THE VALIDITY O F THE PSYCHOTIC REACTION PROFILE 489

W correlates significantly on both wards with the following measures of patient behavior: patient-initiated interaction, nonpurposeful behavior, change of behavior score, employment, socialization, and privileges, and on the male ward also with length of stay and on the female ward with housework. Even if one considers that to some extent employment, privileges and socialization are determined by the members of staff who assessed the patients on the PRP, the W scale of the PRP is supported as a valid measure of patients’ behavior. The importance of this kind of validity data is that many judgments made by nursing staff about patients are not strictly related to those behaviors that are considered to be of importance by psy- chiatrists and psychologists. In a previous study(*), it was found that from a nurse’s point of view the more ill patients were not the more withdrawn and inactive ones, but the ones who assisted least in the management of the ward. Similarly, it can be speculated that the decision as to whether a patient is assigned to an open or closed ward is not related primarily to such indices of patient behavior as social with- drawal and thinking disorder. It seems to follow that correlations between the rating of patient behavior and patient behavior itself cannot be taken for granted, but have to be established empirically.

SUMMARY PRP scores have been correlated with measures of patient behavior obtained

through independent observations. Significant correlations between P R P social withdrawal score and patient-initiated social interaction, change of behavior, non- purposeful behavior activity, employment, socialization, and privileges were found. This result is interpreted as lending further support to the validity of the PRP as an instrument for the assessment of hospitalized psychotic patients.

REFERENCES 1. 2 .

LOHR, M. The Psychotic Reaction Profile. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Service, 1961. ST~FFELMAYR, B. E. The relationship between nurses’ ratings of patient behavior and observed

patient behavior. Soc. Psychiat., 1973, 8, 37-40.

WELTANSCHAUUNG AND THE PURPOSE-IN-LIFE TEST DAVID SHARPE AND LINDA L. VINEY

Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia

PROBLEM As Tillich(5) has said: “The anxiety which determines our period is the anxiety

of doubt and meaninglessness. One is afraid of having lost or having to lose the meaning of one’s existence”. F~-ank l (~ ) estimates that half of Western society knows this experience of inner emptiness. Crumbaugh and Maholick(2) have devised the Yurpose-in-Life (PIL) Test t o measure that experience and its converse, the exper- ience of meaning in life. The discriminant validity of the test is known in that it successfully distinguishes between psychiatric patients and others (2) , and it predicts scores that represent neuroticism, anxiety and self-control ( 3 ) , and also depression ( I ) .

However, there is little evidence, apart from correlation with another index of Frankl’s will to meaning(2), that directly indicates that the Purpose-in-Life Test measures what i t purports to measure. The present study investigates relationships between its scores and various aspects of the Weltanschauung or world view of each of a sample of Ss. Specifically, i t was hypothesized that Ss who obtained low scores on the PIL would show their lack of purpose in their world views by expressing (a) a more negative than positive world view, (b) a lack of purpose, and (c) a lack of self- transcendent goals.

490 DAVID SHARPE A N D LINDA L. VINEY

METHOD Because PIL scores do not appear to be a function of age, education, or intelli-

gence(2), a sample of 58 Australian university students, aged between 18 and 19 years, was employed. Before he filled out the PIL, each S was asked to write for 30 minutes in response to an open-ended question to tap into his Weltanschauung: “Everyone has a picture of reality, even those who have not thought about i t as such. What are the essentials of your picture? Include what beliefs, doubts, and life purpose you may have, and what meaning, if any, life has for you.”

The resulting world-view protocols were made to yield meaningful numerical data by having three experienced clinical psychologists independently assess each protocol on three criteria: Evaluation of the World (W), Purpose (P), and Self- Transcendent Goals (T). Each protocol was scored as either + or - for each cri- terion. For example, when the S stated or implied that something in life was agree- able to him, this was judged to be a positive evaluation (W +) ; conversely, when the S stated or implied that something was not agreeable to him, that was regarded as a negative evaluation (W -). Similarly, an expression that stated or implied that the S had goals, intentions or ideals was regarded as in indication of a sense of purpose (P+) ; while a protocol that lacked these was seen as an expression of lack of purpose (P-). Finally, an expression by the S that implied goals that override his own material and mental well-being was said to represent self-transcendent goals (T+), while a relative absence of these was scored as (T-).

The interrater reliability of these scoring categories was assessed by examining the degree of agreement between pairs of judges in 2 X 2 contingency tables. For W, Judge A sometimes rated as W-t what Judge B ranked as W-, but they agreed more often than they disagreed (x2 = 6.79, p < .01). Judge B agreed quite well with Judge C for W ( x2 = 8.32, p < .005), as Judge A did ( x2 = 29.29, p < .OOl). All three judges agreed strongly for P (x2 = 19.04, 20.94, 27.64, p < .OOl). Agree- ment was even better for T (x2 = 24.98, 28.34, 36.58, p < .OOl), so that the degree of interrater reliability was found to be sufficient to proceed with the validational analysis.

RESULTS The mean PIL score for the sample was 99.6, SD 16.0, which indicates a wider

spread and generally lower scores than those available for a comparable sample of American students(2). The combined judges’ ratings of W, P and T characteristics of their world view protocols yielded, on each criterion, a roughly equivalent number of protocols in the positive and negative categories. These data then were subjected to a four-factorial ANOVA, in which the effects of sex of S and ratings for W, P and T on PIL scores were examined.

That analysis showed none of the interaction effects, nor the main effect of sex of S, to be statistically significant. Each of W ( F = 35.62, d j = 1/57, p < .001), P ( F = 5.63, d j = 1 /57, p < .02) and T ( F = 4.15, d j = 1 /57, p < .05), however, was seen to be a reliable predictor of PIL scores. Observed differences were in the hypothesized directions. When point-biserial correlation coefficients were extracted from the data to represent the size of that relationship, i t was found t h rpIL,w = .65, an indication that W scoring of the Weltanschauung protocols alone accounted for 43y0 of the variance of PIL scores. A partial correlation between P and P IL scores was then extracted, with the effects of any relationship between W and P character- istics being partialled out. The resulting rpIL,p.w = .32, which accounted for another 10% of the remaining variance of PIL scores. Finally, rpIL, T.WJ = .28, which added another 8% of variance. The three characteristics of the world view protocols may be said to have together accounted for 61% of the variance of PIL scores.

The PIL Test and the ratings of the three characteristics of the Weltanschauung protocols must be seen as two very different types of psychological measurement. Further, i t should be noted that those three characteristics examined by no means

WELTANSCHAUUNG AND THE PURPOSE-IN-LIFE TEST 491

exhaust all of the aspects of the Weltanschauung, nor all its relevance to experienced purpose in life or the absence of existential anxiety. It is convincing evidence of the construct validity of the PIL, therefore, that so much of the variance of its scores may be accounted for in terms of type of evaluation of the world, sense of purpose, and self-transcendent goals.

SUMMARY If the PIL is a valid measure of experienced purpose and meaning, ratings of

certain aspects of each S’s expressed Weltanschauung should predict successfully PIL scores. For a sample of 58 students, the pooled ratings of three judges indicated that, as hypothesized, Ss with low PIL scores did show their experienced lack of purpose in world views that were (a) more negative than positive, (b) lacked purpose and (c) lacked transcendent goals.

REFERENCES 1. CHUMBAUGH, J. C. Cross-validation of Purpose-in-Life Test based on Frankl’s concepts. J.

2. CRUMBAUGH, J. C. and MAHOLICK, L. T. Manual of Instructions for the Purpose-in-Life Test.

3 . CRUMBAUGH. J. C.. RAPHAEL. M. and SHRADER. K. Frankl’s will to meaning in a religious order.

indiv. Psychol., 1968, 94, 74-81.

Illinois: Psychometric Affiliates, 1969.

J. din. Psychol:, 1970, 96, 206-207.

1946.

- - 4. FRANKL, V. Man’s Search for Meaning: An Introduction to Logotherapy. Boston: Beacon Press,

.5. TILLICH, P. The Courage to Be. London: Collins, 1952.

RORSCHACH FACTORS AND SOMATOTYPE* T. R. SCHORI AND CAROLINE BEDELL THOMAS

Research Center, Phillip Morras, U.S.A. ?’he Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Richmond, V a .

INTRODUCTION Sheldon, et al. ( 4 g 6 , identified three components of physique (endomorphy,

mesomorphy, and ectomorphy) and three components of personality (viscerotonia, somatotonia, and cerebrotonia). Endomorphy had a high positive correlation with viscerotonia, but negative correlations with. the other two components of personality. Similarly, mesomorphy had a high positive correlation with somatotonia, while ectomorphy had a high positive correlation with cerebrotonia. Cortes and Gatti(’) also found high correlations between the components of physique and Sheldon’s components of personality. However, these findings simply may reflect observer expectancies.

The Dresent investigation was designed to determine whether relationships exist between physique and personality when personality measurement is not con- taminated by observer expectancies.

METHODS Subjects. The Ss were 311 Caucasian male medical students who had been given

both Rorschach tests and somatotyped in connection with a longitudinal study of precursors of hypertension and coronary disease@). Of these 311, 228 were found to have a predominance of one component of physique, that is, at least .5 more in one

*The data reported were obtained in connection with research supported in part by the Council for Tobacco Research-U. S. A., the Clayton Fund, the National Institute of Mental Health MH 18819, and the National Heart Institute HE-01891.