Welcome to Weather-Related Decision- Making for General Aviation Pilots Flight 2 – Alliance,...

WEATHER-RELATED DECISION MAKING

Copyright © 2012 David R. Hunter, Ph.D. 1

Welcome to Weather-Related Decision-Making for General Aviation

Pilots

Flight 2 – Alliance, Nebraska to Yankton, South Dakota

STOPYou MUST view this program using the SLIDE SHOW feature of PowerPoint. If you don’t use the SLIDE SHOW then the slides will not appear in the correct sequence, and you’ll just get a big mess.

Start the SLIDE SHOW now by clicking on the VIEW tab on the menu bar, and then selecting “Slide Show”.

You must also have internet access in order for the videos to be downloaded.

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Complete a Flight - Instructions

• Now let’s put things together in a series of flights in which you need to be aware of changing weather conditions, and you need to consider all the factors related to an in-flight diversion.

• Each flight has been divided into a series of segments. At the end of each segment you will see a video clip of the weather conditions that you are currently experiencing. At the end of the video clip you will be asked whether you would like to continue the flight or divert to an alternate destination. If you decide to divert, a number of options will appear, and you will be asked to select an option and choose a new destination.

• Throughout the flight, you will have access to the material that is normally available during a cross-country flight under visual flight rules. You can access this material by clicking on the list. Before you begin the flight you have the opportunity to spend as much time as you like examining this material.

• Because of computer limitations, the Aeronautical Chart for each flight is not very detailed. If you wish to see a more detailed map, click on the “Map Link” and you will be taken to a web site in which you can zoom and scan in to see a very detailed view of the route.

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Flight 2Alliance (Nebraska) via Ainsworth and O’Neill-Baker to Yankton (South Dakota)

Review flight details• Aeronautical Chart [Map link]• Airports

– Alliance (KAIA)– Ainsworth (KANW)– O’Neill-Baker (KONL)– Yankton (KYKN)– Grant County (1V2)– Rock County (RBE)– Stuart Atkinson (8V2)

• Area Forecast• Meteorological Reports• Weather Charts

– Radar Summary– Surface Weather

• Terminal Area Forecast• Flight Plan

TAKEOFF

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http://skyvector.com/?ll=42.49399318526706,-100.1192784366299&chart=79&zoom=4&plan=V.K3.AIA:V.K3.ANW:V.K3.ONL:V.K3.YKN

Flight 2Alliance (NB) via Ainsworth (NB) and O’Neill-Baker (NB) to Yankton (SD)






Make a decisionDivertContinue

You are currently: 20 nm NE of Alliance

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Flight 2Alliance (NB) via Ainsworth (NB) and O’Neil-Baker (NB) to Yankton (SD)








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You are currently: 20 nm NE of Ainsworth

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You are currently: 40 nm NE of Ainsworth

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You are currently: 20 nm NE of O’Neill-Baker

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You are currently: 40 nm NE of O’Neill-Baker

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Flight 2Aeronautical Chart

RETURN

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Alliance

RETURN

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Ainsworth

RETURN

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O’Neill-Baker RETURN

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Yankton

RETURN

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Grant County

RETURN

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Rock County

RETURN

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Stuart-Atkinson

RETURN

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Flight 2– Weather Forecast

RETURN

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Flight 2 – Meteorological Reports

RETURN

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Flight 2 – Weather Charts – Radar Summary RETURN

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Flight 2 – Weather Charts – Surface Weather RETURN

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Flight 2 - TAF

RETURN

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Flight 2 – Flight Plan

RETURN

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Alliance to Yankton: Divert 1

Indicator Deterioration No Change Improvement

Cloud-base ✔

Visibility ✔

Cloud Coloring ✔

Cloud Density ✔

Terrain Clearance

✔

Rain Showers ✔

Cloud Type ✔

Horizon ✔

Alliance Grant County Ainsworth Rock

CountyStuart

AtkinsonO’Neil-Baker

Distance Very Good Good

Expected Weather

Very Good

Very Good

FacilitiesVery Good Fair

En-route Terrain

Very Good Very

Good

Expected weather conditions are anticipated on the basis of both the forecast and the prevailing conditions experienced during the flight.

Diversion Alternatives

At this stage of the flight it is useful to compare the conditions to those that were reported in the meteorological report. Since there has been no significant change in any of the indicators recorded in the meteorological report, the decision to divert is not necessarily warranted at this stage of the flight. Nevertheless, should you feel uncomfortable in the conditions, you should consider your options and perhaps divert to an alternate airport until the conditions improve.

Go back to where you diverted.

Continue

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Weather Conditions at Diversion Point(Compared to Previous Stage)

Alliance to Yankton : Divert 2


Cloud-base ✔

Visibility ✔

Cloud Coloring ✔

Cloud Density ✔

Terrain Clearance

✔

Rain Showers ✔

Cloud Type ✔

Horizon ✔



While there has been an increase in the cloud density atthis stage of the flight, none of the other indicators have deteriorated. Therefore, there is no requirement, at this stage, to conduct a diversion. Nevertheless, should you feel uncomfortable in the conditions, you should consider your options and perhaps divert to an alternate airport until you feel more comfortable with the conditions.

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CountyStuart


Distance Very Good Good

Expected Weather

Very Good

Very Good


En-route Terrain

Very Good Very

Good


Continue




Cloud-base ✔

Visibility ✔

Cloud Coloring ✔

Cloud Density ✔

Terrain Clearance

✔

Rain Showers ✔

Cloud Type ✔

Horizon ✔



Clearly, there has been a deterioration in the cloud density, and the cloud has developed, suggesting that a change has occurred in the prevailing conditions. Since three of the indicators have deteriorated, it is important to consider the possibility of a diversion until the conditions improve. While you might consider a diversion unnecessary at this stage, the options should be considered given that there has been a change in the conditions. This is particularly the case if you are relatively less experienced.


Continue

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CountyStuart


Distance Good Very Good

Expected Weather

Very Good

Very Good


En-route Terrain

Very Good Very

Good




Cloud-base ✔

Visibility ✔

Cloud Coloring ✔

Cloud Density ✔

Terrain Clearance

✔

Rain Showers ✔

Cloud Type ✔

Horizon ✔



Although there has been a deterioration in the cloud density and a change in the cloud type at this stage of the flight, there has been no change in the remaining indicators. This suggest that a diversion may not be necessary at this stage of the flight. Nevertheless, should you feel uncomfortable in the conditions, you should consider your options and perhaps divert to an alternate airport until you feel more comfortable with the conditions.


Continue

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CountyStuart


Distance Fair Good

Expected Weather

Very Good

Very Good


En-route Terrain

Very Good Very

Good




Cloud-base ✔

Visibility ✔

Cloud Coloring ✔

Cloud Density ✔

Terrain Clearance

✔

Rain Showers ✔

Cloud Type ✔

Horizon ✔



During this stage of the flight, the cloud density appears to have improved and there is no change in the remaining indicators. Consequently, a diversion is not necessarily warranted at this stage. Nevertheless, should you feel uncomfortable in the conditions, you should consider your options and perhaps divert to an alternate airport until you feel more comfortable with the conditions.


Continue

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CountyStuart


Distance Very Poor Fair

Expected Weather

Very Good

Very Good


En-route Terrain

Very Good Very

Good




Cloud-base ✔

Visibility ✔

Cloud Coloring ✔

Cloud Density ✔

Terrain Clearance

✔

Rain Showers ✔

Cloud Type ✔

Horizon ✔



One of the most significant indicators associated with this stage is the fact that terrain clearance has reduced. However, the clouds have also darkened, there is a greater density of cloud, and the cloud-base has deteriorated. Since more than three indicators have deteriorated, a diversion is warranted at this stage of the flight.


Continue

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CountyStuart


Distance Very Poor Poor

Expected Weather

Very Good

Very Good


En-route Terrain

Very Good Very

Good




Cloud-base ✔

Visibility ✔

Cloud Coloring ✔

Cloud Density ✔

Terrain Clearance ✔

Rain Showers ✔

Cloud Type✔

Horizon ✔



The conditions have deteriorated markedly during this stage of the flight, with visibility reduced and the onset of rain showers. Given the nature of the conditions, continued flight in visual meteorological conditions is not possible, and a diversion should have been conducted at an earlier stage of the flight.


Continue

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CountyStuart


Distance Very Poor Very Good Very Good Very

Good

Expected Weather

Very Good Good Fair Poor

Facilities Fair Very Good Fair Fair

En-route Terrain

Very Good Good Fair Good




Cloud-base ✔

Visibility ✔

Cloud Coloring ✔

Cloud Density ✔


Rain Showers ✔

Cloud Type ✔

Horizon ✔



Although there has been some improvement in both the visibility and the horizon, there has been a further deterioration in the other indicators. At this stage, the flight is being conducted in conditions that are below that required for visual meteorological conditions, and a diversion should have been initiated at the stage at which at least three of the weather-related indicators had deteriorated.


Continue

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CountyStuart


Distance Good Very Good Very Good

Expected Weather Fair Fair Poor

Facilities Very Good Fair Fair

En-route Terrain Good Fair Good




Cloud-base ✔

Visibility ✔

Cloud Coloring ✔

Cloud Density ✔


Rain Showers ✔

Cloud Type✔

Horizon ✔

Diversion Alternatives - None

You are now flying your aircraft in Instrument Meteorological conditions. If you a visually-rated pilot, this is a violation of your privileges. More importantly, as a visually-rated pilot it is quite possible that you will lose control of the aircraft within 10 minutes of entering IMC.

In the interests of developing the skills necessary to avoid unintended flight into IMC, you may want to take this flight again, taking care to note the weather-related indicators that occur throughout the flight.


Continue

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Cloud-base ✔

Visibility ✔

Cloud Coloring ✔

Cloud Density ✔


Rain Showers ✔

Cloud Type ✔

Horizon ✔

Diversion Alternatives - None


Continue

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You are now flying your aircraft in Instrument Meteorological conditions. If you a visually-rated pilot, this is a violation of your privileges. More importantly, as a visually-rated pilot it is quite possible that you will lose control of the aircraft within 10 minutes of entering IMC.

In the interests of developing the skills necessary to avoid unintended flight into IMC, you may want to take this flight again, taking care to note the weather-related indicators that occur throughout the flight.




In-Flight Diversions - Summary

• This section of the program was designed to give you an opportunity to practice in-flight weather-related decisions. You should now be able to recognize the onset of deteriorating conditions using the weather indicators, and you should be aware of the way that you make decisions.

• Finally, you always need to avoid being pressured into continuing a flight. Good airmanship requires that you always give yourself alternatives.

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Program Summary

• You should now be aware of the value of looking for indications that the weather is deteriorating and that you may need to divert, based on good weather-related decision making.

• We hope that you enjoyed this program, and that you will apply it’s principles in your future flights.

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THE END

For more training programs and for self-evaluation exercises, please visit our web site at: www.avhf.com

Additional training flights are available here.

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