths enagng the ns iega migants vng pemanenty

in the United States o Eope. Second, was aed at dgsand mmigation podce an eve moe sophisticated and Mafa-ike smggng economy, one tat inceasngy eges dg andmgant smggng. Dgs ae ed deep n dfficttonspectshipping cago o conveyed thogh eaoate systems of tnnesnde the wa . Appoxmatey foty tne s have en discoveed at the U. S .Mexco bode since oo , and twice that many

have been fond since the athoities began keepng ecods onthem n 0 Some ncde igts, danage, ventation systems ,pey opeations fo movng cago, and connect waoses onone side of the bode to waehoses on the othe. 7 n addtionto tnnes, boats may be sed in pace of and otes , and smgges have aso been known to ct hoes n ess montoed patsof fences, whch they often then gate and viganty poce againstse othe smgges. 8 Thd, and eated, bode intensifca-

tions and esponses to them ende the ode zone itsef annceasingy voent space. n te U.S. case, migants ae sometimes eft by thei smgges to de of thst and expose in thedeset o abandoned to sffocate n ca tnks , vans , o tcks.Smgges themseves ae moe often amed and vot n 200aone, n Cafonia , thee wee 0 docmntd aa ts on ode Pato agents, wo we attacd wt wn ni ng Fon ddd nk o Mooov ok Mew i e order ow n oe e a e peae , pver i s h d happp · hae lh · c onH' g� r i n s , mp h k o

I I



E I R W L

for mgger bt o n top o fhoe. he Border Patro repondn trn wth eaborate a nght foodght ytem , gvng the

town the ook of detenton camp , and ha a o reorted to frngpepper pray and tear ga nto the town to rot mgger 10 nort, what pror to border fortfcaton wa a more aconc ande dangero catandmoe game between the Border Patroand ega ncreangy now reembe a cene of permanentgera warfare and conternrgency.

Border fortfcaton ao mtpy other otaw eement. AChapter 3 detaed, weorganzed vgante grop frtratedwth tate axty or neffcacy ndertake to poce border oraert jrdctona overegnty on ther own. n the U S . cae,n addton to hntng down ega croer and thwartng theeffort of thoe who wod abet them, th now ncde armednvaon of the ome of aeged ega mmgrant n May00 , a an and h teyearod daghter were hot dead n therhome by member of the Mnteme Amercan Defene grop.

The grop wa eekng money and contraband to fnance thervgante actvte. 1

The tate, too, mpcated n heghtened awene reatedto border pace and actvty. A Chapter reconted, the ReaD Act of 200 aowed the Department of Homeand Secrtyto wave any and a aw neceary to enre expedto con-trcton of the barrer and road," permttng the etade of

aw rangng from envronmenta protoco to atve Amercanprotecton . 1 2 The Secre ence Act of 2 permtted the drectvoaton of prvateproperty rght to bd the border barrer.Whe tandng for aw and order agant voence and ega ty,the wa not ony generate voence and nontate roge actor,bt cene roge tate actvty.

n hort, where demand p the ppy of abor or contrad and where tate expanon and/or occpaton at take,w d brder a permanent zone of voent confctad awe tcated and dangro ndergrond d t i , e x d e z e d e robem they



W A E D S A S , W A I N S O E I T

woud sove, d ggvte hostiities o both sides Most o theexmpes oeed hee hve dwet o the U.S.Mexico w, but

it is esy eough to exted the ysis to othe eots t wigout the hid Wod, o to eots , such s those i ceti egioso Aic d South Asi, t w ig out moe po o om ess poopts o the wod, o to ws stkig cims whee d juisdic-tio is cotested.

Why, the, buid w s? Wht geetes iece popu pssios o wig ogside stte ivestmets i these icos to

d o iue the iue o tiostte soveeigty. oowedby the ite iue o the ws tht woud pop this teigsoveeigty? oe usipsychoytic swe suggests the kow but sti . . ." stuctue o the etish, tht is , kow theydot ey wok, but sti, they stisy," this poses the uestioo wht desie the etish is hboig. cotext o deciigpotective cpcites o the stte, d iuted tiohood , d theicesig vuebiity o subjects eveywhee to gob eco

omic vicissitudes d tstio vioece, we eed to ude-std the poitic wishes o potecy, potecto, cotimet,d eve iocece tht my be poected oto ws. We eedto gsp wht the ew ws psychicy ddess o ssuge, evewhe they cot deiv o thi mtei pomises .

Fataie of Walled Demoracy

Imagined Communiie Beedict Adeso gues tht tiose imgied" s bouded, soveeig, d commu.13 boudy, soveeigty, d tio commuity e peciseywht gobiztio eodes, how ight ws ictivey esto theseeemets o tio imgiy? Wht kid o theteed ocompomised idetity, o subject o tio, is geetig thedesie o w ig? the cotext o iesigy itdepedet, uhoizoed, s we s opey iegiti obl ode,wht do w s hep to wd pychcy ko sy ic o i i d i w l l el t ize? w iw l v i l l c c < l , pc ic

I



I I W A

agans confronaion wih o own i s pj ios onoohes and ono an esewhere of a n w n s pden-cies,

and hnges? To hs end, wha p i i -ni

i dnaon sae was hep o inve rher l l or rvrs s h he poo, he coonzed, o he expo n b u -

sor s? And , as hey resrrec myhs of v in poecion, wha fanasies o naiona p i n l cence do hey graify?

This chape poceeds by fs sc l v gg ng esons hogh consideaion f f hsorca sp

naona anases. I hen ns o pschoanayic hogh in anefo o deepen and grond hese specaions

The Fnsy the Dngeros lienin n nresing Borderless WorldAssocaions o poca osders wih dierence and dange areas od as hman commniy sef. Demonizing conscons of

rba o poica osides are wdey ecoded by anhopoogss and poica hisoans and appea as we n he eymoo-ges of words sch as barbaran" and aien," boh of which weecoined o name a pacar oher, b hen became names fogeneric pejoaive and heaening figes of ohe ess More-ove, a s Mary Dogas arges, boder vioaions hemseves aeamos n iversay associaed wh poon and dange. 15 Ths ,as soveeigny weakens and bodes ae moe roney respassed

and as he naon sef oses cea defniion, i is hady srprs-ng ha he aien s drawn as an especiay powerf and dange-os fige, even in he epoch of he goba vage. Perhaps moresiking are he divese eemens ha make p his composepora of dange.

In he U . S . posCod War conex, he borde has been discsivey consced as a poin of enry o a vaiey of heero

geeos heas o he naion, heas inceasngy meged ino ai i i dang Tom Ridge, h is head of he U.S.Dp n Su y s l i shd drd

I



W A D TAT E W A I G O I G N T Y

the bode condut fo teoists, wepons of mss destuction,eg mgnts, contbnd, nd othe unwfu commodities"

But t s sttement by Steven A Cm ot, decto of esechfo the Cente fo mmgtion Studies, n ntimmigtionthin tn, tht exempifies the conjoinng We cnt potectouseves fom teosm," he pocmed, wthout deng wtheg immigtion."6 ost 9/ popu discouse, especytht guing fo competon of te bode w, so meges thesetets: Cmpgns on behf of bode fotfctons n genend of wng in pticu outney dentfy unchecked ieg

immgtion wth the dnge of teoism, despite tte evdnceof the connecton .

The poit ic, secty, nd economc efects of gobztion,howeve, do not exhust the eements nimting contempoyist Wod constuctons of figue of en enmity. Thee eso the cenges to hegeonic cutue, nguge, nd ceposed by ge numbes of imm ignt Ltnos n Noth A mec,Abs in Euope, South Asns in Aust, nd of couse, Pestnns n se. o those of the hegemon, these chengesmy be to both indvidu nd ntion dentity, the psychc ndsoc " nd we" tht the nton hs ong secued. Hence theepeted Euopen upos ove Musm dess codes nd othecutu pctices o the epeted bds fo Engshony" votingmtes nd schoo cucuums n the United Sttes. At the cdemc eve , this thet to identity s fomuted s chenge to

Westen vues by immignts fom othe civ ztions [si] whoeject ssmition nd continue to dhee to nd to popgte thevues, customs nd cutues of the home soceties ." When thseecton of Westen vues is ffimed nd stengthened toughthe moe gene pomugtion of muticutuism in Westensocieties, Smu Huntington dds, ths mens effectivey theend of Westen civiiztion" nd of the counts odng t. county not bongng to ny c zt [

Hy w o t y so os t u t o d

co i . W t ( i i t i o W n s

(



E S I R G W A L S

e no meey being cy ded o economcy dnedby mmignts, bt scked.

he fge of en dnge s hs ey ovedmnedtody, comprsng economic, poic, secry, nd c effectsof gobzion. hese dsprte eemens re fsed no on prodcng the en" s mnyheded dgon . Of cos s constrcton dsvows the Northern demnd for chp, npotectdbor nd he fct h mos erorst eens n Eop nd hUnied Ses hve been homegown. (n he Uned Sts, hsncdes the Wethemen he Unbomber, imohy McVegh,who bew p the Okhom City eder Biding, nd Brce vns ,he my mcrobioogist thogh o be responsbe fo the Septembe 00 nhrx ttcks, s we s hos of schoo nd wokpceshooters nd bombes) occdes stdies eveng h newmmgrnt neighborhoods hve geney owe crime es hnother ps of Western nions. And i occdes e mbene of cre nd deniy, th is, he exen to whch ces

re no timeess nd nchnging, b ive in hisory nd pessthog nsformion nd he ncorpoion of new eeens

mportnty, the dscorse of wng nd the fntsy t hodso of being be o se the non off from the osde themsevesfcte these disvows nd occsions. Ws r scrm onwhich cn be proeced n nhopomophized ohe s he cseof nion woes ngng fom diions of ethnczd nion

identity o drg se, crme, nd decning e wges. he nionis nde sst nd needs o bnker sef gnst hid Wordinvson." n sho, the bid for ws both emeges from nd bes discorse n whch foegn bo, mic ism, nd terosm re merged nd reocted from conseence to cse of theoosened encosng fods of the ntion nd the growng imis onste poective cpces.

Fantasie ?Containmn of dngr ono the n boh drws on nd fes c t w w l s l on

1



W L , W N I O R I T Y

he poecve wa s o he home are now exended o he naon,akng o a parodc hegh Hannah Arend's agumen n The

Hmn Condtin ha he overakng o he poca by he socan moderny conves he naon no a gan househod

n he ace o an nceasngy unbounded and unconroedgoba ode, was gure conanmen ha exceeds mee pro-econ agans dangeous nvades and ha peans nsead ohe psychc unmanageaby o vng n such a word. he needo conanmen, a mes depced as he need or horzons sa heme sounded equeny by nneeenhcenuy and earyweneh cenuy hnkers, abe oddy ess oen oday. Foezsche a vng hng can be heahy, song and ruu onywhen bounded by a horzon," and o psychoanayss, oss o conanmen s a road o psychoss . 1 n hs crque o he mpuse odeveop a word pcure," Hedegger wes, shee s povdedby he horzons aby o urn he hreaenng word o heousde no a reassurng pcure." Wang phanasmacay

produces such shee when he acua boundares o he naoncease o b conanng, and s noewohy ha meey vuaences," conssng o sensors and screenng devces, ae no upo he ask ha s, was sod, vsbe was are demandedwhen he consuve poca hozon o he we" and he "s recedng.

n a Wesphaan orde he sae s he conane o he

naon and poca soveregny conrbues he had mea o hsconaner, hen s unsurprsng ha conempoay naonasmsssue demands o reacuaed sae soveegny hough vsbesgns o s conanng poers. 2 Seed and nac sae soveegny does no requre such sgns poduces bounded naonacomposon and order whou hyperboc bode mazaonand barcadng orders hrough s sucung and ubuospresence, hroug he charsma o sovregny, and a a,hough he uson o nan, s d svg Wng ssvg y lss es a a d t e

ubj t T d A Mb 1 u a t d t t of

I I



D S I I W A S

oveegny om he e n emc on o he e oneh p e he demc nzon o he me cv popon

n he decmon o m pchm. n he ce o hepocoony he dd h emcnzon compened byphc mm e ehzon o gn . 4 W ppe obe eed eh one h my eche om e o becn pomng eoed poecy.

Seen om ghy deen nge he c o ong eeon o non bonde wod be cc eemen nwh Sk Sen em he enonzng" o poc d

coe coepondng o denonzed economc pce . Bondy eon nd deene ge he gheone nd he poby o ch enonzon gn conempoy ndong. 5Th do dec nng e oveegny nd he dppeng vbyo homogeneo non mgny ede ech ohe hee o w. Vbe w epond o he need o connmennd bonde n oo gob wod oo nhozoned nvee.

hey podce py demced " non deny ndnon poc ce when hee cn no onge be honedom conce o non po c o economc onomy demogphc homogeney o hed hoy ce nd ve .

Fatasies IpeeabiiConnmen whn n ncengy bondye wod oneknd o pychc ongng nmng he dee o w he nyo mpemebypehp even mpenebycompemen. Soveegn powe ce he ny o n boe nd enocebe dncon bewn n de nd ode. Th dncon nn depend pon oveegny dence o p o bondypoone nd o empo nepon o mvence. Poc oveegny ke h o God en boe jdconcono nd endnce ove me. The oveegn cn be cked

u no peneed who beng ndone chenged b no n wio ppd. n h epec soegnyapp s p p t i t I

I I



W L S S W I G S E G Y

o f aey Peneaion paizaion o inepion ae iiea ndoing.

i ignifican in hi egad ha mo dicoe of wa ingin he Unied Sae pe and ae podce he eniy a akea imaneoy vneabe vicimized igheo and powef . The naion i in dange nde iege he ae i appeaed oa capabe of defending again hi iege an eineny igh odo o. Hee i may be ef o emembe ha wa of pemoden Eopean ciie wee mainy bi again iege f pndeno a foee again poiicamiiay conqe . The iege

wa a oine economic phenoenon in he Midde Age andan eniy nde iege" fo economic pnde by a neighboingeniy i in a difeen iaion fom one engaged in a poiica-eioia wa even a he iege may conie an eemn in waacic. The bending of mi iay and economic eemen in heiege faciiae an appeciaion of how defene again migaing peope oday o eaiy acqie a eciy apec in conem-

poay waing dicoe Siege wok by peneaing defenewaming a defendd aea and pndeing i eoce exacyhow invading immigan hode" ae feqny depiced in heEoAanic wod oday. Th a naion ne iege" jifedefene and bockade ven amid ype ageemen on heone hand and miiay o eoi) echnoogie ha make wa ieevan on he ohe. ndeed Paeinian fooding Egyp ayea hogh he beached Gaza wa in ode o pchae food

fe and ohe domeic nece iie migh be famed a a kindof iege in evee o pehap a a pecificay ae capiaiiege in which a depeae need fo acce o cheap commodi-ie and no ony o capia ief i wha bae down Chineewa " Even eo hogh no economicay diven may bemoe appopiaey famed a iege ahe han a wafae aim a pnde no oveeign conqe. Ye he iege

o have paed f hiy wi n f odna o n - a i t v oto zd n o n o w h n I

m T w y w a t t i v m I · k

0



S I R I W L L

a exicon o gamma in ibea theoy, ncuding in theoies ofntenationa confct.

The defens that was estabsh against siege woks the fantasyof mpemeabity into a psychic poitcs in which th enemy sfgued as aiding, invading, coming to take o pd what isghtfuy the natons own its safety, secuty, peacefuI o pospeous way of ife , ts jobs, ts weath, ts st Wod pv eg tsciviized existence o ibea democatic vaues As w suggestnext, ths enemy aso teas at ist Wod subjects ' psychc poticainsuaton fom the heachies and voce in the goba webs of

dependency sustanng them. Was ae a vsua means of estongthis psych c insuaton. They hep to estoe images of nationa sef-sufficiency, and they hep to sceen ot suffeing o desttution

Fantae JPur Innocence and GoodneSavng Lves saes AtTeost ence Answes to Questions" is an saei govenment pubceatons document wit-

ten in Engshceay fo Amecan and Euopean consumptionthat genty ebkes ctcsms of the Wa and camyexpans t s atonae . The document depcts the bae as a fence,athe than a wa 9% of the fence is not concet," it notesepeatedy, as apoitca and uneated to the uesto of negotiating a sttement o boundaies, as tmpoay and moveabein accod with negotiatons and an end to Paestinan vioence,

and as bt entiey on the hmantaan gounds of pesevingand nutung ife t pesents both the poicy achitects and thecontactos buding the wa as deepy concened with humanfe and ivehoods on both sides of the bae A nvoved, thedocment epots, have been caefu to teat Paestans , theands, and the vages with espect and cae. The ationaefo the Wa tsef is smiay famed sae s a tiny, hmane,democatic nation victmzed by babac neghbos who must be

wad ot uness o un t they change the tebe ways. 8 Thew , dpcd as peseving nnocence and cviiza-t io n ag s t i t s i nd y way f han

I



W L E S S W N I S O V R I G Y

and fepeeng aue again babac and mudeou one .he many Web ie deoed o ju ifyng an d pomong he

US Mexco wa ae ima, f geneay e ophcaed ande defenie Poou ode, he oy goe, pemi he fow ofdug, cime, and eo no a ciized naion whoe ony cmei o hae been oo popeo, geneou, oean, open, and fee.n boh he U . S . and ae cae, waing expee and ga-fe h dee fo a naiona mago of goodne, one ha whoyexenaze he naion' i and diaow unoey effec on

ohe, aggeon, need, and dependencie. n hi egad,he dee fo wang epond o a hoca momen in whichucua inequae and dependence (beween Goba Nohand Goba Souh, ch and poo, ee and nae, whie andcooed) hae been boh paay deegegaed and chaengeda naua o egiimae, bu ae no heeby undone ha i, ahe ame me ha aciaized dicoue juifying coonaimnaua heach , and goba nequaiie hae o he eay

hegemony, goba moemen of peope and capa hae eodedhe epaae phee inhabied by he popuaion he aificaon poduce. oday, ch and poo, coonze and naie,i and hd Wod ie iuay and acuay in ee geaepoxmy. he eu i a wod of exeme and nmae inequaiy deped of ong egmaing dicoue apa fom neoibeam' gian whaee" hug

o he pedicaen hi condion poduc fo hoe wan-ng o undeand hemee a juceminded and good, o aea nnocen, wang offe eea dicuie ex Mobizedo depic dicuiey wha i bock a awe nade wa ingieay ceen ou a confonaon wih goba nequay ooca coonia dominaion. faciae denia of he dependencyof he peged on he expoed and of he agency of h dominan in poducing he eiance of he oppeed wo aaniWa aci deop h poi, aguing ha h Wa'g l og a

h r of gl e poj t on to t o :



E S I I G W A L L

The wa allws Israel n t t see itself a s aggressive vilent ru e

pssessive a vilar f huan righs y prjeing al l these tais

n he Palesinians eyn he wa. he wa is n eeive y

Ziniss as an aggressive at; it is pereive as a rtet ve a anat f selfefense . . . . It takes a plex psyhlgia ehanis

t failitate suh a revesal. . . he w a ahieves its ga : prtng

Israel f seeing its wn aggressin an hus preservng s bas

assuptin that it is the "g ju s vii 3

gng wha s otsde as nvadng, b aso eay bcgfom vew the often mpoveshed condons tha ey bk ,

ae moden was factate a conveson of sbodnan andexpotaton no a dangeos heat nehe podcd by no conneced to he needs of the domnant. Rewtng depndency asaonomy, wan n h s conext dspaces appecaon of websof soca eatons wh he fcon of aaky. Opcay and psychcay at he momen that goba demogaphcs and ecnomcsndemne onoogzed potca and economc denttes, wang

esecs onoogca ascptons of (vcmzed) goodness o thedomnant and (agenc) hosty voence, knavey o geed ohe sbodnate

The Psychoanasis of Defense

n ode o povde somehng of an anayc famen fohese specaons abo deses fo wang we n now o wosands of psychoanaytc heoy. he fs s the heoy of defense

oeed n eay papes by Sgmnd ed and exended by Annaed n The Ego n Mechnsms Dense. The second s Sg-mnd eds accont of the ogn and pessnc of egon nThe Fe n son

Sgmn Fre 's Er Theory DfenseA fist bsh, eds theoy of defense n two papes, eo

Psychoses of Defense" and he hoghs on the eoPsss ns " wod no sem to have an edaeb e a r g o t er o w l . Ts is b bs r



W L W N I N O R I

i pimaiy concened with deene againt nbidden exadeie and becae he conceive deene a way o eoting o

avodng conco conrontaton wth ch dere , rather than ampe pychc barrier o ortre e. Yet red argment aedeteazed, detached om excve concen wth exaty andcondered coey, we may dcover omethng te e here

n hi two paper on deene, red ay deene aie nrepone to anxety abot omethng dteing. (He ca thidtreng omethng an dea," athogh the dea conttte thedeatona verion, even compreon, o a dee o expeience)

red pot a diaectca reaton between deene and epeion On the one hand, deene enta repreon o the dtreing materia , whie on the other, epeion it i a orm odeene . Thi i mpotant becae the deene i not amed onyat the idea, bt ao at t enegy deene the mean by whchthe oce content, nd energy o the anxety ae epeed. That , the ego deend ite not jt againt content, bt agant theenegy or aect o the nwanted content. Thi i how repeoni both a pychic act and a py c eect 3

Let eheae the ogc here Deene hyteria," ed ay,i niqe. t de rom what he ca hypnoid" and retenton" hyteria becae t nvove attemptng to den o epel aditeing expeence/idea/dee that prodce a contadictono hock or the ego 3 The tak that the ego et i to make theincompatibe dea non " not to have come at a The

tak i irt carried ot by trning the powe dea into a weakone, whch accompihed thogh converion" o the idea intoan obion o ome ort which odge in concione ikea paaite." Bt a reh impeion ike the ogina breakthogh the barre eected by the w ," the weakened idea irnihed with reh aect, o a ther converon ne ,whch timatey take hod a a deene. ven wn however, th eoto bl g v i g r e o epiodi ia k s . A d i oerio o p e t t d ded of epat i i t ro i t Tl , o( io o



D E I I N G W L

phobias neated to eaity" wi est. The obs n r p -

bia ed says is a sbstitte o sogate fo the inco

idea and takes its pace in consciosness . So ed identifies two possibiities fo the egos esponsto nacceptabe desie Thee is eithe copete convesion toanothe idea (defense) which whie podcing peiodic hystei-ca otbsts whoy sppesses the oigina anxiety o thee isconvesion of the nacceptabe desie's enegy into an obsessiono phobia. Both possibi ities he insists ae odaities of potect-ing the ego against ideas that confict with its notion of itsef.

The nacceptabe ideas podcing the desie fo waing andgeneating hysteia abot peeabiity immigants o even teo may not be imited to iediate desies fo within theentity doing the wa ing. nstead they ay petain to one o oeof the foowing diict to accept and even fightening featesof contempoay existence the imited capacity fo (econoiccta and even ega) containent execised by the nation

state today the weakening of soveeign potective capacities thedecining powe and speacy of the EoAtantic wod andthe attendant oss of stats fo the woking and idde casses theeosion of nationa identity based on a shaed angage and c te the eiance of EoAtantic pospeity on the podctionof an ipoveished otside pehaps above a a EoAtanticexistence f of cie dgs vioence enni depession and

dained of its sece econoic might socia stabiity poiticapowe and cta spemacy Te hysteica obsession is TheAien fashioned as a singe iaginay ceate fo the ateiaof iigants dg taffickes and teoists and epesentingthe potion of vioated bodes and the demascinization ofpemeabe nationa and individa sbjecthood. The phobia isxenophobia Ths do wa s conceived to bock dange discsiveypodce it At the same time was faciitate a psychic defense

against ecognition of a set of intena o systeic faies that cat to the otside and against ecog tio of a t of ap e a o dpdn nd v r



W L L S A S W I S O R I N

even esponsbity o coona vioence in the context o decining soveegn powe. Waing makes ecogniton o these aies

and acts nn a" jst as it teay aims to make migantsand teosts nn a. Moeove bidng the was themseves becomes obsessona as the Mntemens tacking o iegaentants s obsessiona. The convegence o npotected vneabity estng om soveeign decine amid goba makets andgoba teo podces a nationa egoic esponse that seeks iteadeenses to pop p psychc ones o that sps the constcton oitea deenses in the podction o psychic ones

Anna F s Elaatn th hy Dnsn h E9 an Mchan sms Dns, Feds daghte Annasoght to systematze and scientize he athes theoy o denseWhe the ede Fed is oten thoght to have epaced the notiono deense wth the noton o epession Anna Fed caims thatepession actay ends p beng ony a specia mechanism o

deense" one that potects the ego aganst instincta demands wh e deense has a s gniicanty boade ange n act AnnaFed ages thee ae ten distinct mechanisms o deenseegession epesson eacton omation soation ndong poecton ntojection tning against the se/sbjectevesa and sbimaton. These may opeate sepaatey o incstes deent mechansms ae tiggeed by d ieent kinds

o anxeties and accoding to othe eeents n the pesonaity.Fo o pposes Anna eds most impotant hypothesesae these st the deense o epesson s most vaabe focombating sexa wishes whe othe deense mechanisms betteseve othe instncta oces especay aggessve impses. 6Second anxiety i s aways what sets the deensive pocess intomotion. Ths anxiety can be a speegoc esponse t th d sdesies a esponse to obectivey ighteng i i

thngs n the wod o an egoc spons t engt nstncts. Th w t ga t he u ea t t x ty ; t a v m aga t ta



I I W A L S

ides3 8 iny defenses e designed t o sece the ego nd se itfom expeiencing pin gin, pin tht my ise fom ithino come fom the otside wod

With the st nd second points Ann ed opens ot theopetion of defense beyond sex nxiety. She stesses theimpotnce of biding defenses ginst nxieties whose socenges fom intoebe inten psychic ggession to fighten ing spect of the exten wod. With the thid point she gestht defenses ddess nd ediect fect not jst ides Conseqenty the whoe peson ity cn be tnsfomed by defense

nd it is this tnsfomtion tht ows s to spek of chctedefense" in ptic peson. With the foth point Anned ndescoes the to pimy pposes of defense stbiizing the ego nd secing it fom inten nd exten socesof sffeing. A of these points e so emindes tht whiedefenss cn ise episodicy nd in esponse to contingentimpses o expeiences they e most significnt s endingspects of sbject fomtion nd s sch podce the on tinof ddition effects on the sbject.

Befoe dwing these eements of psychonytic defense theoy towd the desie fo ing nt to highight one hetoic spect of this theoy s it is eboted by both fthe nddghte nmey its hey eince on spti nd especiy mii-ty m etphos We edy gimpsed this eince in Sigmndeds ey ppes hee he discssed bies septions nd

the intediction of wodbe is Now conside the y thtAnn ed sets p the whoe pobem of defenses

te ay t gat fat , t e d pule ut pa tug

te tety f te eg ad ee tey ae a ae atpee .

[Te d ' ttua mpue ue t puue te am t

te peua teat ad eegy, ad tey ake tle

u t te eg ad te pe f etg t by a u

atta Te eg t de bee upu t peed t t d t



W L , W O E R N

pu nn c prn y u f cn by n f pprpr

dn ur dnd ur n bndr . . . N

nr n undrd dpul bu n dpu d

fd by dfn ur n pr

Anna ed foraes e idego eaion as a poracedsrgge oe erriora doain and bondaries copee wiincsons aacs coneraacks defenses and border foficaons . S a so conscs s eae of sgge as aog wc se f and oe deny and aien are perfoaiey bog no being and negoiaed Her basc accon of

e psyce ecas Car Scs insisence in Nomos he Earha n e begnnng (of a aw and ence peopeood wasand appopaon 1 Ye se a so posaes neabe bondaybeaces e pses of e d se says s pass og eeriory of e ego wic prodce e neces sy of defense andransfor bo e ansgressor and e ransgessed. Te andscape se descrbes is one of peranen os ies eiorayoiaed aacs and coneraacs e podcon of defenseeases agans reas o deny og wic deny s asoprodced and arded. Tis errioa srgge a akes pacewiin e sbjec s an nrapsycic bae fo e ideny ofe sbjec

Wa does e ego e conscos mo" becoe conseeno ese baes? T e defended go" Anna ed says ase for of body aides sc as siffness ad igidiy a fxd

se conep irony and/(or arrogance." Defense paradoxcay podces a fragiy and brenes s wa borowng froWie Rec Anna ed denfes as e ao pang ofcaace" wc agan oe an erey aacing o e egoansfors i. Hege s sadow is discernibe ee as defenses coeo redce e resiience adepness and fexibiye powersof e eniy ey ae b o secr. (Considr s paradoxca effec n e sae of sae oday Moo o s

cocd w y blk n n im pu xp , anasi it e_j; n y

?



D E I R I W L

o oma psychoaaytc wok, bt or a oms o sereexvity. The ego comes to be deed by these deese s, ad ot

meey protected by them. Coseety, t iecey resists sb-mttg them to critca doig.4ow et s see what the two eds accots o deese ight

cotribte to theorizg the ate mode dese o wa s . psy-chic deeses are aways attempts to shied the sbject rom paissg either om extera sorces o om ts ow acceptabeeergies, the ew atostate was may be see to cto ipecisey ths way. Deeses, the Freds arge, spae the ego rom

ay ecote that dstbs the egos cocet o tse. his icdesbockig ecoters wth te ds ow aggesso or hostity, abockg that aows the ego to spt o rom te d to costrcta idetty o vrte ad goodess. rasated to the desie owag, atoa idetity s estoed ot oy to potecy, bt tovirte thogh was . t s ceased o both its idetiicatio ad tsimbricatio with what it s wag ot, whethe extreme goba

eaities, capita's demad or cheap iega abor, or atcooia rage. Ths do was hep to deed the idetty, vte, adstregth o the ato agast a vaety o chaeges

Rhetoricay, the spectace o the wa reverses ad dspaces aage o dstbaces to atioa idetity, om disavowed ped-cates o ts existece to the stegth o ts ow isticts," thatis, ts ow aggessos towad what it is waig ot. 4 As eots

by the ego to epdiate pat o its ow id," was hep to potect(ad hece to podce) a atioa ego/idettyotyig tsbodaes ad sppressg its pedicates. These cde, i theU . S . case, vaios eects o eoibera gobazato that togethedegade the bodaries ad ethicctra homogeety o theatio ad that aso arot its coceits o eaty, ivesaty,ad aess. Mobizig the deeses that Aa Fed amesrevesa " ad dspacemet," was agast mmgatio co

ste t as a ivasio rathe tha a goba podcto, especay ty reartcate i spata tems a otmoded sese ont ion n bng g 45

l



W S S W N I S R G

The saeli wal does something simila albeit with the oonial native athe than the laboe figued as peseuto o

invade Emanating fom and ontibuting to a disouse o Isae's singula iviity in a babaous envionmenta villa in ajungle"6 as hud Baak has alled itthe Wal abets disusiveevesal o the ount of aggession geneating th enmity it woulepel. Poduing as well an eve moe militaized and hekpointed ode o existene fo all (PalestinianIsaei MP AzmiBishaa ees to Isae as the state of the hekpoints" and Pal estine as the and of the hepoints" the Wall itsel hadensIsaels deensive besieged and dended ondition into identityand haate inside and out 47

Viewed as a fom of nationa psyhi eense wal s an be seenas an ideologial disavowal o a set of unmanageable appetitesneeds and powes. They failitate a se t of metalepses i n whihthe spete of invasion eplaes intenal need o desie and thespete o iolent hostiity epaes ekoning with olonia dis

plaements and oupation. Though thei ostentatious signifiation of soveeign powe an deinition of the nation the alsodelet anxieties about the disintegation of national identity andabout the deline o state soveeignty 48 Indeed they spetaulaize a hypeidentity of the nation in esponse to anxiety about thedetahment of soveeignty om the nationstate and gobaization's diution o homogeneous nationa ultues In the language

of Gu Debod the spetale is a Welanshang that has beenatuaized tanslated into the mateial ea a wold view tansomed into an objetive foe."

One impotant omission fom the Feuds aount of defenseo ouse is the gendeed dimensions o the anxieties thesedeenses ae managing. Thee is a notably gendeed infletionto waling as a defense against anxieties about need vuneability and penetability and to the desie fo soveeign onain

ment and potetion against suh vulneabilty Vuna iy andpnetabi ty a at u a y fmi i ; sovi

p powe o o proet on oe



D E S I I G W S

masce . e dese o wallg may emaae pa rom aws o be releved o a emzed aoa sbjec codo ad

emascaed sae powe ad aso om a decao wsoveeg polcal powe a decao acaed by e ccry bewee sovereg sbec ad sovereg sae beralsmdscssed Caper More geeray a lae mode coexwag appears o deed agas a soveeg alre o poec apeerabe (peeraed ao (always reered o w a emeproo a alre ad peerao a aso reaes o exposeaoal depedeces ad eedless . e eeosexa copg

o e emzed ao ad e masczed sovereg sae s omor maer ere. Abse e poeco o a sovereg sae eao sads verabe volabe ad despeae. Walg resoresa mago o e sovereg ad s poecve capaces .

Illusions of Future

By way o cocso we r rom Feds g abo

deese o Freds relecos o e ma eed o elgos srad o Freds kg cobes o a appecaono eoogcal dmeso o soveregy acaed mosamosy by Scm . ssg a al poca coceps descedrom eology Scm ormaes polcal soveregy as mag God s power spreme ad empoally e. Capers 2ad 3 arged a e eologcal ace o sae soveregy reappears srogly a e mome o s wag s s e argme

I wa o press rog Freds relecos o e org adperssece o rego.

The Futue an uon Fred olows oer eee-cery Germa crcs o ego (mos oably Feebacb aso Nezsce Marx ad Weber agg a elgoarses om a bearabe experece o ma veraby addepedecy bo e aal ad socal word. Feds dsc-

ve corbo o s crqe omaes s verab y as t or o ae elplessess" Regs de- n ·\ ' u d s , in n r y ub iqu u u

I



W L L D S T S W I N S E I T

vraiity to h partiar rsoa this vraiityhas wih th pri of ifay Ma's ti vaiiy

to fat sffri ad h fors of atr rsoats psyhiaywith h ifas asot iaiity to ar fo itsf ad its radia dpdy o oths who may ht or rify i as w aspot i ordi to Frd riios idatio wi apiathis pi mai tha God wi as i th ima ofa powrf pas. 5 Th hma artifa of riio ths pods a God who is a o frihi ad ovi God rpiash i da haar of pats as sors of aso far

ad asot poio. Riio akowds o hpss ss Fd says v as it is a staty to ovrom h hmiiatio of that hpssss with a athopomophid fir ofpotio

rmd with this dstadi of riio's p syhi oiiad fio Fd ivs h a pai a fdama odm of a sitifi a amy why riio prsiss v af

raso ad si shod hav disrditd ad dispad it Ri-io dos o oaps so asiy fo a vry spifi raso t is omry a rror t a isio Frd arsh importatdisitio i tha ros ar mistaks whi a isio ispowrd y a wish 5 Th wish for sovri potio that ats ad ssais iio is so powf ad ms fom sha prima psyhi pri ha i aot addrssd y ayoth for o aayd y si o raso. H iio wi

o di po i dispovd 5How dos Frd's am ar o h otmporary ph

omo of wai To h tt that was opiay raifyth wish fo itat sovri powr ad potio to h ttthat thy pod a imao of sh pow ad poio ada fft of sovi aw h dsir fo wai appars as aiiosy ifd o It is a dsi that as th thiadimsio of poiia svty So d h fa g v ng a y

y v h vu l i t l p le pu



W

y yra gloal fore a ows u � The faay tha the tate a a w l p rov it l • l 1 l •

eovee a tog religo ver o M ee for atioal wallg aie thi thoo · � •themelve ay vially graiy t

Aie temple hoe go withi a n h z o Ioverwhelig laape atioae wall ar m l . - Iteple hoig he gho of poliial oveeigty. Thy og z

eleo o e o aoal lal ey, o cooa I

oiaio a pooloal age, a ro the iomfo of

prvlege otae hogh peexploiato a ieaiglyteroete a ierepeet gloal politial eoomy.They ofer magial poteo aga power iompreheilylarg, orroive, a haly oolle, agait rekoigwith the ee of a ato ow exploit a aggeo, aagai ltio of he ato y gloaliatio. Thee theologiala pyhologial featre o the lamor for wall help explai

why her ote eoro o a ite eay ae reevato the eie fo hem hey proe ot the fte o a illio, t the llo of a ftre alige with a eale pa.gm re wil l have the lat wor here: e all a elef aillo whe a whlfllet s poet i t otivatioa i og o we rega relaio to reality, t a thellio el e o toe y verifiato Havig reogie

eligio orie a llo, we are a oe fae y a theqeo . Mt o the apto tha eterme o politi-al eglao e ale llo a well?5



Acknowledg en s

Many audns and smina atiants aound th gobsondd to otions o ts wo ov th ast sval yasThos who ad fns in my ands, tod m stois, sntm itus, and slmntd my anayss gav m muh;so aso did tos who agud with m o otd my atsTh in gaduat sa a ssistants wo ontibutd to thisot nud Saa Axand, van As, Ja Jason,Mi L, and Mgan Wahsss At on Boos, Ramona addaod sub suggstons o v sions , Bud Byna s oy-dit ng smootd t os, and Mghan Ga gav vy aof oduton h xt hand and y A Unvsty i i Psidnts Humanits Flowsi and a Huma s saFowsi om Bly nabld th boos omtio



. I

l



Notes

CHAP R ON : WAN I N S O V R NT Y ,

W A D D M O C R A C Y

Ebit th largst nongl fns compan in Isa which is

buiing th sra wal was aw a a i n 2oo6 to on with oing

n constrcing th wa on h M c . jm Sptmbr 2 2

2o o6 ab on-in at http://w ww . ps t . ·o/s l /t l l?ge

=JPost2 J A tc2 Showull&ci= 6 ( ls c ss Otr

6 200). ansnationa ins ha as lp bt we r is tae mnts n spcial with gar to mra wr t h e t w s t s A Pa e t i i

grop cnty init Mxicn mr ists who h e prot a

th Mxican wa to pant on th Isra w.

2 Ram shmi Inias orr Fnc Extn to Kashmi: ountr

Aims to Stop Pistani nfitrtion Wshg s Ju 30 200 3 orr

Jmps: h Wor's Most Copx orrs: Pistan/Ina B: W

gl aaib on-in t htp://www.pbsorg/wnt/wiang/psos/

borr-mprs/th-wos-most-compxbs /paistaninia/2340 (st

accss Octobr 6 200)

3 A i sa J. Rubin Outcr or Wal Shows Dpth of r Rsntmnt

s Anysis Yk Apr 23 2 007

4 h is pattn of stratifi fows through gt opnings i n th nw

barrirs xtns from xpi t irport scurit procsing fo usnss-css

an frst-css pssngrs o th iffrntia tr procrs for trars

rssing th US borrs fom Cn an Mxico an for thos crossing

f l tr itois nto Isr. S Mtthw Sp A oba

N xu : E y u i t a t e Biool t s f Cizn of h orr



W ST S, WN N G SO V E G

Poliial Geoah ( nr o o6 ) for thoghtf disusson o fthe expedited

border rossng progrm ed EXUS nd other so-ed Smrt Border

progrms whih eempf how bsiness ss ii itienship hs beenextended ross trnsntion spe t the er sme time s eonomi iber

iztion nd ntion seuitiztion he rtied itizenship o others" (p

· h e deine o f ntonstte soeeignt mid gobizton on the one

hnd nd of indiidu soeregnt mid unpreedened dense soi pow

ers onsrung regutng, nd ufein g the sbe , on he oher ogeher

mrk the wning o soereignt respetie identified wih Westph (the

riuion o n orde bsed on soeregn nion-stes he renh Reo

tion (the inugurtion of popur soereignt) nd Knt (the rtution of

the soereign mor sbet) Indeed, one reson tht soereignt hs most

in dormn in poti theor from the te eighteenth entur unt er

reent when n extrodinr rnge of thnkers hs ten it p pertins to

his wning As Hege wod he t, soeeignt beomes theoeti pre

pton s its dstint moder form is ding

6. In hpter 8 of the first book ofRuqe Jen Bodin identifies soer

eignt s the bsoute nd perpetu powe of ommonweth the highestpowe of omm frmution Shmit shres n shrpens But in hpte

10 Bodns ot shifts to mrks of soereignt, moe tht emphsizes

the mpone of edng soeregn hogh ts rbes nd ities

rther thn through bstrt essenti uities Among these mrks: to gie

ordes bt not eeie them to mke repe nd interpret ws to dminste

ustie; o mke or hnge udgments to prdon; to oin mone; to tx; to rse

rmies; nd o mke greements or wr wth oher ruers See Jen Bdn , nSeein trs nd ed Juin Frnkin mbridge mridge Unersit

Pess 1 , hs. 8 nd 10

Some thinkers he rgued tht interntion humn rghts pomotion

n d oght to strengthen rther thn weken nton -stte soereignt

rging tht ntion onsition regmes epresen the bes gunee of

humn r ights. Mihe Ignteff Human Rih a Po ad dolay (Prn

eton neton Unersi Pess 2 0 0 1 p 5·

8. Mke Ds rfers t the trip l r s wl t t S Do/

n sr f U.Mio borr s hyprbol i sr o of

o s a c so t M ik i T ra a l o i l M iha l



O

Sorin () Agan he Wa: Iae ' Bae o Peace ( Y

2 oo 5) p 88

9 ocat writs Powr rations ar boh intntiona n d no � u b J t! ·

ti If in fact thy ar intigib his i s no t bcas thy ar th

anothr instanc that xpains thm b rathr bcas thy ar i

throgh an throgh with cacation Thr is no powr that is xrcis

wtho a sris of aims an obcis t this os not man that it rsts

from th choic or c ision of an iniia sb ct t s not oo for th

haqartrs that prsis or i ts rationaty Th ogic is prfcty car

th aims ciphrab an yt it i s ofn th cas that no on i s thr to ha

innt thm an fw who can b sai to ha format thm Hio Seuay Voume An Inoucon, rans Robrt Hry (w Yor Ranom

Hos 197 8) pp 995

1 0 Sch assrtions a r an important par t of th ar t an a of thory

an thr is nothing to apoogiz for hr. Eswhr I ha arg that hory

picts a wor that os not qi x ist a wor that is not qit th on w

inhabit S At th Eg Th tr of Poitica Thory" in Egewo (Princ

ton J Princton Unirsty rss 2005) p. o . A n inra btwn th

acta an th thorica is crcia insofar as thory os not simpy ciphr

th wor bt rcos i in orr to ra somthing of th manings an

incohrncis with which w i. This is not simpy to say that poitica an

socia thory scrb raity abstracy At thir bst thy conr rations

an manings hat iminat th a or that hp s rcogniz th ra bt this

occrs in grammars an formaions othr than thos of th ra

1 This ast was sggst by Eya Wizman in Th Wa an th Ey

an intriw with S ina aafi an Jry Kastnr Caine agane 9 (Wintr

oo) p . 3 1

1 . Th practcs f ographic sparaion wihin h contxt of coonia

occpation rathr than instittionaiz racism ar what ma th anaogy

with Soth African aparhi rant toay As Goron writs or

many yars th occpation oprat accoring to th cooaton princip

by which I man th atmp to aminisr th is of th pop an normaiz

th coonization whi xpoiting th trritorys rsorcs (in this cas anwr nd b) Or tim a srs of srctra contraictions nrmin

h i s p r n c k n d ay in md-990 nh gud n ini

I



W E T E , W I G R I G N

nm pon piip pion I mn h bnonmn of

ffo o mini r i of h oonz popuon . whi iniing

on onnu xpoiion of nonmn o n w) h

of in in or inffrn o h of h ooni popuion h i

hi of h prion prnipl oun fo h n ug n h

ion " Goon Ie cc Uni o on

P o o8 ) p xi x Fo iffn bwn phi in Soh Afi n h

gim n h Oupi Pinin rrioi, H n in nip

o O n w Rgim o Spion Ap i n onmporr /

Pn," i Ai Ophi Mih Givoni n Si Hnfi () The we

Inue Ecun: An Ie Re n he ccued Penn Teew Yo: Zon oo 00)

3 o in bd p. 17

4 hi rion opon o ing pplon h W i

nm h i n" o p w" i propon n w o

hm" o phi w b opponn

15 Rn . Ahibol, w Fn Wil Spi o P" ew

Yk me Oob 22 oo8 ib on-n hp://wwwnim.

o /2oo8/10/2 2/u/ o.h n G Amnon Mo o

p w o omp Mxio o Fn hi Yr" Gudn Unmied,

Api o o8 vib onn hp://www.gno/wo/oo8/

p/o/umio (boh Oob 3 00)

16 E Wizmn w Lnd e Achiecue uin Lonon:

Vo 20 07) p 177

7 Wizmn w nd, p 73 h o movl h of

h U.S-Mio bor bi: h ion of fnng i on n unn fo wih h hifing n Whn wn pi n up gin n

on op of hm h n oop up hn off n poiion b

n vhi f wih mhin ign fo h ppo S Fo

ing Fn Hp o Po, ib on-in hp://wwwmom/

pphpi16&oow. Fo ommn on h foing

fn" hp://ubopibogpo.o /2oo/03/floing-fn--ipi

onhm (boh l b 1 00 )

1 8 . A Ohi Th M or l k ( l AlJainst the

W ,

.(



O

1 p 0

0 Hllw Lan p 1 Wiman also w : lhogh non o fh maps

lasd b h mda o indpndn ghs gnt on ll show andal phoogaphs o dpi a lna ob b l n borde d hh al

fogns fom ioial dfind n t w l md t y nds nd

as sh h Wa has in fa bom a n ns nd frgm ntd sr s of

slf-nosd bais ha an b b drsood s prv l nt ond t on'

of sggaion Wi h apid mlipla dpt b rs t f of

io as gown o smb maps dnt of Sd n -

l ns wh fods islands an laks mak n onl sa wn

wa an land (p 177

1 I. p 1

. Sphn al and Alissa J Rb s as as aghdad Ss Wals

ml" ew me Oob 0 aaiabl on-in a hp://www

nmsom/ /1 0/ 0/wold/m dd as/0washm (as assd

Oob 3 200 h fis pa of his ail bas h moa of h

gian mn sabs h high of a dob- dk bs as h mos isib sign

of a fnamna ang h in aqi apia b ai a makswo onfssions s h walls a no oming down in all o n mos

agdad dss h si suround h Gn Zon h on noo

o s aipo hghwa gonmn buildings hpoins an d ni nighbo

hoods" an sond as h a mod h b-pod sabs a sakd

ag soag zons waiing o b usd lswh

3 In a n aadm dba abo mmigaion Jan h shain

agd a h d n bwn h own immigan gandans and onmpoa immgans is ha h fom am o Amia bas of s a ls

wh la a onn on wi bng hi onomi ans

oh h dis inio and h a of h asipns a qui qsionabl

S h Sh Lngh of Sa o sf isi (Rspons o Josph

ans Bn Reew (a/Jun 00

4 S h fo xm pl i s h as wh wha Wizman ha s namd h

pl s f a S Eal Wiman nouion o h Polis of

Vr l " lbl on-lin a h://wwwopndmoan/onfli

pol t sr t / r t _ 1 . j sp ls t ss

. s N zNo d K m d r y r lg t e



W T E S , W N I G S R E I G N T

. nernaona Boder" Congreona Reearc erve epor for Con

gress updaed May 3 o o8 p 7

Dave Mogoey Boder ee Tage 3 0 0 M e 8 Mos" FoWoh STlgm Apri 7 oo8

7 . ueeo and K Border ecuiy" p 3 3

8 A og rarey ead s ay ong ake eare o reeva e

arrer o overa graon rae an e evere drop n s rae during e

recesson coencng in oo 8 A udy pubed n May 0 0 reveaed a

e ne ofo of gra fro Mex o oe o e oe o

reurned fe by abo af n e year a ended n Agu oo8 fro e pre

cedng year" As deograper Jeffrey Pase ays f job are avaabe peope

oe f job are no avaiae peope don oe" Ced a Peo,

Mexcan Daa o Mgraion o . . n Decine" Nw ok Tims, May 5

0 0 avaiabe onne a p//nye.o/oo/o/ /u/ig

?cp= &q =recesion % odereae% o ega% oMexo&s e (as

accesed cober 3, 00

. Josep Nevn Opion Gkp Th Ri h "Illgl Alin nd

h Mking h US -Mxio Boundy ( e ork Rouedge o o c e pp. 430 ee ao ezNeo and Border ecry, pp. 40 4

30. Pau irs Sp nd ow olii W nd Ahiu (Cabrdge

Poiy oo p 71

3 Roxanne Pancas Fuu Tns Th Culu fAniipion n Fn

wn h Wold Ws (aca N Coe nversy Pre, 00 , pp 88

3 Greg ggan Hoo Munis" i n Pa Bes an d Kaerine Pence

(ed Soilis Modn: s mn Eydy Culu nd olii (Ann Arborn versy of Mcgan Pres 0o 8 pp 4344

33 Ibid. p 0

34 bid p. . or a dscusso of e Weern fgur of s bjec see

aper of Wendy Bron Rguling Avion Toln i n h Ag f dniy

nd mpi (Prnceon J Prnceon nversy Pres 07

CHAP E R T W O S O V E R E I G NT AN D EN C O S U R E

A poon o f is caper a reviouy puised i n Th Nw uism

onno n h Cono Go Conon ds avid

nd Mr olm (D rm N D k U



N O

1 . o Trir an nd M anrng" i Beitre zr Gechichte r >

rhe n tertr ( 3 2 cid i Car chi oo 1 he E

i the Intertio L 1 the J Pbic Eroe, ran G n ork To Pr 2oo p 75

2 anacq oa D icor o h rigin a d Fondaon of

nqaiy aong Mn" i he it n eco Dicore d ogr D Ma

r ran ogr D Mar and dh Mar (w ork Mar

Pr p

3 Wih hi noion o f h poiic of vrcay" Ey a Wia arg

ha crrny in h W Bank ovrig raon ar aping o pay

h o hrdnioay obvioy a worka ardiy"

go on p ac chnica h pop who ar away draing nw ap for

a oion arriv a copy an propoa for ovng h prob of

inrnaioa bodar in hr dinion ra if accordng

o h Cion pa wod hav had kior of wa and bridg and

nn conncng h ncav o ach ohr Th i h oa coap o

h ida of rriory a prodcd by ap" Eya Wzan Th Wa and h

Ey" a inrvw wh ia ajafi and ffry Kanr Cbiet Mie Wr o o p 3

ohn ock eon retie o Goernet n ohn ock o ree

1Goernet A Criticl Eitio With Inrotio n rt Critic d

Pr La Cabridg Cbrdg niviy Pr para 3 p 3 08

5 chi oo 1 the Erth p 7

ock eco rete para 08 ad 3 5 0 n a briia qaifying

xa ay M brogh o y anio h biqio aphor of fnc

ing i n Lock econ retie eco Tretie para 7 3 3 ad p

22 2 and

7 Ibi. pp ad 8

8 bi pp 70 and 7

Chri F yn qarr wh chi accon of oo A oo

ho Trh" oth tltic Qrter 10 o (prg 2 pp 337

rg howvr ha v noadic pop hav an of abih

i a a ondari darcaio o id ad od ad T ro m h t ry t vy r i, i iconcvab ha

ou! ht rt o nd r thr



W L E TA T E W A G S E E I G

encoure. ody we fce dfferen confguron. Are he ny vr

we'" orgnzed ody by he nerne ncpory of new fondon for

overegn bode10 . ch Nm ? he Eah pp 82 nd 4

1 . ee Dconry.co n k.co ervce hp//dconryreference.

co/rowe/beyond+he+pe ( cceed cober 20 200.

1 . ch Nm ?he Eah pp 78 nd 8.

1 3 . Ibid Nm ? he Eah p. 70

1 P r Spae ad Pe Plii a ad hieue (Crdge

Poy oo pp. 18 4 85.

1. Preden George W. B repondng o qeon by journMrk Trhn he ny Conference" of nory journl on Aug

10 004 vbe onne hp //www.deocrcynow.org/oo/8/1 0/

bh on nveercn_e_rb ( cceed cober 0 00 .'

1 ee for expe Jen Breon Geealgy ?Sveeig (Cbrdge

Cbrdge nivery Pre 1 pp. 17 nd nd Jcqe Derrd

Rgue Eay Rea rn. PcheAnne Br nd Mche

(nford CA nford nvery Pre 2 0 05 p . 1 5.

7 . Pr overegny" w decrbed by he ned e Depren

of e he go for rq n 2005 Derrd n h overeigy wy

redy pr nd d unfed . ee Rgue

18 he exree of h pper n oe whoe pceen of he

peope overegny nd he e' power n wo dfferen book of The Sial

Ca h confed novce reder for cenure

1 Th endency evden n rnge of hner ncudng Gorgo

Agben n Sae ? Exepi rn. Kevn Ae (Chcgo nivery ofChcgo Pre 00 Mche rd nd Anono egr n Empie (Crdge

M rvrd nvery Pre 2 ooo Jdh Br n Peaiu he P

e ? Muig ad Vilee (ondon ero 004 nd Mke Dv n The

Gre W of Cp i n Mche orn (ed gai he all Iael Baie

Peae (ew York New Pre 200. W Connoy wor o fee

h probe by pong wh he vroy er guy" uivn

and l la in " i n ov y in r l r t i i l t io" i

ov r i t r i o f o t t o l t W l l i m

C < l l , m , N l ) u k "L l i vns i

l 'n · s , 2 )



N O S

Aordng o Connoy ere s a n equvoaon nsde e dea of soveregny

beween ang w fna auory and ang w rressbe ee" an

osaon beween a jurd a auory a dedes e expon andoer uura fores a nser eseves rressby no e oo" e

uneran ruaon o soveregny beween auorave s nuna

on and rressbe fores of power" and n deora ons ona saes

soveregnys] ruaon] eween e ude raons nfsd no

and onsuonay sanoned auores" (pp 404 a of ese as

s aed a deonsrng and debunkng e onpua bd o sovregny

o reprsn an ndependen and supree owr Ty are ays of sayng a

soveegny as as been dened by oers does no reay xs bu s a bes

e ondond se o ondoned deson Ts approa o soveregny s

pa and pae o Connoys arger rejeon of sys es og s and absoues

n bo anguage and pos

0 Ianue Kan Pepeual Peace, rans W Bek (Indanapos

BobbsMer 5 7 p 1

2 1 Agaben as faosy foraed s frs ype o f soveregny n

ers o f a peranen sae of exepon oday See Gogo Agaben HmSae Sveeg Pwe a ae Le rans Dane HeerRoazen (Sanford CA

Sanfo nvesy Pess 8

2 oke w eae Gveme 4 esp paras 7

2 C olly Plualm 5

2 Eya Wezan urges us o nk oerwse Gven e poa pos

sby of onvenona onesae" and wosae" souons o e Israe

Paesne onf a s pon e wres we oul ke o propose e deaof a suaneous overap wo saes a are no yng sde by sde bu overap

egay aross e sae rrory Ts obvousy enas a ne defnon of

naona soveregy oe n w a oe of ore an one zensp s

avaabe or e sae area" ya Wezan e Wa and e ye" an ner

v w Sna ajaf and Jeffrey Kasner Cabe Magaze (Wner o

p Provoave as Wezans suggeson s I wonder s ray a new

foruao f soveregny a akes sense ere or peraps nsead a new

f fdra s

S Sh lo S Wol i F v " ya bb (d

mcy d _;j"re: Coti[ rh B ou nda oj' h Pi ca



W A L E D S TA , W A N I N G S O V R I G Y

J Prnen nvey Pre, 2 2 , and a deveped n Sedn S Wn,

Poc d Vo reved and expanded edn (Prnen Prnen

nvey Pe 2 0 04.2 Derrda Ro p. 3

2 7 Sh a veregny a rdern nep" u ean ehng

ee y h arpn a dene nep n a vague nep, u ne

peranng he uer phere. Th denn veregny [he ver

egn e wh dede n he exepn u eee e aaed w a

rderne ae and n wh rune." Car Sh, Po ooy o

t o t ot o an ege Swa (Cadge MA

The MT Pre 85 p 5

28 . Wt' gve upee pwe epeay ve a pa un " a e

r dern denn veregny and reed r exerna nrl" a

he end. W' oe Dcoy, 5 ed. .v veregny"

2 Sepen Kraner aep ded he hra aan v

eregny wih upree pwer and redue eanng he dea ha ae

are aunu and ndependen eah he" See Sephe D. Kraner

Sveegny," oe Pocy (January/eruary 200 avaae n-ne awww.gapygpnenen/are/7 2 3 0357 (a

aeed er 20, 200.

30 . S we Wa araee an exepn pnpay un

ed aury, wc ea he upenn he enre exi g rde. n

uh a uan ear a he ae rean wherea aw reede Beaue

he exepn deen r anarhy and ha, rde n he ur ene

preva vn n he rdnary knd. Te ex ene e ae undued pr uperry ver he vady e lega nr The

den ree e a nrave e and ee n e rue ene

aue. Te a e upend he aw n h xepn n he a rgh

epreervan . . Te w eeen e nep e ode are hen

dved n ndependen nn and eey ey e nepua

ndependene." Sh Poc Teooy p 2

3 Hege wre Te er ppa veregny ay e ed nd ae

h eple i -en all e r a cniu e

t s n . . . ls s h iy l i e w i h h b

l i w ak i g t h wh l a g l i k g i h h



N T E S

[arge a overegy belog o e sa Bu e ual ee wc

e e poplar overegy a begu o be ed ece e o deoe

h pp 1 ha n hch s n h mnarh. I oppooal

ee poplar overegy oe oe coed oug wc are baed

o a garbed oo o e people. Wh oarc ad a aclan o

e wole wc ecearly ad edaely aocaed w oarcy h

people a orle a." G. W. . Hegel lmn 1 h Phlsph 1 Rh

ed. Al le Wood ra H . B. be (Cabdge Cabrdge very Pre

991) para 79 p 3 8 9

32 ee Barelo Gnal 1 Svn pp . 28 ad 48

33· ee Agabe Hm Sac; Had ad Neg mp; ad CoollyPlralm.

34 Jea Bod On Svn: Chaprsrm h Sx Bk 1 h Cm

mnalh ed. ad ra u a H . Frakl (C ardge Cabrdge ver

y Pre 99 2), pp 3 3 7

3 5· T cla d er ubaally ro e Hard ad eg e a

overegy eal e cojog o e polcal ad e ecooc e erv ce

o e oer o e lae (o e upply o ecooc coe o po ca orad a overegy bor ou o eclar.

36 Te redeey dco e lae ad gular dco

a dee e polca epreg o eey eece b wa ar

derece ro oer ed. ee Carl ci Th Cncp 1 h Plcal,

ra George cwab (Ccago very o Ccago Pre 996 p. 6.

37 c Plcal Thl p.

3 8 c ackowedge pocal ey ay acqre a oral jrdcal

or ecooc caracer bu a acquo ecoary e e y

pocal ee Cncp 1 h Plcal p. 38 .

39 c o aloe ere Mo axee abou e dea o e pol

cal " ceer o e eroded auooy pry or overegy o e polcal . or

Ma Webe rea eaaed ro bureacracy ad raoalzao or

Haa Ae ro e e o e ocal ad anmal labran or Macavell

ro bo rego a d corrupon by pvae ere.

Here o ar Mll e opeg o book 4 o On Lbr Wat h ; i t r igf l l i m i t o e ovrgy o e dvdual over el?

h r o t h autho r t y of o y g i ? f a lie old



W L W G O V G

b e aigned t o ndividualit and how mch to ociet" N ew York Hackett

78 p. 7 Or conder Thoma Hobe arge n Leh that the

individa i free where the aw are ilent" or John Locke' effort to elineae the repective jridiction of religou an tate athorit in the Lee

le See Thoma Hobbe Leh ed. C. B. MacPheron ondon

Pengin 8 and John ocke ll Esss, ed. Mark Goe (abridge:

Cabige Uiveri Pe 7

4 . Thi wold eem to erode one of the crcia ditincton that Foucalt

ue to ho overeignt apart from biopower and gget tea hat ove

egnt oei operae in the moat of biopower

4. n hi uniqe orgn tor for the ocial contract in Wh he hdEe Abb Se arge that overeignt eerge to manage the poitcal life

of hm em and et each from the economc origin a t coe

into i ow. Thi detachmen i ao crcia to he theoogca or tha ov

eregnt take . M grattde goe to gradate tuden Aaf Kear for bringng

thi to attention in a fir-rae ear aper wten i he fa of .

4· Hart an d Negri, Empe, pp. 8 86 Har and egr aert h clai

withot deveoping t. t appear to be motl a Maxit efex on ther part44 Schmitt, ll hel, p . 6 .

4. Hobbe Leh, ntroucon" p 8 .

46. S ee orman acobon B eho evathan! " in de d le The

Fc d Lm lcl The B erkee Unverit o Cafonia Pre

77

47. Hobbe Leh ntroduction," p. 8.

48 . bd. ch. p 8

4 Conider hee ine fro Wh s he Thd Ese n Emmane JoephSiee ll Wg ( ndanapoi N Hackett 0 0 c.

The naon ext pror to everthing; t i h origin of vrthng.

t wil i alwa lega. t the law ielf."

A nation i a that t can be p b vitue of beg wha i "

However a nation a w , it i enough for i to w l . Ever for good

and it wl awa the upree law."

A nation i indpendnt of all fo ad howevr it a wll it i nugh

t s w l l to be a k ow o a l l os t i ve l w o l s l t i t s r

es i is s � a suc tr l l l s t e aw

J



N O

o odin O t p 4

. In th oowin ount o Amrin tion bod n B'

trkin ontion o God nd tt thorhp nd ntrpion ttrn nd hoy tth: I bi th Untd Stt i th bon or

in th world And I bi w h rponibiity to pomot rdom B ]rdom i not Amri it to th word rdom i God' it to ryy

n th wod bi th A mtt o w th pon ht wro h

in or d it I didn't wrt it I jt d it in ph And it bm pr

o th jron And I b tht And I bli w h dty to pop"

Gor W. kin to ob Woodwrd in ob Woodwrd Pla Atak

Nw ok: Smon nd Shut 0 04, pp 8 88 .

rk Obm p onrn My 8 200, ib onin

http//wwwwithoo/thproi/Rmkbydnt

bm nd- Ili-r im M initrN t nyhu- in pr i biity t

d Otobr 2 , 20 0

3 · nnh And O Taliaa N w ork ot

Ambn m a

4 For th noibrl dmory" i idntid with th mbr thi orin Thir dntion o Irq dmory md it poiti nd

onomi udin by u mr n oin ntmnt ony on o

th mo btnt xmp S Wndy o wn Noibrim nd th End

o Lib Dmory" in dwk Cal ay Kwld ad Pli

rinton N rinton nrty r 00

In wok in pro on M' rtiq o lion I dr wi t thi

ont o it nd o rdin o Mx tht brib to it or piwo thi wok Wndy rown h Srd th Sulr nd th ron

hr Tylo nd Kr Mrx" n Jonthn n Antwrpn t d

at ulam a ula A Cmbrid MA: rrd Uniity

0 0

6 Ski Sn L Ctl v a A Glbala

w ork Columbi irity r xii

bd, p xi

id Ru p 0

My in i s h md mr rumnt S or

r s A l S 'V ' Wr iz i I trn t ion lit:

.1)



W L L W A N I N E T

Sornt nd pn Sstms," ntnatnal Pltal Sn Rvws 0 , no

999): 739 .

6 annah Arndt, Th Ons fTtaltaansm pp 996 .

6 As tr Andas nots thr s no mall ron n th st Word

hunkrn down tod anst th dsruptv ono pota nd ultura

fts of loalaton A mr quartr ntur ao Thd Wod ntons

ompand most aou noalsms oftn dfomt ffts on nton

onom dvopnt, so nd polal struturs poltal autonom nd

tn wlln oda Andras wrts t s th dand ndustrlzd

sts that ar uldn up thr protctv wlls nst two of th dvlopn word's ldn xports: drus nd mrant or tr Andras, Bd

ams: Pln th US-Mx Dvd nd d Ith NY: Cornll nrst

rss 2009 , p

62 Sssn Lsn ntl p x

63 Slarsm and sulrton r havl onsd onpts, n

mon ontmporar sholas For a amp of ths ontstaton s Wm

Connoll, Wh am t a Sulat Mnnpos Unvst of Mnnsota

rss, 9 90) aa A sad Fmatns f th Sla hstan slam Mdn

Stnrd A Stanod nvst Prss 003) nd Chrl Taor Sula

Camrd, MA : rard n rst rss, 2 0 07) .

6 h xpton n jursprudn s nloous to th mr n thol

o." Shmtt Pltal Th p 36 os vathan pp. 636 odn,

On Svn p 6

65. Dda Rs p 8

CHATER THREE STATES A S U B JE CTS

dwrd Sad, Ontam Nw York Vnt, 979 , p 5

aul rst Spa and Pw Pts Wa and httu Camd

olt, 00 , pp. 8 nd 90

· lson Goodman, ow Buldns Man n Nlson Goodman nd

Cathrn Z. ln ds, Rnptns n Phlsph and Oth ts and Sns

Indnpols : att, 98 8), pp. nd 34 d i/ p.

Quot n M t t ukcn, Th Wl l , th n the Im R-

u 1 9 ) : 1 2 . d 1 ? 4

I



O

6 Paul Vrlo, Bun hlg ran George Colln (Preon, NJ

Prneon Areural Pre, o o8) , p. 46. See alo e Malory and Avd

Oa, Wall Wa i Mlia hu n Nh W u

( ondon Aagal Boo, 9 ).

7· Trevor Boddy Areure Emblema Hardened Se and Sofened

Symbol, Mael Son (e.), nnib Spa Th hiu h

Nanal nu Sa (New Rouledge, 8), pp. 88.

8 . b. p. 8 .

9 Howee opaed and lee, areue ll la effay

vv e dange a 9/ broug o e foe. I doe no deal pede

ran ude bomber, boogal eapon, arplane aer, and o o. odae, a bomb ave been rare n e ned Sae and ave been ued only

by dome ero, noably e eaermen and Tmoy MVeg (e

Olaoma Cy bombe) .

0 . Toma Hobbe, Lviahan ed C . B MaPeon ( ondon Pengun,

9 8 ), . 3, p. 8 6. Tu doe e prome of proeon roug ae over

egny bo ognal y and onuoly jufy e urende of naural bery

and ndependene n mang e oal onra. uende podue a

new form of ndvdual oeegny a we mg all vl overegny.

Te eange mg be ondeed anaogou o e moral and vl freedom

Roueau argue we aque for gvng up our naual lbey and mlaly

dependen upon e poer of proeo offered by polal oveegny.

. Te peae lne wall angng n leng from a few undred meer

o eeal lomee, made o ron, b, and eel and adoned w ema

able polal ua eparae Proean and Caol negborood n Bel

fa, Derry, and oer pa of Noern Ieland Conuon on em began

n e early 9 0 and a onnued roug e peen.

. Pee Andrea, Redawng e Lne Border and Seuy n e

Twenyfr Cenury, nnanal Sui 8 , no. (Fall 003) p 78 and

B Ga Plng h S-Mi v (aa, N Conell nvery

Pe, ).

Vay Gard d' ang, L ga Magan Sepember 9 9 , ed

J n Fed mgan an nu in an (Aldero, Agae, ·

L L L n ur s s Wesrn



W A L E TA E W A N I N G R E G

dmocc hv bckd w fom un vl ctznhp n cnt dcd nd

n ptcul fom wlcomng th nfnchmnt of nw v Not onl

Fnc nd Gmn bu th ntd Stt, Aut l, nd th thnd lllnd wth ho o wcomng nd ncopotng mmgnt nd fug

hv cnt wd nd th gu f n ght nd ntlmnt btwn non

nd non-ntonl" nd hv pomugtd mo, th thn xcluv

modl of ctznhp Fdmn mmga ad Iec ae p 1

ultul nd potc thhod fo ctznhp hv b d ncudng

not onl lngug pofcnc but, n th c of th Nthnd, ttud

towd homoxu, nudt nd gnd u

Schmtt he Cep he lcal, tn Gog Schwb h

cgo nvt of hcgo P, 99 6) , p. 6 l Schmtt, lcal Thelgy

Chape he Ccep Seegy, tn. Gog Schwb hcgo

nvt of hcgo P 005 ) p. 5

6 And, Bde Game, 7

7 Yul m, Potcon n th to," Haae Mch 8, 00,

ctd n Dk Ggo, he Clal ee ghaa alee aq

Ofod Bckwll, 00), p 18 Gogo Agmbn Hm Sace Seeg e ad Bae e tn Dn

-Rozn (Snod, A: Snod nvty P, 998 nd Sae

Exep tn Kvn Attll hcgo nvt of hcgo P 00 5)

19 L Buu dcung vgntm n th South Afcn contx f

to th blung th ououcng of ovgnt" nd fomult t fct

wongl n m vw xtndng, th thn undmnng ovgn.

Buu, h Sovgn Ouocd ocl uc nd Vonc n Pot lz

bth" n hom Blom nn nd nn Stpputt (d) Sveeg BdeCe Mga ad Sae he clal Wld Pncton, N: Pncton

nvt P 00).

0 Mnutmn Bod Fnc," vlb onn t hp//wwwmnt

mnhcom/b/plph (t ccd Octob 4, 009

Ibd.

. BB Nw Wb to Ptol S Bod" un o o6 vlbl

n-l t htt://

nccouk/

/

h/

mc/

0tm t

,

s dx s s · d hc lvcs g

j

r

:



N S

opau wal poid co fo and mak mo diffcult dct uillanc

of cimina actiit alon th won id of th bod tanlucnt o

itua fnc a not on poli ticall mpoin and hnc l uful fopoducin a on mao, th nd bod patol and oth uad

mo ulnabl to aaul, whh b amd mul or amd nunt.

24 htp://wwubodpatolcom (lat accd Octob 24 2009)

25 . Ibd. no w mod fom h it.

2 . Quotd in o W ank, ' Climb h Wa Tusn Wee un 9

2o o , aailabl on-in at htp://ww.tuconwklcom/tucon/Cnt/

Contn?oidoid3A1235 (lat accd Octob 24 2009)

27 M ik Dai Th Ga Wall of Capital, n M chal okin (d)

gns he Wll: Isel s Be ece (Nw ok Nw P, 20 05), p. 90

2 Anda Bde Gmes pp 143 and 1 44

29 . Da Th Ga Wa of Capital p. 91 .

30 . A nda Bde Gmes p. 4 .

3 1 Quod in ank, Lt' Climb th Wall.

32 Jadh N. hawati U . Immaton oic What Nxt? n uan

Pozo (d.), Essys n egl nd egl Immgn (alamazoo, M : W. E .Upohn nttut fo mpon Rach 9 ) , p 24, cid n Anda

de Gmes p 14

33 oph Nin pen Geeepe: The Rse he Illegl len n

he Mng he S -Mec Bundy (Nw ok Routld, 2oo 2) p. 17

34· chmitt lcl Thelg p. 0

35 Ibd p 2 .

3 . U . Dpatmnt o omland cut p la Action Plan oCatin a cu and mat od, Dcmb 2 2 00 1 , aala on-ln at

htp//wwwdh.o/nw/a/p _la_0037 .htm (lat accd

Octob 24 2009)

3 Mathw Colman U . tatcaft and th U . -Mxco od a

cuit/Econom Nu, Pll Gegph 24 , no. 2 (25) p 9

3. Naom Kn, Sh Dne The Rse Dsse Clsm (N w ok:

icado, 2 0 07), noducion

· annah Arndt, Th Pplxi of th Rht of Man, i n gns

nm ( Y: H r 1 966 2002. Whil ful n

w, i frm m l i ur ic , A rt s ly is i l i



W A S S W N I N E R I

hr tratnt of thi prodution a an xluivly politial phnoon Sh

ou th way tha vn n h prod abou whih h wa wiing tat

l" wa produd by ooi di loation and ot only by natioalitithni laning" pot rlatd to fung th tat to th naton .

. Mihl Fouault Th Bh ?Bopos Lu h Colg d

d Arnold Davidon Bangtok U algrav Mailla 2oo8.

S alo Thoa k Th Brth of Bio-oiti' Mihl ouault Ltur

at th Collg d Fran on olibral Govnntalty" oomy d So

no. May oo).

41 On pk of huan aptal Mhl Fhr S lf Appiatio or

th Apration of uan Capita" Pub Cutu 2 1 no 1 9 .

4. o a fulr diuion of nobral ratioality and it orov fft

on th rul of law y olibral i and th nd of ibral D oray"

in dgok riton J rton Uivrity r S alo Mhl

Fh SlfAppiation" an irr Dadot and Chritan Laval ouvl

so du od ss su so ob ar a Douvrt ) .

Lk Th Bth o f Bo- olit' p. 99 .

4 Dav Gat Wal of Capita" pp 9 1 9 899 .4 Davi Grat Wall o f Capital" p 9 .46 . ak Ladd uot n Bank Lt Clb th Wall."

4· An ta Vittu lo Th Long onoi Shaow of th Wall" in Sorkin

d Agi h Wll p 1 1 ik iigation poliy n th Unitd Stat

poy onng Wt Bank atinian oing into al o wok i havily

dbatd. Th Gaa Dngagt lan alld for optly linatng th

flow of altinan work ting ra That ai it o or lkythat Iral an funto without altinian labor than w ork' Upp Wt

Sid an funtion wthout Wt Indian Cali fornia agiultur and ontu

tio an funtion without Mxan or uop an fution without it ina

iilabl Arab" Stikg th rpt i th u of altinian wokr to

bul h Wal an ral tl ploynt of alt inian doti labor

8 bd

49 iny Bnr Borr/Sk" in Sorkin d gist th W,

P 1 1 . uaa Mat a d Dl i t Bum , Tnspare W , O q e Ges,"

Sork (d. ) Against Wall, p. 2

I



O

. See for eame he sor of Indin ice frmers searaed rom heir

frmnd b he wa seing of shmr from kisan. Rama Lakshmi

ndas Border Fence xended o shmir, Wao , J 30, 20032 Th e Forh Genev Convenion rohibis h e biding o f ermnen

seemens on occed nd b ermis emorr nsaons b in he

nme of secri. he eres govrnmen seized on his disncion boh o

romoe and o defend he seemens n he e os. And he Isrei High

Cor of Jsce backed Peres rging ha wh resec o e mi ir con

siderons hee is no dob he esence of seemens even i cv in'

of he occing ower in he occng erri or sbsani conribes

o he secri in ha are nd fciiaes he eecion of he dies of he

mir." As Weizman concdes here he cor s cea esabishing

he fac h civns and res deni seemens cod have secr fncon

ha s norm arbed o he oice and he arm" Sin jf and Jeffre

sner The W and he e An nervew wih a Weman a

Maazie 9 Winer 2) , . 24

53· This is a common bboard oser n he Sohwes of he Uned

Ses nd ices of he bbod er on nmbe o oence Web sesincdng hose of he M inemen nd Weneedafence com.

5· Ask O eders o Secre Or Borders Immediae" We eed

Fence Bog, Monda, Ocobe 3 2005, avibe onne h//weneedfence.

bgso.com as ccessed Ocobr 2, 29

See h//weneedafence. bogso.com/20o6/o/oenbordeoem

bscoroher.hm (as ccessed Ocober 24, 2009)

. Th e ine he drw bewn h sfe ineior n d dngeros exerior s

brred b he secr arcece and rases exended dee ins ide e

nion nd b he mobiion o ciiens everwhee o w gains he ien,

boh of which gve he ie o he sf inerior Roher nvoks

7 · avis, The Gre Wa of Caia . .

8 . Fo Hobbes sovereign s era imaion o Gods ower. More

ha govenng, s he on hman ower h sbjecs s b overawing

aa, . 8 . From his areciion h beief, ke reason is no nform

i n is re r ffcs Hobbes movd semen awe based on beif when i l i i l sr T sln is r

s l is i t s s tz t 's y



W D S T E S , W G S O V E R I G N

keep fe h nd o fmine nd ommening he eond onide hi h

i ou job "

CHAP ER F O U R D E R N G WA

1 . ied in nd Ahbod Aong he ode mugge ud n

Undegound Wod" Nw Yrk im eembe 200 A- 8

2 e e epei Weizmn Hllw a ral rittr Opa

ti (ondon Veo 200); nd Neve odon rals Opati (ekee

n iei of ifon Pe 0 0 )

Jon Aklon onuing eu on he U -M exio ode"

Plitial Ggrap 24 no 2 (oo pp •584

4· ode ene im ned fo Hing eg Woke" l Tig

ir ion Pubi dio o Hoe eembe 14 oo The

ive-mi iondo ine Goden e me pd w pne omped

wih he mke he nd po deed fom hee p ie ove dede

· eizmn Hllw a p

Pee Ande Brr Gam Pliig t -Mi Dii (h N

one Uniei Pe 2 0oo ) p o n oun of een unneng poduion he U-Meio

bode ee Ahibod Aong he ode mugge u d n Undegound

Wod"

8 Tedd uz ode ou" in Mhe oin (e) ibl pa

T rittr t Natial ri tat (New ok ouedge oo8

nd Ahibod Aong he ode mugge ui d n Undegound Wod

· i Mexio ode ene ee ewe Mign Moe Vioene"

Dalla Nw, epembe 1 oo80 i

1 1 Jee MKine nd Mi Won ew ode e: Vione b

ogue Miii Nw Yrk Tim June 00 A ·

1 NunezNeo nd ue Kim Brr r Barrir alg t

tratial Brr (Whigon : ongeion eeh evie 2oo8)

nd Admin ion Move o p Lw o ompee Mexi o ode ene

hi aia, Ap 2oo8

1 3 . Be n e di c t A ndrson, g Communes: R�lct ion n h g

Spread of Natli (L o d n: V e o , 1 9 ) , p



O S

here are other iportant estons pooked the phenoenon o

waling toda in the ae o its ineia thogh the are sight tangential

to the pobleati o soeeignt How does the desire or was oport withdsoses abot extending and een instantiatng deora aross the oe

How does t sare with the preises o openness and nersait entailed b

this pojet Altenatiel, what kind o ontanent ht the desire or wal ls

idiae hat deoa eies ? s hee a new oatio o deoa

here or reial o an anient one

Ma Doglas, ui and Dan: An Anasis Cnps lluin and

Ta (London Rotede ad Kegan Pal, 166 .6 Qoed in Jo h Doghert, Cess oo oo o M deast egals in

Anasts a ailre of I gation Contro Contribted to 9 Attaks,"

Word N etDai, htp//wwwwndo/news/artieasp _ = 6 9

(as aessed Otober , 009)

ael Hntington, Th Clah Ciilzain and h a in Wld

d New ok: ion and hste, 99 ) pp 00 5

8 d p 06

9 Robert J apson Rethinkin Cie an d Iigation" Cn 7(Winter oo8) and Open Doors Dont Inite Criinas Is Inreased Ii

gratio Behind he Dop i Ce?" N Yo Tis Opd Mah o o6

p A

0 Hannah Arendt, Th Huan Cndiin (Chago nesit o Chiago

Press, 958)

Nietshe, ses and Disadantages o Histor o fe" in Uni

diains trans R J Holindale (Cabide Cabridge nirsit Press98) p 6

n Bid ing Dwelng hinkng," ( 95 ) Heidegger writes What the

word or spae, au u designates s said b ts anient eanin Rm

eans a pae eaed or reed o setteet ad lodgin A spae s soehg

that has een ade roo o soethn that is leared and ee, nael within

a bondar pa A bondar is no ha whh sethn stops bt, as

th rs onid, the bondar is that o whih soething in i

s wh th e i tha ohro hat is, the horio, the

ry S i i n s t >r w i r bn t w i

is i d M i B l i l l T i



W A L E D T E W N O V R I

Poey Lguge Toug tan. Abet Hoftadte ew Yok: Hap and

Row 1 97 p. 14.

2 3 On th tat a ontane e e A nton Gdden Te No-e Volece Cambdge: Pot 9 8 and Pee Tao Th Stat a Contan

Tetoalt n the Moden WodStm" Pogess Hum Geogpy 8

no 2 994 pp 15 1 6 .

2 4 . Ahl Mbembe oveegnt a a Fom o f xpendte" n Toma

Bom Hanen and n Stpptat ed oeeg Boes Czes Mgs

es e Poscolol ol Pneon : Pnton n v Pe

oo pp 16 63 .

25 Saka San osg Corol oveeg Age Globlzo

ew Yok Coumba Unve Pe 9 96

6 . Pau Ht pe Powe Cambdge Polt 5 h 1

27 . T heap pe of ommodt ae the heav atlle wh whh

[the bougeo batte down a Chne wall wth whh t foe the

babaan nten obtnat hated of egne to aplae." al Max

M anfto of the Commnt Pat" Te Mgels Ree d ed. ed.

Robt C. Tuk ew Yok: oton 19 78 p. 47 7·

28. ae Mnt of Foegn Affa Savng e ael t-Tot

Fene Anwe to Q ueton" anua 4 avaabe onn at htp://

wwwmfagov /mfa/mfaahv/ o o 9/23/1 /avng% o ve- o

ael-2 oant tot ofene%2 o % oanw at aeed Otobe

9

29 Se htp//www.weneedafneom htp//www.ameanpatoom

and http//w wbodefenepoj .om a at aed Otob oo9 .3 . Ruhama Maon and Dat Ba m Tanpaent a Opaqe Ga"

n Mhae Sokn ed Ags e ll Isel s Be o Pee w Yok:

ew P p. 15

3 1 . n the ea pape d embaangl qanttatve about th

poe efeng o the m" o quan" of extaton" n t ogna

de havng to be edeed

3 . Sgmnd Feud The Neuo Phoe of Defene" n the

o e Complee Pyologl Wks gmu e, a . n d S 24 vol (London: Hgarh Pres 5 3- v . 3 p.

· Ibd.,



T S

4 Anna Freud, o ad Masms f fs trans Cec Banes

Ne Yk Internatna Unerstes Press, 9 46), pp 446

5· id. p 4736 d pp 5455 he as adds that certan defense mechansms ca

be empyed eary n chdhd (regressn, reersa, turnng aganst nesf)

he thers ke submatn, reure mre maturty beause they enta

acepane f eran aes p .

37 d. p 64

38 id. p 6

3 id, pp 74 ·4 d. pp 78

4 Car chmtt, omos f ar Iraioal aw f Js

ulm uropam trans G en Ne Yrk Tes Press, 6), p 4

42 Anna Freud, o ad Mcams ff p 5

4 Ana Freud says the eg s defended agast at east three thngs the d,

the anayst the aects asscated th nstnct (d. pp The eg s nt

a that s mdfed by the defenes The nstncts aganst hch the defenses

are but as are transfrmed by them Cnseuenty, y the anayss f theegs u scus defense peratns ca eabe us t recnstruct transfr

ans hch the nstns hae undegne" (p Acte dentes n th

sdes f the fence are prdued by the defenses, hch s hy these denttes

bec the cruca tets thugh hch the nstncts ca be read en here,

the defenses themsees are nt aays easy t see, and reactn-fmatn

can est be stud ed hen such frmatns are n the press f dsntegratn"

p 0) there s a readng f the d aaabe ny thugh the transfrma

ns that the defenses hae pduced n the defenses themsees and thrugh

a cnsderatn f the particuar methds f defense that are depyed (p ),

but t s a s the ca se that certan readngs f the defenses are aaabe ny

hen hey ae fa ng apat, een hen psyhss s n the hrn (p he

ecgntn that defense makes anays s tsef mpssbe ed Wihem Rech n

Carar ai trans Vncent R Carfagn Ne Yr Macman, 1 98 ),

t sst that psychanayss has t rk drecty n the defense mechansm

smy yz s r sur· A n a EJ " )[ . • ! ·



W L L A , W O V T

46 ud rk qud in Aki Edr A ii ung, Haa

nury 8 00 b nin p: //wwwrzm /n/

pg/8 2 5 m ( d Ob 7 47· Azm ir Chpn: Fagn a Sy ( Ai: Bb P

6 (in Hbrw p 0 id in Wizmn Hw and p. 47

48. Ann ud d iingu rpy bwn funin nd puriw

dni nd rprin gung frr f n dngr

r fr nrn nf S Th g an h Mhan Dn pp 4547

nd 10 1

4 Guy brd

h pa rn nd NinSmi

(Nw Yrk n Bk 1 5 5

Sigmund Frud Th Fuu an Iun rn . RbnS

(Grdn Cy Y ubdy 1 64 pp 2 6

5 pp. 484.

52 inig r iury pwr f n i mp r

rgn n uin ug i i n mr Frud puru.

5 Frud Th Fuu an Iun pp 4 55



Index

Adhaa Badad hbod, 1Ahsta, 8

Aan o, 2 5 8 8 ,

' 4 2

Aor su 77 1

Aln faa da 1 7 1 5

Ana, 1 n

Adrs Bdt, 1 1 4

Adas, P 84 , 5 0 1

Anra ata 7 , 17

Ard, annah 8 , 8, 147 1

Argnti,

Artt, 5.

Ar os o Es U 7

As sr 0

AantW, 7 40 7 757

Auraa 8 2 , 1 0 1 2 4

Auono 58, 2 2

Aaa ahdad hrd,

AuaArla 7 1 ·

HL GO 7·

Banadsh, 8

Baa hd 2 , 0

Baara 74 5 8 n

Ba , 2 .

Bln Wal, 40, 1 4

Bh o agwat , agd sh,

oowr

BisharaAzm, <l•ly·' 7 7 B \: 22 bo- .

H o n l 1 T P . l H 7. :

"a o n ad, vlantrsat 8

Borrs ad ars 8, 254 4 14

n27 danus al anta ad

1 5 ; os f sa vt and

84; "Js arrs, 7; td ao as an es of von

t, IJ�4 hal d

h and 1 7 2 8; statd ows

h, 20 78 4; unrttd

ows abo ad od acros 10 0 Wa

Bowana 8

ra

Braz, od h araa 120

Brta 40 54Br

uanan, at .

Bra, 8

s G 224, 48 4

thloal s ad 2 ;

UMx bodr wal ad 2

Buu as, 12 .

C, V 1 aada 20 4, , 7 14

atal, 2 7 8 0 dtrd rdr

o and ; an ldow al

2008, 7; as loa sn, ; an ar ad, ; ovn

f, 8, 2; d o a la lar,

2 scltig es f ; pcaovdg and, i

fow: 1 9 •



W A L S A S , W T

Cer, Mel , 81

Cet M), 8 , 2

Cle I f n) 5 7

Cpnt, 2 8 1 8 100 0 Cle

Cn 1, 64

Ctnt, , .

Czesp, 8 2; rten ,

8 n4; l 5; spre le lsssf 82 , 1 2 ; ps f, 87

Cvlt "e t e pe f, 5,

s f vlts , 8

Clnn, Bl, t f, , , n

C W 8 , 2 , 7 4

, Mw,

Csztn, , 7 , 1 2 2 ,

1 1 ; Enl Ple n ren 44;stle lnls, 28, 0

Cs, 40Cl Wl 4 1 1444 n 1

Cnnent, ftses f 71 2 C, prv, 7

e, 2 1 8, , 7 1 7

e 881.

V K 2 , 8 , 8 8

D G, 107 10.

Desns, 2 24, 4, 48, 8

r n ; en f t

svr 84 f

sn n 5; vnt f

p n, ; t npl n 87;

vn n, 8 0

Def e, pn, 1 1 ,1 , .

Delz, lles 81

De, 0 , 4, 1 07 tnsste per , ; vlzt

s n ; sn f s

, 8; 4; etn fwln n, 2 7 ; retre f ves

tnp, 8 , 1 1; ule flw

n, ; ven n ensu nn , 472 ; unvsl ns

sus f 96 wll e 0 1 4 3

Deptmnt o l lond t U 7 7 . � 7 1 0 1 ; \'i A I n l j ;

J

Bers At BAP), 4

Der,Jues 7, 7 1 81 144 7

Dese spl, 2 , , 2

7 , 7 , 1 0 5, 1 0 0 1 1 1 27 , 2 , 57 , • 8 n

Deettn, 8 1

Dstvs, , 7 1

Dl Mr Dr tr 20 7 8 1 0

e le fn n, 1 2; n

ven ef f vlsn , 0 1 ; u f w n

GHG GG 1

Ep, 1 2, 28, 1 20

ElnJn B 41 n2

Een, e , 1 , 8 87lse 2 4; nntte wls

70; r sn f , 7,

1 04 s pl v

e nnbtnts, 87

nvn ss vlvn, , 8 11Etp

Eup/Epen U n ( U), 1 4;

Af n As nts t, 2028 ; srs ll 1 0Msl ress , 1 ; p

vrn 8

ep stte f 7 1 4 n , 1

s enelz nn 8; b

f p n ; lvesses

n 88; pne 8 svern s

ee f, 8; l nsn

ve , 7 0, 1 0

2 .

Fer, L\v 7 1

F rst W l, 8 8 1 2 1 , 1 2 1 0 n

Glb t ;Wesr

v

u Ml, 1, 7 , 81 , 7

n 8

Frn 0, 12

Fen Revlun 8 1.

F Ann, 2 29 0 5 0 8

J6 3 10 48Frc Sgd 1 1 1 9 1 0 1 5 R j

:ay henry f tk ' \, - n

o· igi , � { I )H � . 7



X

rd-nmy rlaton, 4, , 6 ,

3 147 n 36 ; as fanasy of nationalonging 6 natona bordrs and, 7 0

GAND RA 93Gaza 19 2 2 6 120 .Gogay, magina 73-7 +Gopois 33 47 9 1 0

Grmany, 40 1 47 15 2 4

Gscad dsang, Val 2Globaiation 2 6 9 dangros

aln nasy and 7 dln ofsa sorgt and, 1 3 5

dnatonaation o trrtor and, 66

dton of naion and 13 3; dssolunof sogny and, 39; onomy and

scuiy oosd in, 94 ar of

bods by 4 fanasis of "aldoay and 1 4 mgrant labo and,

11 prssus on natostats fom 27

syoanalyc dfns thoy and 129

sorigny angd y 7 sagng

of oil od and 9 3 U Mio

odr al and 3 xnophoia and 69

ee Nolrasm

oal Noth 35 2, 96, 22 ee World Wstn ition

oba o, 2 3 9-96 22 S aThd Wod

odn a n Comany 1 1 5 6 +oodman, son 74·odon 7 1390 2 Wal o f Chn 0 74 7 ·

uantnamo 46 7

ARDT MCAL 2 4 , 6 1 17 . gl, G 5 1 3 , 7 9 , 1 2 , 3

146-47 n

dgg Martin, 26 1 1 17 n2 2

nry V I (ing of ngand), 57 inds 63

H s Pau 74

HobsTomas 22 o 79, 0

auortaransm of 56 on sn o f

1 n o on sogn o

of ommon 73 on toogy f

oigny 9-60 70 1 04 5 n H ong

H s

man rgts, 67 96, 23 13 n7

man racing 4ntr, nan, 92

Hntngton amul 63 6

NTY 0 10 7 isdon and, Omtal natr of 117; nationa 2 3

29, 133 dology 23

Illga I mmigaon Rform nd Immigan

Rsponsbty A (996 36.

maginar potca, 26, 39 61 109;laonal ash and, 3 ; ontanmnt

fantasis and, 1 1 9 ; satal, 7 4-7 o

alld dmoray 1 1 4Immigraon, 19 27 nfay of als

and 09, 12 n2 oula sntmn

against 3 5 ; onatonl bas o32; roting of 37 sn as inason

2 96 1 17 1 2o osm asoad

i 1 1 6 U poica tis an 92 ;

nophob naionasm and, 6

Im migaon an d Cstoms nfomnt

U 10 Immgaton and Natalzaton r,

U, 9miasm 23

mmalty fantass of 1 9-2

ndia: Banglads bodr, 1 4 93

asmir a 30 astan bod,

Innocnc, fanass of, 107 4 223

Instutons tansntiona 2 2

Inlign sa 2

Innaona Co o fsti 7.

Innaona Mona und 2 2 Iran ordr astan 9

Ira aghdad arrrs, 1 19, 33 6

1 4 1 n 22 ; "disasr capiaism n, 9 ;Gn Zon n Baghdad 19 1 41 122

at bod 2o ; ad ord, 1 7 sognty of 9 o 14 n7

Irland ngs a in -46Iland orn o, 90 Isam, 6

Is 76, 6 12, 4 n.24; ass

aganst t Wal 12 2; cha aor nds99 ,_ 1 5 n4 7 dscos o f allng n

2 o lbit 7 n 1; idntn th



W L S S W N I G S O R E I G

U td ats 0 2 taato o f

42 as ao tl b as

0 st oud Pasa

os 4 848 2 a

r borr wh 2 0 28sla hto o sa

aoh wh d tats 2

thooa do o ort

ad 24

sal ut "hWa) 28

140 4 atst ad otor

aast 12 2 1 h arr

ad 0 2 sors aoat wth

a of 2 a of o ;

Palsa oo ad 0010hoaat df tho ad 0

l lato for 1 2 2 2 sr

das of 00 sovrt ad 4stat o xto ad 8 uo

of law a 87 ttoa ao

a 2 8 2 9 0 o oto

oth 222 .Mxo bod wa

ad 8 28 2 89 7

s Bu 1

"JERSY BARRIRS, 7 7 7 8 a t of 9 J O 8 1 4

ws 2 4 9 9

KANT MMAUL 44 49 8

Kah 8 0 8

Kaa ua 9

K ao 9

Kora o ld War o a 4

Koa oth 9

Krasr h 4 .29.

Kwat 20

Krzsta 8, 28

AOR 8 98 0 . ha abor

2 99 29 obal sd

our o 8 uswor ol 99

aaoa ows o 2 9

Mxo ordr wal a 0 7 1 .

aw ad lal orss 2 4

trato al aw 2 rort ad,

44 r o aw, 22 8 48 7 0 suso o aw 8 40 48 8

q 3 3 , 3 3 , 2

oas 9

bal 4 8 2021 1

a 9

o oh 44 48 0 9 48 0

MACHAV CO 7 , 147 9

Maot L 40 7

Malaa, bor wh Tala 9

Mart oba 8 20

Marx Ka 149 .

Marxs 2

Maut/aul 8 8 1 08 920

MbAhl 1 8 .

Ma Joh 0

MVhoth 9Ma l Mooo, 28, 2

Mxo 0 , , 9 20, 0 2 42

8 , 4 8 8 40

4 2 28

Md A 20

Mdd a 28 2

M a ha 9.

M Joh uar 448 4o

Mt lat B 8788, 08

J 2

Mrada h, 89Mot 49

Moroo ah as 9 9 28

0 2 r ahaa b 19

28 8 90

Mutuu<l

Mu l 9

AFA RH AMRA R RAD

AGM 20

aoo Ja 07.

aoa rst 8.

aoas 8 2 8 9 08 8

aotas 20 2 24 oo

ruato ad aato of 9

1 2 1 "fad sats 8 ows a

arrr sd 24 ostWtphala

or ad 2 ort saatd

fro tatbt lao

08 09 tha to dt a o

of, 2 wal a ah of or

444 ovrav a 0 1

z 4



I X

Ngr, oo 23 5 5 , 6 7 3 5 Nooerie,e, 0 .

Neolbei, 23 , 6 5, 67 be o

lgig oe, 1 2 2 ee

eope , 96 io d, 95 , 97 obiio

Nei, oe, 93

Nh, Frier, ] , 1, 1 3 1 .

OO ber, 77

(, or 6, 64

Nr epo, 42 69.

OBAMA BARACK, 62-63

Oe le eror, 9

Oko C bobg, 1 17 , 15 1 9O 0

Oeo ekeper, 35 , 91 , 9 93

o o e Le 35

Oeo 35 r,A 7 3 , 33

e, egl, 53, 7, 93, 6

O/ohere, , I ] -3.

PADUA CTY OF 19

k: d order, 5 r ordr

' 9 l/bod le 3, 5-6, 5 > li 7 2, 3 1 1 23 lor

eed o rel , 99 5 4 47 geo l i r, 6 ee o

Wll d o plo o u W 1 5 47 d 10;

Iri e ereg o

roeo gi heWe Bkl, 137 pui reo o ri

W , rg, 0

rrh, 9

P le Nohe Ireld, o, 90, 5 . 1 .

r, hio, 7 5 5 .5 Polig, ie d exe 25

Poil, oo o e 5-5

ui

Poer, , 5 3 oub 5 2 i

eo roe o, So81 deoand, 51 535 4, 5 1 9 rrgep" , o iio o di

spculrizo o,

heolog o oereg d 6 r l,

, o oPoer, 56 79, 3

oo, 9

Pho, 27, 1 13, 1 5 , , 1 3 - 3

ACE AND A , 9 3 , 1 0 1 0 , 2 ,

1 39 1 2

R oh 108

R ! A (oo5, 36 3

Reloi 67 9, 95

Rgee , 19 , 6 7, 3

Rh, Wlhl, 1 , 1 59 3

Rpo 7

Rlgo, 23, s o pi deopooh o, 6-66

deoie o 6 3 6 4 oigi

eiee o, 3 131-33 10 5

guio f 6 eait d 70

eologil oerig 62-

Rio 7

Rpreio, poog 1 16,

6o Roluio, o.

Rdge To, 1 1 516 Rodo, 33

Ror, o, 1 0 I J 5 5-56 59 ,

5 5 56Ro, ee 43 44 51 6o,

79 , o o ii o eu

lb 15 o o o hoo 6 o oeig, 4, 4 .

Rui, pooie, 95

AD DWAD 7 37 5

ego ee, 35e, ki, 66, 6 19

d r r ordr, 1 7Yme

orer , 6

, , , 4, 3 6 oo

o he oi , 5 o io

23-24, o eiio o orig,

3 , 3 6, 46 27 o he xio,

7 0 , 1 ) 64 o uo o d

44-5 o d poiio 1 8 o

order o exepo, 5 3 93 , 16 3o polil o o oeig

, 7 io o eloe

, 6 o pl do, o



W L L T A W A I G O V E R I G N T

teoogca meio f eeigt, 9

Secam/ecaao 6 6 6

Secue Fec ct oo6 , 6 , .

Setmbe 1 1 , 9/) atack ]6, 1 6 .9

Sao e,

S, 6o , 1 9

Sma Boe co a SB 9

Smggg, 19 S aDug tafcg Weapon afck g

Soca coact e - 6, 6o 9

Sot ca, 6 9 1 9- Seigny ] 1 autonomy a 9 9

bode a - defng featuef 1 n 6 , 6 n democacy

a , 1 n 9 eacmeom atta 6 69 -9ecomic din of - ec

e and 6 ; a e o -9, 1 1

gba me a, a cut

fec and and apiao

a oundatn aw n ean to

, 6 a macune oca

ata, 119-, 11 uoce oigiae n.9 aa

oeegy 1 oaoeegt, 9 6 1

ue o aw an ee ui dci

ad oeeg dece ad teoog

of wag 69 aiay oeageeigne a wt

ot 6669 o jc, 9

1 1 eaicaiaon o 9- wanig

o dec o 6-66, 1 , q,

Weaian e an, 1 Soegnt eogca mein of ,

e fo waing and, -

emaine f 1 ; ecuaation

o d powe 6 6 wag o

oeeigy 66

Soe U/Soiet boc ome 99·

Secace ociety f e qo

Sae aioa

Saee peope, 6 6 , 96 , . 9

Subjc , 9 9 auomy ad dee f wag, 1 1 9

) fnz i dnk d in

commoweat ad 9 omo

mtu, oegnty f 9

1 o tate-ec eato

69 o - 1o 9 wai ng tae oeeigy

and 1 Sujectiy 9 9

Suie bom 1 9

Sace 1 a a

ecuty Wa oo a US-exico

ode wa 9 1

T YL .

coog , 9 ode tcato

and , ae Wa a ffe

miay enogy 9 of aiacoo ueance and decon, igam a

etoa t/tetoaato

m o 1; dagu a fatay

and omgown t en i

Uted Sat 1 • ga imgaion

acae w 6 inecacy o wa

d 19 eam ad ect

i 96 ou bode and 69

Smat Be cton an SB

a 9 a ag o ecui wa

anaoa newk o, 6

Taad 1 9 96ey otica a ca 9 n.o

T Ric

Tid Wod 9 1 1 1 6

S a ba SouTge ap ae ·

Tky ai ga atack 6-

ote,

T o Tuk, 6

Tumea .

BOMB

U nied Aa miate

Uted Sats aaia ode,

o Wa poicie d ico owang i gioy iniae

6 gated commte , 9

9 , 6 detication wit a1 a aion etd by i igat i , 6



I N D

tr c ( 1

"sbod \Vh � H -M l , � -

1 U d, ;

viol o v{ t d

1 �yf 8 ] 9

li lf' - 1 -1,

14 ordr,9 M nd,

ttt vny d

c , 6 oulri l', 8 �9/ discors

n, i f

pr d y ; spoo s hr hopi,

90-9 0-1 bis

VA A WA (PAUA A), 9 Vo ttt,

Vn Wr Moil Wshto D)4

Wian, yl 0, - 14 n. o

' ' 45 n Wr s 6

Wdfco - 0

W Bn, 1 9 , 0 4 1 n Wr vio , cvilitio

csh diou nd,

or o 5; lr s sc o 1 1 6-1 ; pour ority

, 9 holol do oovin d 6 i Wordobl ot

Whali o 1 64: ontain

or o sts d oWsthn o 1 s

o 5 hooicl ornty 6

Wo ad Oraion .

XOOBA 9 0 d or a

rocioni 69; oiito

of popl rt cor o

yhonlytc df tor d ,

ov dl 9·

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