Welcome to Anatomy and Physiology

Disruptive students will be dissected.

Anatomy vs. Physiology

• Study of the structures of the body

• The study of how the body works.

Anatomy vs. Physiology

• Study of the structures of the body

– Includes study of cells, tissues, organs and gross anatomy.

• The study of how the body works.

– Often specialized by system.

Structure and function

The way a structure is built is directly related to way it operates

Examples:--Muscle cells Neurons--Villi Arteries--Hand Eye

Levels of Organization

Systems

• Can you name 11 body systems?

Systems (Can you name 11 body systems?)

1. Integumentary

2. Skeletal

3. Muscular

4. Nervous

5. Endocrine

6. Cardiovascular

7. Lymphatic

8. Respiratory

9. Digestive

10. Urinary

11. Reproductive

Characteristics of living things

Characteristics of living things

• (Yeah, I know. You studied this already in biology. Study it again.)

Characteristics of living things

All human bodies show:1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Characteristics of living things

All human bodies show:1. Maintaining boundaries2. Movement3. Responsiveness4. Digestion5. Metabolism6. Excretion7. Reproduction8. Growth

Homeostasis

• The process of maintaining stable body conditions regardless of the changes in the outside world.

– What are 2 examples of homeostasis?

Homeostasis

• The process of maintaining stable body conditions.

– Ex.// sweating or shivering to maintain body temperature.

– Hunger encourages you to eat.

Negative feedback

Sensor

Effector

Effector

If the stimulus is too high

If the stimulus is too low

Response lowers it

Response raises it

Negative feedback

Positive feedback

When a stimulus causes a response to increase.

Ex.// blood clotting

The human body

The Anatomical Position

Can you describe this anatomical position?

The Anatomical Position

Standing

Head facing forward

Arms at sides

Palms facing forward, thumbs out

Feet shoulder length apart

Feet flat

Directions

• We use Latin adjectives to describe directions in the body

Directions

• Lateral/medial• Anterior/posterior (ventral/ dorsal)• Superior/inferior• Proximal/distal• Superficial/profound (deep)

• (cephalic or cranial /caudal—used more with 4-footed animals)

Directions

Anterior• Abdominal Antecubital • Axillary Brachial • Carpal Cervical • Crural Digital • Femoral Inguinal • Facial Patellar • Pectoral Pubic • Sternal Tarsal • Thoracic Umbilical

Posterior• Deltoid Gluteal • Lumbar Occipital • Plantar Popliteal• Sacral Scapular• Vertebral

Body Regions

SectionsFrontal Section

Cross Section

Sagittal Section

Sections (cont’d)

…OR they might be labeled…

• Median = midsaggital

• Frontal = coronal

• Cross section = transverse

SectionsCoronal Section

Transverse Section

Median Section

There are a lot of organs in the abdominal region.

• You may use either a 4 quadrant system or a 9 region system to describe the locations

4 Abdominopelvic Quadrants

4 Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Right Side Remember: The subject is facing you! Left Side

Translation Guide

epigastric hypogastric hypochondriac

“above” “stomach” “below” “cartilage”

(referring to the lower ribs)

Nine-region system

9 Abdominopelvic Regions

• Umbilical• Epigastric• Hypogastric• Right and left iliac

or inguinal• Right and left

lumbar• Right and left

hypochondriac

Figure 1–7b

9 Abdominopelvic Regions

• Umbilical• Epigastric• Hypogastric• Right and left iliac

or inguinal• Right and left

lumbar• Right and left

hypochondriac

Figure 1–7b

9 Abdominopelvic Regions

• Umbilical• Epigastric• Hypogastric• Right and left iliac

or inguinal• Right and left

lumbar• Right and left

hypochondriac

Figure 1–7b

9 Abdominopelvic Regions

• Umbilical• Epigastric• Hypogastric• Right and left iliac

or inguinal• Right and left

lumbar• Right and left

hypochondriac

Figure 1–7b

9 Abdominopelvic Regions

• Umbilical• Epigastric• Hypogastric• Right and left iliac

or inguinal• Right and left

lumbar• Right and left

hypochondriac

Figure 1–7b

9 Abdominopelvic Regions

• Umbilical• Epigastric• Hypogastric• Right and left iliac

or inguinal• Right and left

lumbar• Right and left

hypochondriac

Figure 1–7b

Cavities

• Body cavity is a space in the body lined with a membrane

Cavities

• Two types:1. Dorsal

1. Spinal

2. Cranial

2. Ventral1. Thoracic (includes mediastinum)

2. Abdominal (or abdominopelvic)

Cavities

• Two types:1. Dorsal

1. Spinal

2. Cranial

2. Ventral1. Thoracic (includes mediastinum)

2. Abdominal (or abdominopelvic)

Lined with membranes called meninges

Membranes are called pleura

Membranes are called peritoneum

Cavities

• Two types:1. Dorsal

1. Spinal

2. Cranial

2. Ventral1. Thoracic (includes mediastinum)

2. Abdominal (or abdominopelvic)

Contains the brain and spinal cord

Contains lung and heart

Contains digestive organs, among others

Organs of the Abdominopelvic Regions

Figure 1–7c

Open Body Cavities

1. Oral and digestive (separated by sphincters, not membranes).

2. Nasal cavity

3. Orbital cavities

4. Middle ear cavities

These are about the only places the body can be infected unless the skin is damaged