Invertebrate/Vertebrate Pretest. Invertebrate or Vertebrate?
Welcome to ENVR 242 Instructor: Annette Dehalt PPT Presentations: Ted Davis & Annette Dehalt...
-
Upload
hollie-roberts -
Category
Documents
-
view
214 -
download
0
Transcript of Welcome to ENVR 242 Instructor: Annette Dehalt PPT Presentations: Ted Davis & Annette Dehalt...
Welcome to ENVR 242
Instructor: Annette DehaltPPT Presentations: Ted Davis & Annette Dehalt
Vertebrate Biology & Ecology
What is “biodiversity”?
The value of biodiversity The loss of biodiversity
B.C. Biodiversity
Threats to Biodiversity
Biological Diversity
Biodiversity (biological diversity)
“…the totality of hereditary variation in life forms, across all levels of biological organization, from genes and chromosomes within individual species to the array of species themselves and finally, at the highest level, the living communities of ecosystems such as forests and lakes.” – E. O. Wilson (1994:359)
Biodiversity is NOT justspecies diversity!
Species diversity is NOT just number of species!
Species diversity = Species richness + relative abundance
a.Species richness = number of speciesb.Relative abundance = proportion of each species in the community
Three levels of biodiversity
Coastal Ecosystem Diversity
Mountains
Forest
Ocean
Diverse components of biodiversity (genes…ecosystems)
are structurally and functionally integrated in various ways,
providing additional levels of diversity and complexity:
The partsHow the parts are organized
How the parts function
What is “biodiversity”?
The value of biodiversity The loss of biodiversity
B.C. Biodiversity
Threats to Biodiversity
Biodiversity
Value of biodiversity
Intrinsic value – value in and of itself without regard for human needs.
Value of biodiversity
Intrinsic value – value in and of itself without regard for human needs.
Direct value – products directly consumed by people.
Value of biodiversity
Intrinsic value – value in and of itself without regard for human needs.
Direct value – products directly consumed by people.
Indirect value – benefits that do not involve the consumption of resources.
Indire
ct v
alue:
recr
eatio
n and e
ducatio
n
Indirect v
alue: ecosystem services
Ecosystem services:
The conditions and processes through which natural ecosystems sustain life, including human life.
Ecosystem services
• production of ecosystem goods
• purification of air and water
• mitigation of floods and droughts
• decomposition of wastes
• renewal of soil and soil fertility
• crop pollination
• control of agricultural pests
• seed dispersal
• nutrient transport
• climate stabilization
Ecosystem services
Global GNP = $18 trillion
Ecosystem services: $33 trillion/year
Catskill watershed
$6-$8 billion for a new water treatment plant
Catskill watershed
$1.5 billion to buy land and introduce water protection measures
What is “biodiversity”?
The value of biodiversity The loss of biodiversity
B.C. Biodiversity
Threats to Biodiversity
Biodiversity
The loss of biodiversity1. The current loss of biodiversity is unprecedented.
Because of human activities, extinction rates are 100X – 1000X greater than the background extinction rate.
Percent of Described Species Globally Threatened
(IUCN 2011)
Fishes insuff. dataAmphibians 41%Reptiles insuff. dataBirds 13%Mammals 25%Vertebrates ~10-20%
The loss of biodiversity1. The current loss of biodiversity is unprecedented.
2. The threats to biodiversity are driven by the growth and size of the human population, the technologies we use, and the amount of natural resources we consume.
Human population growth
The loss of biodiversity1. The current loss of biodiversity is unprecedented.
2. The threats to biodiversity are driven by the growth and size of the human population, the technologies we use, and the amount of natural resources we consume.
3. Many of the threats to biodiversity are synergistic. 4. What is bad for biodiversity is bad for humans.
What is “biodiversity”?
The value of biodiversity The loss of biodiversity
B.C. Biodiversity
Threats to Biodiversity
Biodiversity
BC BiodiversityThe most biologically diverse province or
territory in Canada
BC Biodiversity
3169 native vascular plants 781 species of mosses~1600 species of lichens~520 species of sea weeds~10,000 species of fungi~35,000 species of Invertebrates (mostly insects)
BC Biodiversity
504 species of fish22 species of amphibians22 species of reptiles 529 species of birds 180 species of mammals
1257 species of vertebrates
BC Biodiversity (2011)native
speciesRed listed (extirpated, endangered
or threatened)
Blue listed
(special concern)
% Red or Blue listed
Fish 504 28 17 9 %
Amphibians 22 5 3 36 %
Reptiles 22 7 5 55 %
Birds 529 46 56 19 %
Mammals 180 32 33 36 %
corn
bear
robin
Taxonomy
Common names
• Not standardized
• Don’t indicate relationships
Scientific names
Canis lupus(Grey Wolf)
Peromyscus maniculatus(Deer Mouse)
Scientific names
Canis lupus (Grey Wolf)
Canis latrans(Coyote)
Canis dingo (Dingo)
Canis mesomelas(Black-backed Jackal)
Alces alces (Moose)
Scientific names
Canis Lupus
Canis lupus
canis lupus Canis lupus
Grey wolf
Hierarchical classification
Pantherapardus
Panthera
Felidae
Carnivora
Mammalia
Chordata
Animalia
EukaryaDomain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
ZOOLOGICAL BOTANICAL Kingdom Kingdom Phylum Division (-phyta) Subphylum Subdivision (-phytina)
Superclass Class Class (-opsida) Subclass Subclass (-idae)
Order Order (-ales) Suborder Suborder (-ineae) Superfamily (-oidea) Family (-idae) Family (-aceae) Subfamily (-inae) Subfamily (-oideae)
Tribe (-eae)Genus Genus species species
ENVR 242 TaxonomyPhylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata (tunicates) (Subphylum Cephalochordata-lancelets: 0 in BC) Subphylum Vertebrata
Superclass Agnatha – jawless fishesClass Myxini (hagfish)Class Petromyzontida (lampreys)
Superclass Gnathostomata – jawed vert’sClass Chondrichthyes - cartilagenous fishesClass Actinopterygii – ray-finned fishes
(Class Sarcopterygii – lobe-finned fishes: 0 in BC)Class Amphibia - amphibiansClass Reptilia - reptilesClass Aves - birdsClass Mammalia – mammals
What is “biodiversity”?
The value of biodiversity The loss of biodiversity
B.C. Biodiversity
Threats to Biodiversity
Biodiversity
Threats to biodiversity
• Climate change
• Habitat destruction
• Habitat fragmentation
• Habitat degradation
• Overexploitation
• Introduction of exotic species
• Disease
(details to follow)