Welcome to 3.091 Lecture 15

October 14, 2009

Introduction to Crystallography

Images by Inductiveload at Wikipedia.

The Big Picture

electronic structure bonding state of aggregation

Bohr atom primary: gas Bohr-Sommerfeld ionic liquid quantum numbers covalent solid Aufbau principle metallic multielectron atoms van der Waals 3.091 Periodic Table patterns octet stability secondary:

dipole-dipole London dispersion hydrogen

solid: that which is dimensionally stable, i.e., has a volume of its own

classifications of solids: bonding type atomic arrangement

classifications of solids: bonding type atomic arrangement

Snwhite

1.40 7.03

1.62 290.4

16.31 301.25

3.67/7.7 0.228

11.50oC 0.668

Tetragonal a = b = c, � = � = � =90o

�

�

�

c

ba

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Photo by Will Wysong on Flickr.

Figure 12.4Figure 12.4

Bravais Lattice

Triclinic

Monoclinic

Orthorhombic

Tetragonal

Trigonal

Cubic

Hexagonal

Parameters Simple (P)

Volume Centered (I)

Base Centered (C)

Face Centered (F)

a1 = a2 = a3 �12 = �23 = �31

a1 = a2 = a3 �23 = �31 = 900

�12 = 900

a1 = a2 = a3 �12 = �23 = �31 = 900

a1 = a2 = a3 �12 = �23 = �31 = 900

a1 = a2 = a3 �12 = 1200

�23 = �31= 900

a1 = a2 = a3 �12 = �23 = �31 = 900

a1 = a2 = a3 �12 = �23 = �31 < 1200

a3

a1

a2

4 Lattice Types

7 C

ryst

al C

lass

es

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Courtesy of National Academy of Sciences, U. S. A. Used with permission. Source: Caspar, Donald L. D., and Eric Fontano. "Five-fold Symmetry in Crystalline Quasicrystal Lattices." PNAS 93 (December 1996): 14271-14278. Copyright © 1996 National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A.

Figure 12.5

Averill, B., and P. Eldredge. Chemistry: Principles, Patterns, and Applications. Flat World Knowledge, 2011. ISBN: 9781453331224.

Figure 12.5c

Averill, B., and P. Eldredge. Chemistry: Principles, Patterns,andApplications. Flat WorldKnowledge, 2011. ISBN: 9781453331224.

Figure 12.10

Image by Eloy at Wikipedia.

© Pearson. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse. Source: Fig. 10.24 in McMurry, John, and Robert C. Fay. Chemistry. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice-Hall, 2004. ISBN: 0131402218.

© Pearson. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse. Source: Fig. 10.24 in McMurry, John, and Robert C. Fay. Chemistry. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice-Hall, 2004. ISBN: 0131402218.

© Pearson. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse. Source: Fig. 10.24 in McMurry, John, and Robert C. Fay. Chemistry. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice-Hall, 2004. ISBN: 0131402218.

© Pearson. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse. Source: Fig. 10.24 in McMurry, John, and Robert C. Fay. Chemistry. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice-Hall, 2004. ISBN: 0131402218.

All M. C. Escher works © 2010 The M. C. Escher Company – The Netherlands. All rights reserved. www.mcescher.com.

All M. C. Escher works © 2010 The M. C. Escher Company – The Netherlands. All rights reserved. www.mcescher.com.

All M. C. Escher works © 2010 The M. C. Escher Company – The Netherlands. All rights reserved. www.mcescher.com.

Figure 12.5a

Averill, B., and P. Eldredge. Chemistry: Principles, Patterns,andApplications. Flat World Knowledge, 2011. ISBN: 9781453331224.

All M. C. Escher works © 2010 The M. C. Escher Company – The Netherlands. All rights reserved. www.mcescher.com.

All M. C. Escher works © 2010 The M. C. Escher Company – The Netherlands. All rights reserved. www.mcescher.com

All M. C. Escher works © 2010 The M. C. Escher Company – The Netherlands. All rights reserved. www.mcescher.com

a = f(r) 2r 4r/√3 2√2r or 4r = √4 a √3 a √2 a

packing density 0.5 0.68 0.74

3

1

2

2

1

4 3

8 x 18 = 1

6 x 12 = 3

= 4 lattice FCC points/unit

cell

Averill, B., and P. Eldredge. Chemistry: Principles, Patterns, and Applications. Flat World Knowledge, 2011. ISBN: 9781453331224.

4r

a

a =

407

pm

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. Adapted from Fig. 5 in Aquaro, Donato. "Thermal Mechanical Analysis of a Solid Breeding Blanket." Fusion Engineering and Design 69 (2003): 511-518. Courtesy of Elsevier, Inc., http://www.sciencedirect.com. Used with permission.

Houses at L’Estaque

Georges Braque

1908

Courtesy of Rod Nave/HyperPhysics. Used with permission.

Courtesy of Rod Nave/HyperPhysics. Used with permission.

Colored Golds: FCC with zest

pure Au

Cu(low)

Cu(high)

Ni Al In Cr

yellow

yellow

pink white purple

blue green

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3.091SC Introduction to Solid State Chemistry Fall 2009

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