Welding Basics

WeldingHelp.org Since 2011

HARDENING STEELS

Definitions

Hardening - to increase the hardness of a material.

Hardness - the ability of a material to resist deformation.

Surface Hardening

The goal of surface hardening is to produce a layer of Tempered Martensite on the surface of a metal. This is used to increase the

wear resistance of a part while keeping a soft, tough and ductile core. This is used on gear teeth, bearings, shafts, cams, cranks and

many more products.

Methods to Surface Harden Steels

1. Flame Hardening

2. Induction Hardening

Flame Surface Hardening

Start with a steel that has a carbon content of .3% or greater

Heat the surface of the steel to the Austentizing temperature

Follow the heating of the surface of the steel, quench the steel to form a martensite case

To temper the Martensite case to a desired hardness re-heat with torch

With this form of surface hardening you have the least control in the depth of the Hardened layer

Induction Surface Hardening

Start with steel that has a carbon content of .3% or greater

Heat surface of steel using on induction coil to its Austenizing Temperature

Follow the heating of the surface of the steel, quench to form a Martensite case

To temper the Martensite case to a desired hardness re-heat part

With this form of surface hardening you have greater control of the depth of the hardened layer

Search

Ads by ShowPassword Ad Options

of 2Hardening of Steels - WeldingHelp.org

2/10/2014http://www.weldinghelp.org/hardening-steels.html


BECOMING FAMILIAR One object for you to do when becoming familiar with welding would be to learn

the basic definitions of terms dealing with welding. This can be done by purchasing

the Standard Welding Terms and Definitions from the American Welding Society's

website. You can also purchase used copies from other sites like Amazon.

Another good resource to have would be to get the book Modern Welding

Technology by Howard B. Cary and Scott Helzer. The Sixth Edition of this book also

contains some of the basic definitions and slang terms dealing with Welding.

If you are interested in getting more information on the welding subject and

also receiving a Welding Journal published by the American Welding Society, you can

become a member at the AWS website.

(HOME)(NEXT PAGE)

Photo used under Creative Commons from Photo Dudes

Search



Page 1 of 1Becoming Familiar With Welding - WeldingHelp.org

2/10/2014http://www.weldinghelp.org/becoming-familiar-with-welding.html


WELDING BASICS

The first thing that will be discussed it the different Joints then the different

positions. There are 5 basic types of Joints there is the Butt Joint, Corner Joint, T-Joint,

Lap Joint, and the Edge Joint. Some of the Joints might include a Bevel with or without

a Land (Root Face). Another thing that must be defined to describe any joint would be

the type of welding position. The different welding positions are: Flat, Horizontal,

Vertical and Overhead. Each will also indicate whether it is a groove, fillet, etc.

When you get ready to weld on a part it is important to make sure the weld size is correct. This can be done by many

different methods, I would recommend getting the book Design of Weldments by Omer W. Blodgett. This book is a great

resource and can help you in determining the weld sizes that you will need. Also check with any code that you are designing

to they may have a pre-determined weld size that you have to use.

THE BUTT JOINTThe Butt Joint is a common joint that is usually seen with a Bevel and a Land. The

Joint can have the pieces placed flush against each other, but more commonly has a root

opening. There are many different types of Butt Joints which are: Square, Single Bevel,

Double Bevel, Single-V, Double Bevel, Closed Square, Single-J, Double-J, Single-U, and the

Double-U.

The Joint is welded in all the different positions and is almost always labeled as a

groove weld. It is commonly used in the pipe and sheet metal industries.

THE CORNER JOINT The Corner Joint is where the two pieces form a V or L-shape. The weld will be

performed on the outside edge of the piece. This is used often in the sheet metal

industry. The T-Joint is also welded in all the different positions.

THE T-JOINT

Search


Butt Joint Configurations

Page 1 of 2Weld Joints - WeldingHelp.org

2/10/2014http://www.weldinghelp.org/weld-joints.html

THE LAP JOINT The Lap Joint is when you have to members actually lapping over each other. This

type of joint can have a Slot or Plug Weld, Fillet Weld or a Resistance Weld performed.

This type of joint is used regularly in the sheet metal industry.

THE EDGE JOINT The Edge Joint is where to members are placed side by side and welded on the edge.

(HOME)(PREVIOUS)(NEXT)


Page 2 of 2Weld Joints - WeldingHelp.org

2/10/2014http://www.weldinghelp.org/weld-joints.html


JOINT PREPARATIONIt is very important to prep you joints correctly. Every material has special preparations

that need to be done before you can successfully weld on them. But there are some basic

preparations that have to be done.

Make sure that the material is clean of debris or foreign materials; wipe the part with an

solvent that is safe to use with welding and make sure that the part drys completely

before performing the weld. Also do this in a well ventilated area.

Remove and sharp edges that were made during the cutting process.

Mechanically remove any mill scale or rust from and around the area that is going to be

welded, make sure to use proper safety equipment during removal.

Prepare the joints edge according to what is desired/needed to perform the weld

properly. (Example: Bevel)

After the part has been prepped clean the part again with the solvent to remove and

dust/debris that may have been caused by the prep.

It is important to remember that each type of material will require a different type of prep. So make sure to check with

any code that you are working with to make sure that it is prepared correctly. Also you can check with your metal supplier to

see if they have any information on what the preparation for the material should be.

(HOME)(PREVIOUS)

Photo used under Creative Commons from toolstop

Search



Page 1 of 1Joint Prerparation - WeldingHelp.org

2/10/2014http://www.weldinghelp.org/joint-preparation.html


WELDING POSITIONS

(HOME)(PREVIOUS)

Search

It is important to know the different positions due to it being used to it being

used to qualify welders. For instance if a welder gets qualified with a 6G Position

that welder would be qualified to weld in any of the other positions. But if the

welder got qualified to weld in the 1G position that welder would only be qualified

to weld in the 1G position. To make sure though that you are qualifying your

welders properly make sure to read the code you are testing to. Also getting

qualified in a certain position does not mean that you are qualified to weld on all

materials and all thickness'. The thickness' and materials should be determined

by the code you are qualifying to.

Below are links to the different types of welding positions.



Page 1 of 1Weld Positions - WeldingHelp.org

2/10/2014http://www.weldinghelp.org/weld-positions.html


PAGE UNDER CONSTRUCTION

FILLET WELD POSITIONS

Search

The flat (1F) Fillet

Position is performed

where the filler weld is

rotated so that the filler

material will be level with

the ground. This is the

easiest position and will

only qualify you for the flat

position.

The 2F (Horizontal) Fillet

Position is Performed where

the fillet weld is rotated so

that filler material will be

horizontal to the ground.

This position is a little

harder then the 1F position

and normally will qualify

you also in the 1F position

to.

The 3F (Vertical) Fillet

Position is Performed

where the fillet weld is

rotated so that filler

material will be vertical to

the ground. The

progression of the weld is

normally performed up-hill.

This position is harder to

perform then 1F or 2F but

normally only qualifies you

in the Vertical position and

the Flat Position.

The 4F (Overhead) Fillet

Position is Performed

where the fillet weld is

rotated so that filler

material will be above you

flat with the ground. This

position is harder then the

previous 1F, 2F and 3F

positions and will normally

qualify you in the 1F and 4F

position

(1F) (2F) (3F) (4F)



Page 1 of 1Fillet_Weld_Positions - WeldingHelp.org

2/10/2014http://www.weldinghelp.org/fillet-weld-positions.html


PAGE UNDER CONSTRUCTION

PLATE GROOVE WELD POSITIONS

Below is a description of each of the Groove Welds performed on Plate material. Each position will qualify you for

specific orientations based off from different codes. For instance under ASME 2010 Section IX if you perform a weld and

qualify in the Flat 1G position on plate you are only qualified in the Flat 1G position on plate and pipe, also this will qualify

you to perform a Fillet Weld in the Flat 1F position. Lets say you under ASME 2010 Section IX if you perform a weld and

qualify in the 2G, 3G and 4G positions on plate then you are qualified for all Groove Weld positions on plate and on flat and

horizontal on pipe, also this will qualify you to perform Fillet Welds in all positions under ASME 2010 Section IX.

Search

The (1G) Groove position

is performed where

the groove weld is rotated

so that the filler material

goes in flat. This is the

easiest position and will

only qualify you for flat

position welding with

Groove welds and Fillet

Welds.

The (2G) Groove Position

is performed where the

groove weld is rotated so

that the filler material goes

in Horizontally. This

position is a little harder

then the flat position and

will qualify you most of the

time in the flat position

also.

The (3G) Groove

Position is performed

where the groove weld is

rotated so that the filler

material goes in Vertically.

This Position is harder then

the flat position and the

Horizontal Position. This

will qualify you most of the

time in the flat position

also.

The (4G) Groove Position

is performed where groove

weld is rotated so that the

filler material goes in in

overhead. This position is

the hardest on plate

material and will most of

the time qualify you in the

Flat position also.

(1G) (2G) (3G) (4G)


Page 1 of 1Groove_Weld_Positions - WeldingHelp.org

2/10/2014http://www.weldinghelp.org/plate-groove-weld-positions.html


RESISTANCE WELDING BASICS

RESISTANCE WELDING HOW IS IT USED TODAY

Search



Page 1 of 1Resistance Welding - WeldingHelp.org

2/10/2014http://www.weldinghelp.org/resistance-welding.html


RESISTANCE WELDING BASICSResistance welding is the joining of metals by applying Pressure, Current and Time. This process follows Joule's Law

"H=I^2 * R *t" where H=Heat, I=Current, R=Resistance and t=Time.

(HOME)(NEXT)

Search



Page 1 of 1Resistance Welding Basics - WeldingHelp.org

2/10/2014http://www.weldinghelp.org/resistance-welding-basics.html


HOW RESISTANCE WELDING IS USED TODAY Today Resistance Welding is used in many different applications. Take for instance the

picture of the truck on the left, most of the body panels have been welded by using a

resistance welding process know as spot welding. This process is perfect for

the manufacturing of vehicles due to the increased speed and the increased ability to design

crumple zones. Most vehicles (mainly cars) are pretty much sheet metal that is spot welded

together to form the entire structure of the car. This allows for the vehicle to be lighter

(save's gas and materials) and also safer for the operator. The increased safety is due to the

crumple zones that the cars are now manufactured with. The crumple zone is where the

vehicle will fold and crush absorbing energy so that the operator of the vehicle will survive

but it causes the vehicle to be totaled pretty much every time. Resistance Welding is also

used in manufacturing fuel tanks, medical equipment such as tables, refrigerators, and many other house hold items.

Search



Page 1 of 1How is it Used Today - WeldingHelp.org

2/10/2014http://www.weldinghelp.org/how-is-it-used-today.html


WELDING SAFETY Safety is the most important thing in any job and it is your's and

everyone's responsibility. If you see someone doing anything unsafe you

should inform them immediately of the dangers that might have been

overlooked. Here is a short list of some of the potential hazards that a welder

will face.

Electrical shock

Fumes

Arc Radiation

Fire and/or explosion

Compressed Gases

Flying Debris

This list of hazards are only a few of the dangers that a welder will face. So it

is important to wear the proper equipment to protect yourself and to think

about what you are doing before you do it. Also if you are asked to do

something that is unsafe, bring the situation to their attention. Remember even

though your job is important it is not worth your life.

There is many things you can do to help protect yourself against the potential

hazards:

Wear the correct type of Safety Equipment for the job.

Check the Material Safety Data Sheets.

Check OSHA's Safety regulations

Inform co-workers or others that are in the area of the hazards.

These are just a few suggestions, if you would like to know more about Safety regulations visit OSHA's website for more

information. There are also some Safety tips from Millerwelds.com that might prove to be helpful.

1. The Basics for Welding Safety

2. Proper Welding Safety is No Accident

3. Farm Welding Safety Tips

4. 12 Tips for Improving Welding Safety

(HOME)(PREVIOUS)

Photo used under Creative Commons from USACE Europe District

Search


Page 1 of 2Welding Safety - WeldingHelp.org

2/10/2014http://www.weldinghelp.org/safety4.html

Welding Basics

Documents

Transcript of Welding Basics