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Chapter Introduction

Section 1 People Far and Near

Section 2 Understanding Culture

Section 3 Patterns in Today’s World

Reading Review

Chapter Assessment

Chapter Objectives• Describe the impact of technology on

world affairs.

• Explain what makes up a people’s culture.

• Identify the different types of governments and economies.

• Discuss issues related to human population.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Have you ever visited another country or another part of this country?

How did this other place compare to your home? Were houses and clothing different? Did people speak a different language or eat different foods?

How would you compare this other place–and the people who lived in it–to your community?

What aspects of culture do you think link different cultures or societies? What aspects separate them?

Culture includes many areas of life and it defines the difference between one community and another.

Guide to Reading

Main Idea

Modern technology has helped to bring the world’s diverse peoples closer together.

Terms to Know

• ethnic group

• custom • minority group

• majority group


Guide to Reading (cont.)

Reading Strategy

Create a diagram like the one on page 22 of your textbook. On the spokes list reasons the world may be getting smaller.


Section Objectives

• Describe how technology has changed the world.


• Distinguish between ethnic groups, majority, and minority groups.

Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.



Technology Shrinks the World

(pages 22–23)

• With modern technology, the world’s people have been brought closer together.

• By studying other people and countries, you will be able to see connections between the United States and the world around us.


Technology Shrinks the World (cont.)

• When the first telephone cable was laid along the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean in 1956, it could carry only 36 calls between Europe and North America at one time.

• Forty years later, glass cables as fine as hairs were carrying 300,000 long-distance calls at once.

• Inventions are changing the world and it is changing faster every year.

(pages 22–23)

• The Internet is possible because of improved telephone cables, satellites, and computers.

Technology Shrinks the World (cont.)

(pages 22–23)

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.


How do you become an informed member of the global village?

You become an informed member of the global village by learning to understand and respect what makes each culture unique, and recognizing common experiences that link all people.

(pages 22–23)


(pages 23–25)

The World Next Door• American communities include various

groups of peoples called ethnic groups.

• An ethnic group is a group of people who have a common origin, and share a language and a history.

• Often ethnic groups are also minorities.

• A minority group is a group of people whose culture, race, sex, or ethnic origin is different from most of the people in the region.


• Sometimes, but not always, the minority group is treated differently from the majority.

• The majority is the group in society that controls most of the wealth and power; however, it is not always the largest group in numbers.

• Schools are the place where most young people first meet people from other ethnic groups.

The World Next Door (cont.)

(pages 23–25)



What are three divisions between ethnic groups?

Skin color, religious beliefs, and values are reasons for divisions between ethnic groups.

(pages 23–25)



(pages 23–25)

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.


Defining Terms

__ 1. group of people who are different in some characteristic from the group with the most power and wealth in a region

__ 2. group in society that controls most of the wealth and power, though not always the largest group in numbers

__ 3. people who share a common culture, language, or history

__ 4. practice handed down from the past

A. ethnic group

B. custom

C. minority group

D. majority group

D

A

B

Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

C



Recalling Facts

Culture Explain the difference between a minority group and an ethnic group.

An ethnic group shares an origin, language, or history while a minority group is different from those who hold most of the power.



Place In what country was the group that controlled the wealth and power not the largest ethnic group?

In South Africa the group that controlled the wealth and power was not the largest ethnic group.

Recalling Facts (cont.)



Technology In what way is technology shrinking the world? Give examples.

Answers will vary.




Understanding Cause and Effect Why do you think minority groups are sometimes treated differently from the majority?

Possible answer: Minority groups are sometimes treated differently because they look or sound different.

Critical Thinking



Making Comparisons What do you think it means that some groups are divided by religious beliefs and values?

Some people think their beliefs or values are superior and are unaccepting of the beliefs of others.

Critical Thinking (cont.)



Interpreting Time Lines Look at the time line on page 23 of your textbook. During which century were most modern communication and modern transportation invented?

Most modern communication and transportation were invented in the 20th century.

Applying Social Studies Skills

Close

Pose 10 questions you can ask others about their ethnicity. Then interview someone from an ethnic group different from your own.

Guide to Reading

Main Idea

People all over the world usually live close to others who follow similar beliefs and like the same foods, music, and clothing.


Terms to Know


• social scientist

• culture • ethnocentrism • cultural

borrowing • cultural diffusion • limited

government

• democracy • unlimited

government • dictatorship • absolute

monarchy

• constitutional monarchy


Reading Strategy

Create a chart like the one on page 27 of your textbook. Fill in the spaces with specific examples of cultural borrowing and cultural diffusion.



Section Objectives

• Define what culture means.

• Describe how and why cultures change.

• Explain the different types of government and economic systems.


(pages 27–28)

The Social Sciences• Social scientists organize information

to help people understand the world around them.

• Anthropologists study people and societies.

• Sociologists study human behavior as it relates to groups of people.

• Human geographers look at people and their environments.

• Geographers organize facts about Earth’s surface and people.



What are the two ways one social scientist says a person can be made to feel homeless and what does “home” mean in this case?

There are two ways to make a person feel homeless–one is to destroy his home and the other is to make his home look and feel like everybody else’s home.” In this case, the “home” being talked about is actually a person’s culture. (pages 27–28)


(pages 28–30)

What Is Culture?• Culture is the way of life of people who

share similar beliefs and customs.

• The culture of a people also includes their government, food, music, literature, and the ways they make a living.

• Judging other people in terms of one’s own culture and standards is called ethnocentrism.


• Cultural borrowing is when one group of people adopts another group’s culture traits.

• Cultural diffusion is how a culture spreads its knowledge and skills from one area to another.

• Today, cultural diffusion occurs through radio, television, telephones, computers, and the Internet.

What Is Culture? (cont.)

(pages 28–30)



How can ethnocentrism be both positive and negative?

Many positive qualities, such as patriotism and taking pride in your nation’s history, are ethnocentric feelings. Jokes about certain races or religions are really just ethnocentric statements about a different group of people, and they are often negative.

(pages 28–30)



(pages 28–30)


• History is the story of the past.

• History also tells how past conflicts influence the present.

• Studying history can also teach us important lessons and can guide our behavior in the present.

(pages 30–31)

Important Lessons in History



What is meant by the well-known saying, “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it”?

This means if we do not study our own history, we may end up making the same mistakes of earlier generations.

(pages 30–31)


(page 31)

Government Is Necessary• People need rules in order to live

together without conflict.

• In countries, rules are created by governments.

• In a limited government, constitutions or other laws set limits on the power of government officials.

• Democracy is a form of limited government.


• In a representative democracy, people elect representatives who then make and enforce laws.

• The United States is a representative democracy.

• In an unlimited government, power belongs to the ruler or rulers.

• Unlimited governments include dictatorships and absolute monarchies.

Government Is Necessary (cont.)

(page 31)



What is an example of a dictatorship and what is an example of an absolute monarchy?

An example of a dictatorship is Saddam Hussein’s rule in Iraq. In an absolute monarchy, kings or queens are born into ruling families. Their power is inherited and unlimited. King Fahd ibn Abdul Aziz of Saudi Arabia is an absolute monarch.

(page 31)


(page 32)

Balancing Our Wants and Needs• The different ways people and nations

go about meeting their daily needs are known as economic systems.

• All economic systems are concerned with producing goods.

• In a traditional economy, people meet their needs based on their customs.


• Under a command economy, government makes all the decisions.

• In a market economy, individuals determine for themselves what to produce, who will want it, how much to produce, and how much to charge.

• Most nations have a mixed economy.

Balancing Our Wants and Need (cont.)

(page 32)



How is the United States a mixed economy?

The United States prides itself on its market economy. However, the government may regulate prices or set rules, as in the airline industry and companies that provide gas and electricity.

(page 32)


(page 35)

Differences in Development• Countries differ in how much

manufacturing and industry they have.

• Industrialized countries hold 97 percent of all patents ownership (rights to inventions).

• Countries that are working toward industrialization are called developing countries.

• Many corporations from industrialized countries are now building plants in developing countries, having found a valuable “resource” in these places–people.

Differences in Development (cont.)

(page 35)



What are some issues faced by developing and industrialized nations?

Increasing population, not enough jobs, poor schools, and lack of social and health services are problems in many developing countries. In more industrialized countries, leaders are looking at ways to clean up pollution, fight crime and drugs, and protect their economies.

(page 35)



Defining Terms

__ 1. government under the control of one all-powerful leader

__ 2. type of government where, through law, some control is placed on leadership’s powers

__ 3. way of life of a group of people who share similar beliefs and customs

__ 4. when a group of people adopt another’s cultural traits

__ 5. government in which a king or queen is the official head of state, but elected officials run the government

A. culture

B. cultural borrowing

C. limited government

D. dictatorship

E. constitutional monarchy

C

A

B


E

D



Recalling Facts

Culture What four groups of scientists study society?

The four groups of scientist that study society are: anthropologists, sociologists, human geographers, and historians.



Government People in the United States who call themselves Americans believe in certain political values. What are they?

People of the United States believe in freedom of speech, free public education, and the right to practice a religion of their choosing.




Culture What are the main agents of cultural diffusion today?

The main agents of cultural diffusion today are the radio, television, telephones, computers, and the Internet.




Understanding Cause and Effect How does history shape a culture?

History records a culture’s past, thereby explaining present circumstances and guiding present behavior.

Critical Thinking



Making Comparisons Analyze two kinds of economic systems.

Answers will vary.




Analyzing Charts Look at the Types of Industries chart on page 32 of your textbook. Choose your own example product and show how it would go through the different people.

Answers will vary.


Close

Write a brief essay explaining each of the eight elements of culture.

Guide to Reading


Main Idea

All over the world people are moving from one place to another looking for freedom, jobs, and a better life.

Terms to Know

• migrate

• urbanization • refugee • rights

• responsibilities • interdependence

• globalization


Reading Strategy

Create a chart like the one on page 34 of your textbook. List two regions under each that are experiencing conflict or cooperation at this time.



Section Objectives

• Describe migration patterns.

• Explain the effects of population growth.

• Discuss globalization.


(pages 34–35)

Human Migration• Throughout the world, people migrate,

or move, in great numbers.

• When people leave villages and farms and move to cities, it is called urbanization.

• The most common reason people move to cities is to find jobs.

• Refugees are people who are forced to leave their homeland because of wars or unjust governments.



What are some of the problems faced by refugees?

Refugees often do not speak the language or know the customs of the people in their adopted countries. They usually must work at the lowest-paying jobs and often without benefits earned by other workers.

(pages 34–35)



(pages 34–35)


(page 35)

Population Growth• There has been a rapid increase in

world population in recent years.

• An increase in the number of people means that more food is needed.

• Since 1950 world food production has increased faster than population on all continents except Africa.

• Because so many people in Africa need food, bad weather or war can ruin crops and bring disaster.



What are some other problems of rapidly growing populations?

Populations that grow rapidly may use resources more quickly than populations that do not grow as fast. Some countries face shortages of water and housing.


(page 36)

Conflict and Cooperation• As technology brings us closer together,

nations are beginning to understand the importance of cooperation.

• Disagreement over land is a common reason for conflict between groups and nations.

• This is especially true when one culture has been displaced, or moved, by another culture.


• Other conflicts are about religion, race, and politics.

• When groups and nations cooperate, they work together to find peaceful solutions to problems.

Conflict and Cooperation (cont.)

(page 36)



What is an example of conflict between nations, and what are two examples of cooperation?

The Israelis and Palestinians have been fighting over land for more than 50 years. The country-members of the European Community and the North American Free Trade Agreement [NAFTA] work together to benefit all members. (page 36)


(pages 36–37)

Civic Participation• Civic participation is being concerned

with the public affairs of a community, state, nation, or the world.

• In a democracy, rights are benefits and protections guaranteed to you by law.

• In a democracy, responsibilities are duties that you owe to your fellow citizens to make sure that the government continues.


• In totalitarian governments, the people have no rights.

• Their responsibilities are to obey the laws of the land.

Civic Participation (cont.)

(pages 36–37)



What are some examples of responsibilities in a democracy?

A major responsibility of democratic citizenship is voting. You also have a responsibility to respect the property and privacy of others.

(pages 36–37)


(pages 37–38)

Globalization• Interdependence is when countries

depend on one another for goods, raw materials to make goods, and markets in which to sell goods.

• The world is sometimes referred to as a “global village” because in a village, people depend on one another to provide what they need to live.


• Globalization is the development of a world culture and interdependent economy.

• One danger of globalization is that it might erase traditions and customs of smaller groups.

Globalization (cont.)

(pages 37–38)



What is an important issue in the world today regarding globalization?

An important issue regarding globalization is how small countries can use products and services of developing nations and still preserve local cultures and values.

(pages 37–38)


(page 38)

Technology and World Issues• Technology is a tool, and, like any other

tool, it can be used both wisely and foolishly.

• The Internet can help develop better citizens by providing information and easier ways to communicate.

• Because progress, in many ways, is determined by technology, sharing technology has become an important issue.



What is a problem of developing countries in relation to technology?

Developing countries complain that they do not have access to the information that technology provides.

(page 38)



Defining Terms

__ 1. duties owed by citizens to their government to make sure it can continue its functions

__ 2. dependence of countries on one another for goods, raw materials to make goods, and markets in which to sell goods

__ 3. to move from one place to another

__ 4. development of a world culture and interdependent world economy

__ 5. person who flees to another country to avoid persecution or disaster

A. migrate

B. refugee

C. responsibilities

D. interdependence

E. globalization

D

AE


B

C



Recalling Facts

Place About how much of the world’s population lives in cities?

About nearly half the world’s people live in cities.



Movement What is the most common reason people move to cities?

The most common reason people move to cities is to find jobs.




Government What responsibilities do people in democracies have?

People in democracies have the responsibility of voting, and respecting the property and privacy of others.




Synthesizing Information What products found in your classroom were made in other countries?

Answers will vary.

Critical Thinking



Understanding Cause and Effect How can conflict affect human migration?

Wars or unjust governments can cause people to leave their homeland and migrate to other countries.




Understanding Citizenship Describe the civic participation expected of citizens of the United States.

They should be aware of their rights and responsibilities.


Close

Write a summary that highlights the most important points of the section.

Section 1: People Far and Near


Main IdeaModern technology has helped to bring the world’s diverse peoples closer together. • Culture Our shrinking world makes it more

likely that the people around us will represent other ethnic groups.

• Culture It is important to understand what makes people similar and different so that we can get along in a world that is changing.

• Place Schools are good places to build bridges between different peoples living in the same region.

Section 2: Understanding CultureMain IdeaPeople all over the world usually live close to others who follow similar beliefs and like the same foods, music, and clothing. • Culture Anthropologists, sociologists,

historians, and human geographers are all social scientists who study the interaction of people.

• Culture Culture is the way of life of people who share similar beliefs and customs.

• Culture Most people have pride in their ethnic group and prefer their own culture.


Section 2: Understanding CultureMain IdeaPeople all over the world usually live close to others who follow similar beliefs and like the same foods, music, and clothing. • Culture Culture is continually spreading around

the world. It spreads in two main ways, through cultural diffusion and cultural borrowing.


(cont.)

• History The story of a people’s past helps us to understand its present and possibly its future.

• Government People need rules in order to live together.

Section 2: Understanding CultureMain IdeaPeople all over the world usually live close to others who follow similar beliefs and like the same foods, music, and clothing. • Economics People all over the world use

natural resources to fill their wants and needs.

(cont.)


Section 3: Patterns in Today’s World


Main IdeaAll over the world people are moving from one place to another looking for freedom, jobs, and a better life. • History Throughout the world people are

continually moving toward a better life and away from conflict and poverty.

• History As the world is getting smaller, people are living closer together and more conflicts are arising. People must learn to cooperate with each other.

Section 3: Patterns in Today’s World (cont.)


Main IdeaAll over the world people are moving from one place to another looking for freedom, jobs, and a better life. • Region Americans living in the United States

enjoy freedom and democracy. They have a civic responsibility to their government to make sure it continues.

• Interdependence The movement of goods and services is helping to bring our world closer together.



__ 1. countries depending on one another

__ 2. people moving from the country to the cities

__ 3. duties that you owe to your government

__ 4. how a country spreads its knowledge and skills

__ 5. people believe their way of life is best

A. ethnic group

B. minority group

C. majority group

D. culture

E. ethnocentrism

F. cultural diffusion

G. rights

H. responsibilities

I. urbanization

J. interdependence

I

H

F

E


J

__ 6. way of life of people who share similar beliefs and customs

__ 7. people who have a common origin

__ 8. group of people whose culture, race, or ethnic origin is different from most of the people in the region

__ 9. group in society that controls most of the wealth and power

__ 10. benefits and protections guaranteed by law

A

B

C

G


D



A. ethnic group

B. minority group

C. majority group

D. culture

E. ethnocentrism

F. cultural diffusion

G. rights

H. responsibilities

I. urbanization

J. interdependence




Culture In what way is the world shrinking?

Technology is making it faster and easier to communicate with or travel to any place in the world.




Culture Why are schools good places to “build bridges” between ethnic groups?

They are where most young people first meet people from other ethnic groups.




Culture List three traits that would be common to an ethnic group.

Three traits common to an ethnic group are origin, language, and history.




Culture If you wanted to study people, what type of scientist might you want to be?

If you wanted to study people you would be a social scientist.




Culture Give one example of cultural borrowing and one example of cultural diffusion.

Examples will vary, but borrowing reflects how people adopt practices of another culture and diffusion is when one culture spreads its culture to another.




Government Why do countries need governments?

Governments create rules that make it possible for people to live together without conflict.




Economics What is the difference between an industrialized country and a developing country?

Industrialized countries do most of the world’s manufacturing. Developing countries do little manufacturing of their own but are currently working towards greater industrialization.




Place Why are so many people moving to cities?

People move to cities to find jobs.




Region Name two places where there is conflict going on in the world today.

Possible answers: Conflict occurs today in Israel, Rwanda, and some countries of eastern Europe.




Government Name one of the rights we have as citizens of the United States.

Answers will vary.

Place Location ActivityMatch the letters on the map with the numbered places listed below.



___ 1. Latin America

___ 2. North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia

___ 3. Europe

___ 4. Russia

___ 5. East Asia

___ 6. United States and Canada

___ 7. Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica

___ 8. Africa south of the Sahara

B

H

A

C

F

D

G

E

Directions: Study the graph below and answer the question on the following slide.

1. According to the graph, what is the combined value of the goods exported by the United States and Canada?

A $1,005,900,000,000B $1,005,900,000C $1,005,900D $1,005

Test-Taking Tip: In order to understand any type of graph, look carefully around the graph for keys that show how it is organized. On this bar graph, the numbers along the left side represent billions of dollars. Therefore, you need to multiply the number on the graph by 1,000,000,000 to get your answer.





In the past few decades, the number of people in the world has grown rapidly. Now more and more people live in cities. What are densely populated areas called?

Densely populated areas are called urban areas.

Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.

Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Our World Today: People, Places, and Issues Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://owt.glencoe.com

Map

World Culture Regions

Charts

Modern Inventions

Types of Industries

World Population

Dialects are a local form of a language that differs from the main language. Americans might get confused in England, where sweaters are called “jumpers” and trucks are “lorries.”

Cultures have developed some unusual forms of money. On the island of Yap, in the western Pacific, people use round slabs of stone that are up to 12 feet across. Why are the stones accepted as money? To get them, someone must travel about 320 miles to the island of Palau. The long trip makes the stones very valuable.

Cultural differences can be interesting but they can also cause misunderstandings. These can be avoided if we learn how cultures differ from our own. In these photos, Inuit greet with a nose rub, Japanese businessmen bow in meeting, and the French women kiss each other on the cheek.

Culture

Thematic (special purpose) maps focus on a single theme. This theme may be to show the battles of a particular war or locations of endangered species, for example.



Reading Thematic Maps

• Read the map title. It tells what kind of special information the map shows.



• Find the map’s scale to determine the general size of the area.

• Read the key. Colors and symbols in the map key are especially important on this type of map.



• Analyze the areas on the map that are highlighted in the key. Look for patterns.

Practicing the Skill Look at the map below to answer the following questions.


The title of the map is Early Civilizations.

1. What is the title of the map?

2. Read the key. What four civilizations are shown on this map?

The Fertile Crescent, Ancient Egypt, Indus River Valley, and Shang Dynasty civilizations are shown.


The Shang Dynasty was the civilization farthest to the east and Ancient Egypt was farthest to the west.

3. Which civilization was farthest west? East?

4. What do the locationsof each of these civilizationshave in common? All of these civilizations developed around rivers.




How do we know there are more than 280 million people in the United States? Who counts the people? Every 10 years since 1790, the United States Census Bureau has counted heads in this country. Why and how do they do this?

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click the Speaker button to replay the audio again.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click the Speaker button to replay the audio again.

Read the text on page 26 of your textbook and answer the questions on the following slides.

Counting Heads

Population data was used to divide war expenses and to determine representation in Congress.

1. In what two ways were population data from the first census used?

2. How has technology changed the way census data are collected and processed?Data is collected mostly through the mail rather than relying exclusively on door-to-door surveys. Instead of processing data by hand, it is now done by computers and results are posted on the Internet.



Counting Heads

Possible answer: The national and state governments want information to help them make better plans about economic growth.

3. Drawing Conclusions Why do you think the national and state governments want information about people’s education and jobs?



Counting Heads



Birthrates will exceed death rates in Africa and Latin America. This will not occur in Asia, Europe, North America, and Australia/Oceania.

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