Welcome to Anatomy & Physiology II -...

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Welcome to Anatomy & Physiology II

• Who am I?– Greg Erianne, Ph.D.

– Office Hours; By appointment in summer*

– Office Location: Rm. SH 205

– E-mail: [email protected]

– Tel; 973-328-5377 (voice mail)

PLEASE BE SURE TO INITIAL THE SIGN-IN SHEET IN THE BACK OF THE CLASSROOOM - EACH TIME YOU COME TO CLASS

Emergency Evacuation Procedures• Emergency evacuation may be required when there is an actual or potential danger to

the occupants of any building as a result of fire or other emergency situation. When

a fire alarm is sounded, all occupants must leave the building(s) via the nearest

exit and proceed immediately to the designated staging area and remain 50 feet

from any building. Fire Marshals will direct the evacuation. All walkways and

roads must remain clear for emergency vehicles. Take all belongings with you.

You will remain there until the all clear is sounded, or a Fire Marshal directs you to a

remote staging area. Evacuation of physically disabled individuals will be assisted or

coordinated by the faculty at the site. DO NOT USE ELEVATORS DURING

THE EVACUATION PROCESS. The evacuation staging area for this classroom

or laboratory is:

• DH First Floor (lecture);

– Primary: Rear exit to lot 1 50 ft past walkway

– Secondary: Parking lot 1

• SH Second Floor (lab);

– Primary: Lawn above HH stairs

– Secondary: Parking lot 5

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Overview of Lecture 1

• Course and Publisher Web sites

• Course Description/Textbook/Lab Book

• Course Objectives and Syllabus Review

• Blueprint for success/Study strategy

• Overview of blood

• Blood volume and composition

• Formed elements of blood

• Blood plasma

• Hemostasis

• Blood groups and transfusions

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Course Web Sites• Our Web sites for this class are located at:

– http://www.gserianne.com/science/GerianneBio102Su/ (Main)• Announcements (VERY IMPORTANT TO LOOK AT FREQUENTLY!)

• Syllabus and all lecture schedules

• Lecture slides used in class (ppt and pdf formats)

• Supplementary online materials for Lecture (and Lab – check with your instructor)

• Lecture Exam Study Guides

• Links to many other sites including Pearson’sWeb site

– http://courses.ccm.edu (Blackboard Learn; Secondary)• You will need your student ID and password for the Blackboard (BB) site

• This BB site will be used ONLY grades and grade-related things

– http://masteringaandp.com (from Pearson Science)• You will need the course ID and have to register if you haven’t been to this site

before (Course ID: Lec, MAPERIANNE12222; Lab, MAPERIANNE01692)

• Lots of resources to use for A&P II – take advantage of it!

– Printing slides and other materials (see email I sent)

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Outline of Course/Requirements

• Course Description

– Lecture / discussion format

• Lectures may not follow the order

of Marieb’s Human Anatomy &

Physiology, 10th edition – please

check your syllabus!

– Figures used for class

– Laboratory

• Marieb’s Laboratory Manual, 12th

edition

• Reading assignments for lab should

be done BEFORE you come to lab

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Blueprint for Success

• Most importantly…

– Skim your textbook BEFORE lecture and make notes

– Take notes in your own words and become mentally involvedduring lecture; review/rewrite your notes after lecture

– Ask questions if you don’t understand

– Continually review previously learned material

– Use all the study aids available to you

– ***Before taking the exam, you should be able to take a BLANK study guide and answer all the questions WITHOUT YOUR NOTES!!!!

• **See the Suggested Study Method on Web at the gserianne.com Web site – Please review this!!!

• **Be sure to print slides/materials if you want them for class/lab – make a schedule for yourself – don’t get behind!

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Major objectives of this course

• In general, you will…

– Master the objectives listed in the syllabus

– Develop a further mastery of scientific/biomedical

terminology

– Further develop your ability to think logically and

critically

• Let’s review the syllabus and handouts…

Grading for A&P IILecture

(3 lecture exams + Final Exam)

**If Final Exam grade is higher than your

lowest lecture exam grade, it will replace

that lowest exam grade

Lecture Exam 1 16.67%



Final Exam 25.00%

TOTAL 75.00%

Lab

Lab Exam 1 11.25%

Lab Exam 2 11.25%

Attend/Lab Reports 2.50%

TOTAL 25.00%

Letter

Grade

Numerical

Average

GPA

Quality Points

A 93.0 – 100.0 4.00

A- 90.0 – 92.9 3.67

B+ 87.0 – 89.9 3.33

B 83.0 – 86.9 3.00

B- 80.0 – 82.9 2.67

C+ 77.0 – 79.9 2.33

C 70.0 – 76.9 2.00

D 60.0 – 69.9 1.00

F < 59.9 0.00

Texting in Class…

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Dear Students…

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Chapter 17

Blood

Lecture 1

Marieb’s Human

Anatomy and Physiology

Marieb w Hoehn

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Overview of Blood – (Hem(o)-)

Functions

• transports vital

substances (O2, waste)

• maintains stability of

interstitial fluid

• distributes heat

• hemostasis

• prevents infection

Blood Cells (formed elements)

• form in red bone marrow

• red blood cells

• white blood cells

• platelets (cell fragments)

Blood is what type of tissue? Connective tissue.

Plasma (liquid portion - matrix)

• contains dissolved substances

• mostly water and proteins

• amount of blood varies with

• body size

• changes in fluid volume

• changes in electrolyte concentration

• amount of adipose tissue

• about 7-8% of body weight

• About 5.0 liters of blood in adult

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Blood Composition

Hematocrit (HCT) –

Percentage of red cells in

blood by volume. Also called

Packed Cell Volume (PCV).

Usually about 45%

Figure from: Saladin,

Anatomy & Physiology,

McGraw Hill, 2007

What would happen to the

hematocrit if someone was

dehyrated and lost plasma

volume?

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Formed Elements of the Blood

45% of blood

Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010

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Origin of Blood Cells

All formed elements of blood

arise from a common

hematopoietic pluripotent

stem cell (a hemocytoblast) in

the red bone marrow

Figure from: Hole’s

Human A&P, 12th

edition, 2010

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Red Blood Cells

• erythrocytes

• biconcave (↑ surface area)

• one-third hemoglobin (~

280 million Hb molecules per

RBC)

• oxyhemoglobin

• deoxyhemoglobin

• can readily squeeze

through capillaries

• lack nuclei and

mitochondria


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Hemoglobin

Figure From:

Martini, Anatomy

& Physiology,

Prentice Hall, 2001

General structure:

- Four polypeptides chains

- A porphyrin

- An iron atomHeme

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Red Blood Cell Count

• number of RBCs in a cubic millimeter (mm3) of blood.

(1 mm3 = 1 microliter, µl)

• 4,600,000 – 6,200,000 in males

• 4,200,000 – 5,400,000 in adult females

• 4,500,000 – 5,100,000 in children

• Number of RBCs reflects blood’s oxygen carrying capacity

Average is about 5 x 106 RBCs / µl

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Red Blood Cell Production

• low blood oxygen causes

kidneys and liver to

release erythropoietin

which stimulates RBC

production (up to 30

million per second under

maximum EPO

stimulation!)

• Erythropoiesis

• vitamin B12, folic acid

and iron necessary for

RBC productionFigure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010

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Blood Viscosity and Osmolarity

• Viscosity (thickness)

– Resistance to flow of blood

– Whole blood is about 5x as viscous as water

– Changes in viscosity can put strain on the heart

– Erythrocytosis (polycythemia) viscosity

• Osmolarity

– Due to NUMBER of ‘particles’ dissolved, not the type

– Na+, proteins, erythrocytes

– Osmolarity determines fluid flow between blood and tissues

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Red Blood Cell Turnover

Figure From: Martini,

Anatomy & Physiology,

Prentice Hall, 2001

The average life

span of an RBC

is about 120

days (4 months)

Iron is carried

in the blood by

transferrin to

red bone

marrow, liver

Porphyrin

from worn out

RBCs is

converted into

biliverdin and

bilirubin

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Types of Anemia

• aplastic anemia• bone marrow damaged

• toxic chemicals

• radiation

• hemolytic anemia• RBCs destroyed

• toxic chemicals

• iron deficiency anemia• hemoglobin deficient

• lack of iron

• pernicious anemia• excess of immature RBCs

• inability to absorb B12

• sickle cell anemia• abnormal shape of RBCs

• defective gene (-chain)

• thalassemia• hemoglobin deficient

• RBCs short-lived

• defective gene ( or -chain)

Anemia – deficiency of RBCs or Hb in RBCs;

reduces O2-carrying capacity of blood

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White Blood Cells

• leukocytes

• protect against disease

• interleukins and colony-stimulating factors stimulate

development in red bone marrow

• granulocytes

• neutrophils

• eosinophils

• basophils

• agranulocytes

• lymphocytes

• monocytes

‘phils’ are filled

with granules!

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Neutrophils

• light blue granules in acid-base

stain

• lobed nucleus

• other names

• segs

• polymorphonuclear

leukocyte (PMNs)

• bands (young neutrophils)

• first to arrive at infections

• phagocytic

• *55% - 65% of leukocytes (most

numerous type of WBC)

• elevated in bacterial infections


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Basophils

• deep blue granules from

basic stain

• release histamine and

heparin in allergic

reactions (similar to mast

cells)

• less than 1% of

leukocytes


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Eosinophils

• deep red granules in acid

stain

• bilobed nucleus

• participate in allergic

reactions

• defend against parasitic

worm infestations

• 1% - 3% of leukocytes

• elevated in worm

infestations and allergic

reactions, collagen diseases,

diseases of spleen


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Monocytes

• largest blood cell

• agranulocyte

• kidney-shaped or oval

nuclei

• leave bloodstream to

become macrophages

• 3% - 9% of leukocytes

• elevated in typhoid fever,

malaria, tuberculosis, viral

infections, inflammation


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Lymphocytes

• about the size of RBC

• agranulocytic

• large spherical nuclei

• thin rims of cytoplasm

• T cells

• B cells

• NK cells

• important in immunity

• produce antibodies

• 25% - 33% of

leukocytes

• decreased T Cells in

AIDS


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Diapedesis

• Diapedesis - leukocytes squeeze through

capillary walls to enter tissue space outside the

blood vessel


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White Blood Cell Counts

• number of WBCs per mm3 of blood

• 5,000 – 10,000 per mm3 (or μl) of blood

• leukopenia (-penia = deficiency of cell number)

• low WBC count

• typhoid fever, flu, measles, mumps, chicken pox, AIDS

• leukocytosis (-cytosis = increase in cell number)

• high WBC count

• acute infections, vigorous exercise, great loss of body fluids

• differential WBC count

• lists percentages of types of leukocytes

• may change in particular diseases

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Origin of Blood Cells

All formed elements of blood

arise from a common

hematopoietic pluripotent

stem cell (a hemocytoblast) in

the red bone marrow

Figure from: Hole’s

Human A&P, 12th

edition, 2010

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Blood Platelets

• called thrombocytes when nucleated (in birds)

• cell fragments of megakaryocytes

• membrane bound

• 150,000 – 500,000 per mm3 of blood (average ≈

350,000 per µl)

• help control blood loss from broken vessels

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Blood Plasma

• straw colored

• liquid portion of blood

• 55% of blood


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Plasma Proteins

Albumins

• most numerous plasma

proteins (~55%)

• ‘transport’ proteins

• originate in liver

• help maintain osmotic

pressure of blood

Fibrinogen

• originates in liver

• plays key role in

blood coagulation

Alpha and Beta Globulins

• originate in liver

• transport lipids, metal

ions, and fat-soluble

vitamins

Gamma Globulins

• originate in lymphatic

tissues (plasma cells)

• constitute the

antibodies of immunity

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Gases and Nutrients

Gases

• oxygen

• carbon dioxide

• nitrogen

Nutrients

• amino acids

• simple sugars

• nucleotides

• lipids

• lipoproteins

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Non-protein Nitrogenous (NPN) Substances

• molecules containing nitrogen that are not proteins

• urea – product of protein catabolism; about 50% of

NPN substances ( BUN – blood urea nitrogen; one

indicator of kidney function)

• uric acid – product of nucleic acid catabolism

• amino acids – product of protein catabolism

• creatine – stores phosphate groups (energy)

• creatinine – product of creatine metabolism

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Plasma Electrolytes

• sodium

• potassium

• calcium

• magnesium

• chloride

• bicarbonate

• phosphate

• sulfate

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Hemostasis

• cessation of bleeding

Blood Vessel Spasm

• triggered by pain

receptors,

platelet/endothelial

cell release of

various substances

• smooth muscle in

vessel contracts

(vascular spasm)

Platelet Plug

Formation

• triggered by

exposure of

platelets to

collagen

• platelets

adhere to

rough surface

to form a plug

Blood Coagulation

• triggered by

platelets,

cellular damage

and blood

contact with

foreign surfaces

• blood clot

forms

1. Vascular phase 3. Coagulation phase2. Platelet phase

Hemostasis

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Platelet Plug Formation

Substances released

by platelets:

- ADP (platelet

activator)

- thromboxane A2

and serotonin (vessel

constriction)

- clotting factors

- Ca2+ (aids in

coagulation)

- PDGF

Example of

positive

feedback


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Blood Coagulation

Three cascades:

1. Instrinsic

2. Extrinsic

3. Common

Figure from:

Martini, Anatomy

& Physiology,

Prentice Hall, 2001

Coagulation is an

example of

positive feedback~ 15 sec.~ 3-6 min.

*

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Blood Coagulation

Extrinsic Clotting Mechanism (shorter, faster)

• chemical outside of blood triggers blood coagulation

• triggered by tissue factor (III) or thromboplastin (not

found in blood, thus it’s extrinsic and produced by

damaged tissue)

Intrinsic Clotting Mechanism (longer, slower)

• chemical inside blood triggers blood coagulation

• activators are in direct contact with blood or contained

within the blood

triggered by Hageman factor (XII; found inside blood)

• triggered when blood contacts a ‘foreign’ surface, e.g.,

collagen fibers, glass tube

Both pathways are activated after blood vessel damage

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Blood Clots

• After forming, blood clot retracts (~60%) and pulls the

edges of a broken vessel together

• Platelet-derived growth factor stimulates smooth muscle cells

and fibroblasts to repair damaged blood vessels

• Thrombus – blood clot (in undamaged vessel)

• Embolus – blood clot moving through blood

Serum is the fluid expressed from a clot, i.e.,

the plasma minus clotting factors

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Factors Preventing Coagulation

• The smooth lining (endothelium) of blood vessels

discourages the accumulation of platelets

• As a clot forms, fibrin absorbs thrombin and prevents

the reaction from spreading

• Antithrombin (in plasma) interferes with the action of

excess thrombin (activated by heparin)

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• Plasmin digests blood clots (generated from plasminogen

via the action of a plasma enzyme, kallikrein, and tPA)

• Prostacyclin released by endothelial cells (aspirin)

• Some cells secrete heparin (an anticoagulant)

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Review

Major Blood Cell

Type

red blood cell white blood cell platelet

Scientific Name erythrocyte leukocyte thrombocyte

Circulating

Concentration/

mm3 blood

4-6 million/

mm3 blood

5-10,000/

mm3 blood

150,000-500,000/

mm3 blood

General Function transportation of

oxygen

fight infection blood clotting

Key Characteristic Biconcave disks,

lack nucleus and

mitochondria,

contain Hb,

erythropoietin

Granulocytes and

agranulocytes,

some are

phagocytic

Fragments of giant

megakaryocyte

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Review

Specific WBC Function/

Event of Increase?

Differential % Morphological feature

Neutrophil general phagocytosis;

acute bacterial infections

54%-62% Light purple granules,

multilobed nucleus

Lymphocyte produce antibodies/immunity;

viral infections, tissue rejection,

tumors, TB, whooping cough

25%-33% Slightly larger than

RBCs, large nucleus with

thin rim of cytoplasm

Monocyte phagocytosis of large particles;

typhoid, malaria, mononucleosis

3%-9% Large, kidney-shaped or

oval nucleus

Eosinophil kills parasites; involved in

inflammation and allergic

reactions

1%-3% Dark red granules,

bilobed nucleus

Basophil Inflammatory reactions: releases

heparin (natural anticoagulant)

and histamine (inflammation)

less than 1% Deep blue granules,

bilobed nucleus usually

obscured by granules

To remember relative % of leukocytes from most to least numerous: “Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas”

Welcome to Anatomy & Physiology II -...

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