Welcome To Radiation Safety Training
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Transcript of Welcome To Radiation Safety Training
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Welcome To Radiation
Safety Training
Center for Health Sciences
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The OSU-CHS radiation safety program will be conducted in such a manner so that exposure to faculty, staff, students, the public, and the environment will be maintained as low as reasonably achievable and that no radiation exposure will be received without societal benefit. This will be accomplished without impeding legitimate research, or realistic teaching objectives in accord with State and Federal regulations.
OSU Radiation Safety Program
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Chernobyl Atomic Bomb
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Radiation Environment
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Natural Sources
• Cosmic
• Terrestrial
• Internal
• Inhaled
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Cosmic Radiation
• High energy particles and photons from the sun and other sources outside the earth's atmosphere– Atmosphere provides
shielding from cosmic radiation
– An increase in altitude results in an increase in exposure (measured in millirem)
– 26 mrem/yr @ sea level
50 mrem/yr in Denver .5 mrem/hr @ 39,000 feet
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Terrestrial Radiation
• Radiation from radioactive materials occurring naturally in the earth’s crust– Lowest on the Atlantic
coast (16 mrem/yr)– Highest on eastern slopes
of the Rockies (63 mrem/yr)
– About 30 mrem/yr in the remainder of the U.S.
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Inhaled Radiation
• Primarily Radon (Rn-222) and its daughters– Rn-222 is released from the soil as Radium-
226 decays– Radium is part of Uranium-238 decay chain– Levels vary widely from area to area – Average dose is 200 mrem/yr– May be enhanced by poor ventilation or the
use of Uranium containing building materials
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Internal Radiation
• Radiation from radioactive materials incorporated in the human body– Primarily Carbon-14 (C-14) and
Potassium-40 (K-40)– Total dose of 39 mrem/yr (due mostly to
K-40)
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Man-Made Sources
• Medical Uses
• Consumers Products
• Industrial Uses
• Nuclear Power
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Medical Sources
• Diagnostic X-ray– General
Radiography– Dental
Radiography– Fluoroscopy– CT– Etc.
39 mrem/yr – U.S. average
• Nuclear Medicine– Imaging using I-
131, Tc-99m, Tl-201
– Therapy using I-131
14 mrem/yr – U.S. average
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Medical Sources (cont.)
• Radiation Therapy– Use of external beams and sealed
sources for treatment of cancers
2.3 mrem/yr – U.S. average
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Industrial Sources• Industrial
Radiography– Use of X-rays or
sealed gamma-ray sources for imaging structures and components
• Level Gauges―Use of sealed sources
to check the level of materials in a tank or vat.
• Well Logging– Use of sealed sources
to measure soil porosity, soil density, or underground structure & composition
• Static Elimination– Use of radiation to
remove static electricity
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Nuclear Power
• Doses are calculated for maximally exposed member of the general public
• Uranium Mines = 26-61 mrem/yr• Processing = 1-8 mrem/yr• Nuclear Power Plants = < 1 mrem/yr• Waste Storage = < 1 mrem/yr• Transportation = 20 mrem/yr
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Consumer Products
• Smoke Detectors (Am-241)
• Tobacco Products (Pb-210 & Po-210)
• Building Materials
(Sheetrock; gypsum board)
• Airport Baggage Inspection – (x-rays)
• Welding Rods (Thorium)
• Luminous Paints for watch and instrument dials
(H-3, Ra-226, Pm-147)
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Consumer Products (cont.)
• Television and VDT (Low energy x-rays)
• Radium Hot Springs (Ra-226, Rn-222)
• Fiesta-ware (Uranium oxide coating)
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Contributions to the Public Dose*