Welcome to AP Biology! - Perry Localperrylocal.org/herstinm/files/2011/03/Chapter1.pdf · Welcome...
Transcript of Welcome to AP Biology! - Perry Localperrylocal.org/herstinm/files/2011/03/Chapter1.pdf · Welcome...
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Welcome to AP Biology!
Your first task is to find your seat. You can sit
wherever you like provided that you can:
1. See the board from your seat.
2. You can concentrate when sitting by the people
you are surrounded by.
3. It isn’t my seat, I know some of you too well!
Once you have found your seat chose a lab
partner and then with your partner chose another
set of partners to make a group of 4.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Big Ideas – E2 - I2
1. Evolution – the process of evolution drives the
diversity and unity of life.
2. Energy – biological systems utilize free energy
and molecular building blocks to grow, to
reproduce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
3. Information – living systems store, retrieve,
transmit and respond to information essential to
life processes.
4. Interactions – biological systems interact and
these systems and their interactions possess
complex properties.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Big Ideas?
We will see the Big Ideas at various
times throughout the course.
The Big Ideas will be the
“connectors” between the content of
the course.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Wednesday, August 20
What defining characteristic of life is observed
when a jogging man begins to sweat and when a
plant closes its stomata openings in its leaves?
Why?
A. Metabolism
B. Heredity
C. Cellular makeup
D. Homeostasis
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Biology is the scientific study of life
Biologists ask questions such as
How does a single cell develop into an organism?
How does the human mind work?
How do living things interact in communities?
Life defies a simple, one-sentence definition
Life is recognized by what living things do
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question:
How do we know what is alive and
what is not?
Biology is the study of Life.
So, what are the properties of Life?
Goal – not to memorize the list of
characteristics, but to be able to
discuss and apply them.
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Figure 1.2
Order
Energy processing
Growth and
development
Regulation
Reproduction
Response
to the
environment
Evolutionary
adaptation
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1. Order
Living things are highly organized in
structure and function.
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Analyzing a biological structure gives
us clues about what it does and how
it works.
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3. Nucleic Acids
Life on Earth uses the nucleic acids
and codes for Heritable Information.
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Growth - increase in size.
Development - increase in complexity.
Life - grows by internal changes.
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5. Energy Processing
Organisms take in energy and
transform it to do work.
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6. Response To Environment
Organisms respond to changes or
stimuli in their environment.
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7. Regulation
Life processes must be controlled
and adjusted.
Organisms maintain their internal
environment within tolerable limits by
homeostasis.
“homeo” = same
“stasis” = state
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Figure 1.11
Insulin
Circulation
throughout
body via
blood
Insulin-producing
cell in pancreas
STIMULUS: High
blood glucose level
Ne
ga
tive
fe
ed
ba
ck
Liver and
muscle cells
RESPONSE: Glucose
uptake by liver and
muscle cells
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
8. Evolutionary Adaptation
Organisms change over time because
of successful adaptations to their
environment.
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Organisms must have successful
adaptations, move, or die!
Is this a “good”
adaptation?
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Figure 1.3
1 The Biosphere 7 Tissues
8
Cells 5
Organisms
10
Mole-
cules
3
Communities
2
Ecosystems
6 Organs
and Organ
Systems
4 Populations
9 Organelles
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Levels of Biological Organization
Biosphere- all life on
Earth and all places
where life exists.
Ecosystem- all living
and nonliving things in a
particular area.
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Communities
Array of organisms
inhabiting a particular
ecosystem.
Populations
All the individuals of a
particular species
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Organisms- individual
living things
Organs and Organ
System- Body part that
carries out specific
function.
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Tissues – Group of cells
that work together to
perform a specialized
structure.
Cells- life’s fundamental
unit of structure and
function. Cell is about
40um, about 500 would
reach across a coin.
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Organelles- functional
components present in
cells.
Molecules- chemical
structure consisting
of 2 or more atoms.
Chlorophyll molecule
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Concept 1.1: The study of life reveals common themes
Biology is a subject of enormous scope
There are five unifying themes
Organization
Information
Energy and matter
Interactions
Evolution
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Theme: New Properties Emerge at Successive Levels of Biological Organization
Life can be studied at different levels, from
molecules to the entire living planet
This enormous range can be divided into different
levels of biological organization
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Emergent Properties
Emergent properties result from the arrangement
and interaction of parts within a system
Emergent properties characterize non-biological
entities as well
For example, a functioning bicycle emerges only
when all of the necessary parts connect in the
correct way
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Reductionism is the reduction of complex systems
to simpler components that are more manageable
to study
For example, studying the molecular structure of
DNA helps us to understand the chemical basis of
inheritance
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To explore emergent properties, biologists
complement reductionism with systems biology,
analysis of the interactions among the parts of a
biological system
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Structure and Function
At each level of the biological hierarchy we find a
correlation between structure and function
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The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function
The cell is the lowest level of organization that can
perform all activities required for life
Every cell is enclosed by a membrane that
regulates passage of materials between the cell
and its environment
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A eukaryotic cell has membrane-enclosed
organelles, the largest of which is usually the
nucleus
By comparison, a prokaryotic cell is simpler and
usually smaller, and does not contain a nucleus or
other membrane-enclosed organelles
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Figure 1.4
Eukaryotic cell
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Membrane-
enclosed organelles
Nucleus
(membrane-
enclosed)
DNA (throughout
nucleus) 1 µm
Prokaryotic cell
Membrane
DNA
(no nucleus)
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Theme: Life’s Processes Involve the Expression and Transmission of Genetic Information
Within cells, structures called chromosomes
contain genetic material in the form of DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid)
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DNA, the Genetic Material
Each chromosome has one long DNA molecule
with hundreds or thousands of genes
Genes encode information for building the
molecules synthesized within the cell
Genes are the units of inheritance
DNA controls the development and maintenance
of organisms
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.6
Sperm cell
Egg cell
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents Embryo’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNA
Offspring with
traits inherited
from both parents
Nuclei containing DNA
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Each DNA molecule is made up of two long chains
arranged in a double helix
Each chain is made up of four kinds of chemical
building blocks called nucleotides and nicknamed
A, G, C, and T
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Figure 1.7
Nucleus
DNA
(a) DNA double helix (b) Single strand of DNA
A
T
G
G
T
A
T
A
C
A
C
T
A
C
Nucleotide
Cell
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Genes control protein production indirectly
DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then
translated into a protein
Gene expression is the process of converting
information from gene to cellular product
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.8
Lens
cell
(a) Lens cells are
tightly packed
with transparent
proteins called
crystallin.
(b) How do lens cells make crystallin proteins?
Crystallin gene
DNA
mRNA
Chain of amino
acids
Protein
Crystallin protein
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSLATION
A C C A A A C C G A G T
T G G T T T G G C T C A
U G G U U U G G C U C A
PROTEIN FOLDING
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Genomics: Large-Scale Analysis of DNA Sequences
An organism’s genome is its entire set of genetic
instructions
The human genome and those of many other
organisms have been sequenced
Genomics is the study of sets of genes within and
between species
Proteomics is the study of whole sets of proteins
encoded by the genome (known as proteomes)
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The genomics approach depends on
“High-throughput” technology, which yields
enormous amounts of data
Bioinformatics, which is the use of computational
tools to process a large volume of data
Interdisciplinary research teams
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Theme: Life Requires the Transfer and Transformation of Energy and Matter
The input of energy from the sun and the
transformation of energy from one form to another
make life possible
When organisms use energy to perform work,
some energy is lost to the surroundings as heat
As a result, energy flows through an ecosystem,
usually entering as light and exiting as heat
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.9
ENERGY FLOW
Light
energy Heat Chemical
energy
Plants take
up chemicals
from the soil
and air.
Chemicals Decomposers
return
chemicals
to the soil.
Chemicals
pass to
organisms
that eat the
plants.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Theme: From Ecosystems to Molecules, Interactions Are Important in Biological Systems
Interactions between the components of the
system ensure smooth integration of all the parts
This holds true equally well for components of an
ecosystem and the molecules in a cell
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ecosystems: An Organism’s Interactions with Other Organisms and the Physical Environment
At the ecosystem level, each organism interacts
continuously with other organisms
These interactions may be beneficial or harmful to
one or both of the organisms
Organisms also interact continuously with the
physical factors in their environment, and the
environment is affected by the organisms living
there
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.10
Sunlight
Leaves take in
carbon dioxide
from the air and
release oxygen.
Animals eat leaves
and fruit from the tree,
returning nutrients
and minerals to the
soil in their waste
products.
Water and
minerals in
the soil are
taken up
by the tree
through its
roots.
Leaves absorb light
energy from the sun.
Leaves fall to the
ground and are
decomposed by
organisms that
return minerals
to the soil.
CO2
O2
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Molecules: Interactions Within Organisms
Interactions between components—organs,
tissues, cells, and molecules—that make up living
organisms are crucial to their smooth operation
Cells are able to coordinate various chemical
pathways through a mechanism called feedback
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In feedback regulation the output, or product of a
process, regulates that very process
The most common form of regulation in living
organisms is negative feedback, in which the
response reduces the initial stimulus
Feedback is a regulatory motif common to life at
all levels
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Thursday, August 21
What is the Theory of evolution
by natural selection? Who is
responsible for this Theory?
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Concept 1.2: The Core Theme: Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life
“Nothing in biology makes sense except in the
light of evolution”—Theodosius Dobzhansky
Evolutionary mechanisms account for the unity
and diversity of all species on Earth
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Evolution, the Core Theme of Biology
Evolution is the one idea that makes logical sense
of everything we know about living organisms
The scientific explanation for both the unity and
diversity of organisms is the concept that living
organisms are modified descendants of common
ancestors
Many kinds of evidence support the occurrence of
evolution
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Inquiring About Life
An organism’s adaptations to its environment are
the result of evolution
For example, the seeds of the dandelion are moved
by wind due to their parachute-like structures
Evolution is the process of change that has
transformed life on Earth
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Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection
Fossils and other evidence document the
evolution of life on Earth over billions of years
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Charles Darwin published On the Origin of
Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859
Darwin made two main points
Species showed evidence of “descent with
modification” from common ancestors
“Natural selection” is the mechanism behind
descent with modification
Darwin’s theory explained the duality of unity and
diversity
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Darwin observed that
Individuals in a population vary in their traits, many
of which are heritable
More offspring are produced than survive, and
competition is inevitable
Species generally suit their environment
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Darwin inferred that
Individuals that are best suited to their environment
are more likely to survive and reproduce
Over time, more individuals in a population will have
the advantageous traits
Evolution occurs as the unequal reproductive
success of individuals
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In other words, the environment “selects” for the
propagation of beneficial traits
Darwin called this process natural selection
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Natural selection results in the adaptation of
organisms to their environment
For example, bat wings are an example of
adaptation
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The Tree of Life
“Unity in diversity” arises from “descent with
modification”
For example, the forelimb of the bat, human, and
horse and the whale flipper all share a common
skeletal architecture
Fossils provide additional evidence of anatomical
unity from descent with modification
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Darwin proposed that natural selection could
cause an ancestral species to give rise to two or
more descendent species
For example, the finch species of the Galápagos
Islands are descended from a common ancestor
Evolutionary relationships are often illustrated with
treelike diagrams that show ancestors and their
descendants
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.20
Green warbler finch
COMMON
ANCESTOR
Certhidea olivacea
Gray warbler finch Certhidea fusca
Sharp-beaked ground finch Geospiza difficilis
Vegetarian finch
Platyspiza crassirostris
Mangrove finch Cactospiza heliobates
Woodpecker finch Cactospiza pallida
Medium tree finch
Camarhynchus pauper
Large tree finch Camarhynchus psittacula
Small tree finch
Camarhynchus parvulus
Large cactus ground finch
Geospiza conirostris
Cactus ground finch
Geospiza scandens
Small ground finch
Geospiza fuliginosa
Medium ground finch
Geospiza fortis
Large ground finch Geospiza
magnirostris
Ca
ctu
s-flo
we
r-
eate
rs Se
ed
-eate
rs
Gro
un
d fin
ch
es
T
ree
finch
es
Inse
ct-e
ate
rs
Bu
d-
eate
r
Se
ed
-
eate
r
Inse
ct-e
ate
rs
Wa
rble
r
finch
es
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.20a
Green warbler finch
Certhidea olivacea
Gray warbler finch
Certhidea fusca
Sharp-beaked ground finch
Geospiza difficilis
Vegetarian finch Platyspiza crassirostris
Bu
d-e
ate
r
Se
ed
-ea
ter
Ins
ec
t-ea
ters
Wa
rble
r
finc
he
s
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.20b
Mangrove finch
Cactospiza heliobates
Woodpecker finch
Cactospiza pallida
Medium tree finch Camarhynchus pauper
Large tree finch Camarhynchus psittacula
Small tree finch
Camarhynchus parvulus
Tre
e fin
ch
es
Ins
ec
t-ea
ters
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.20c
Large cactus ground finch
Geospiza conirostris
Cactus ground finch Geospiza scandens
Small ground finch Geospiza fuliginosa
Medium ground finch
Geospiza fortis
Large ground finch
Geospiza
magnirostris
Ca
ctu
s-flo
we
r-
eate
rs
Se
ed
-ea
ters
Gro
un
d fin
ch
es
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Evolution in AP Biology
1. What is the adaptive value of
________?
2. Why has ______ persisted over
time?
3. How does _____ increase survival
or reproduction?
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Important Notes:
1. organisms survive because of their adaptations, they do not adapt to survive.
2. individuals do not evolve, populations do.
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Classifying the Diversity of Life
Approximately 1.8 million species have been
identified and named to date, and thousands more
are identified each year
Estimates of the total number of species that
actually exist range from 10 million to over 100
million
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Grouping Species: The Basic Idea
Taxonomy is the branch of biology that names and
classifies species into groups of increasing
breadth
Domains, followed by kingdoms, are the broadest
units of classification
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Figure 1.12
SPECIES GENUS FAMILY ORDER CLASS PHYLUM KINGDOM DOMAIN
Ursus
Ursidae
Carnivora
Mammalia
Chordata
Animalia
Eukarya
Ursus americanus
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The Three Domains of Life
Organisms are divided into three domains, named
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
Domain Bacteria and domain Archaea compose
the prokaryotes
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Figure 1.13
(a) Domain Bacteria
(c) Domain Eukarya
2 µ
m
(b) Domain Archaea
2 µ
m
100 µm
Kingdom
Animalia
Kingdom
Plantae
Kingdom
Fungi Protists
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Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotic
organisms
Domain Eukarya includes three multicellular
kingdoms
Plants, which produce their own food by
photosynthesis
Fungi, which absorb nutrients
Animals, which ingest their food
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Other eukaryotic organisms were formerly
grouped into the Protist kingdom, though the
recent trend has been to split the protists into
several kingdoms
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Unity in the Diversity of Life
A striking unity underlies the diversity of life; for
example
DNA is the universal genetic language common to
all organisms
Unity is evident in many features of cell structure
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Figure 1.14
Cilia of
windpipe cells
Cross section
of a cilium
Cilia of
Paramecium
0.1 µm
15 µm
5 µm
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Friday, August 22
You made it through the first week! Sit with your
lab group and have 4 plastic bottles on your table.
Get out the lab that you should have read for
homework last night.
On the bottom of the first page of your lab record
the meaning of these words:
Chemoautotrophy, photoheterotrophy, anoxygenic
photoautotrophy
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Scientific Method Steps 1. Identify the problem.
2. What is already known?
3. Formulate a hypothesis.
4. Conduct an experiment changing one variable at a time. (Why?)
5. Collect data. Have replicates. (Why?)
6.Compare data to hypothesis.
Does the data support the hypothesis?
7. Conclusions and new hypothesis
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Inductive reasoning draws conclusions through
the logical process of induction
Repeating specific observations can lead to
important generalizations
For example, “the sun always rises in the east”
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Deductive Reasoning
Deductive reasoning uses general premises to
make specific predictions
Initial observations may give rise to multiple
hypotheses
We can never prove that a hypothesis is true, but
testing it in many ways with different sorts of data
can increase our confidence in it tremendously
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Questions That Can and Cannot Be Addressed by Science
A hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable
For example, a hypothesis that ghosts fooled with
the flashlight cannot be tested
Supernatural and religious explanations are
outside the bounds of science
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Examples of Theories
Atomic Theory
Gravitational Theory
Theory of Relativity
Cell Theory
Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
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Lower case t theories
Used in everyday language, but are
NOT the same as a Theory.
Not predictive, Not testable.
Not supported by evidence
Don’t confuse Theory with theory.