Welcome to Class Define radiation, convection, and conduction.
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Transcript of Welcome to Class Define radiation, convection, and conduction.
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Welcome to Class
Define radiation, convection, and conduction
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• Radiation – energy from the sun– Come from fire, sun, heat lamp
• Conduction – heat transfer by touching
• Convection – hot rises, cold sinks– Cycle– Substance moves (water, wind)
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Today’s Agenda
• Quiz• Wind/Convection Cell Notes• Wind Presentations• Coriolis Effect
– Demos• Movie
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Seasons Review
• Earth is tilted at 23.5 degrees
• Earth points away from the sun in winter
• Earth points towards the sun in summer
• New Vocab
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WIND
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Convection Cells
• Cold air is more dense than warm air– Hot/warm air rises– Causes convection and wind
• Convection cells (Hadley Cells) AND the rotation of the Earth create wind
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How Convection Cells Work• Warm air rises at the equator
– Spreads out• The poles are cooler and the air sinks• Sinking air fills in the void where the warm
air rose
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Importance of Convection Cells
• 3 cells in each hemisphere
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Climate and Convection Cells
• A cell about every 30o
• Warm moist air rises in the tropics = rainfall
• Cool, dry air descends at subtropical latitudes = deserts
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Global Winds and Weather
• Each hemisphere contains three convection cells
• Each convection cell correlates to an area of Earth’s surface, called a wind belt– characterized by winds flowing in one
direction – prevailing winds
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Wind Presentations• You and your group will present 1 of the
winds
• You will need to present them to the class– The rest of the class will need to take notes
• You will need to come up with 1 question (and answer) to put on a test/quiz
• Page 562
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• Land and Sea Breezes• Mountain and Valley Breezes• Jet Streams• Doldrums and Horse Latitudes• Polar Easterlies• Westerlies• Trade Winds
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Trade Winds• trade wind - prevailing winds that blow from
east to west from 30º latitude to the equator in both hemispheres
• Like all winds, trade winds are named according to the direction from which they flow
• In the Northern Hemisphere, they are the northeast trade winds
• In the Southern Hemisphere, they are the southeast trade winds
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Global Winds• westerlies - prevailing winds that blow from west
to east between 30º and 60º latitude in both hemispheres
• Between 30º and 60º latitude, some of the descending air moving toward the poles is deflected by the Coriolis effect
• In the Northern Hemisphere, the westerlies are the southwest winds– In the Southern Hemisphere, they are the northwest
winds
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Global Winds
• polar easterlies prevailing winds that blow from east to west between 60 and 90 latitude in both hemispheres
• Surface winds created by the polar high pressure are deflected by the Coriolis effect and become the polar easterlies
• Where the polar easterlies meet warm air from the westerlies, a stormy region known as a front forms
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The Doldrums and Horse Latitudes
• The trade wind systems of the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere meet at the equator in a narrow zone called the doldrums
• As the air approaches 30º latitude, it descends and a high-pressure zone forms. These subtropical high-pressure zones are called horse latitudes
• surface winds are weak and variable in both of these zones.
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Wind and Pressure Shifts• As the sun’s rays shift northward and southward during
the changing seasons of the year, the positions of the pressure belts and wind belts shift
• Although the area that receives direct sunlight can shift by up to 46 º north and south of the equator, the average shift for the pressure belts and wind belts is only about 10º of latitude
• However, even this small change causes some areas of Earth’s surface to be in different wind belts during different times of the year
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Jet Streams• jet streams a narrow band of strong winds that
blow in the upper troposphere– exist in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere
• One jet stream is the polar jet stream– reach speeds of 500 km/h– affect airline routes and the paths of storms
• A second jet stream is a subtropical jet stream
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Local Winds
• Movement of air are also influenced by local conditions, and local temperature variations commonly cause local winds
• Local winds are not part of the global wind belts.
• Gentle winds that extend over distances of less than 100 km are called a breeze.
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Land and Sea Breezes
• Equal areas of land and water may receive the same amount of energy from the sun. However, land surfaces heat up faster than water surfaces do.
• The cool wind moving from water to land is called a sea breeze
• Overnight, the land cools more rapidly than water does, and the sea breeze is replaced by a land breeze
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Mountain and Valley Breezes• A valley breeze forms when warm air from the
valleys moves upslope
• At night, the mountains cool more quickly than the valleys do. At that time, cool air descends from the mountain peaks to create a mountain breeze
• Areas near mountains may experience a warm afternoon that turns to a cold evening soon after sunset
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Coriolis Effect
• Coriolis effect - curving of the path of a moving object from an otherwise straight path due to Earth’s rotation
• Detectable only on objects that move very fast or that travel over long distances– Oceans, Atmosphere, planes
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