Welcome! May 28, 2014

Welcome! May 28, 2014Welcome! May 28, 2014 Opening discussionOpening discussion

Reflect on political parties/conflict. Reflect on political parties/conflict. What do you know about those of the past and also in the What do you know about those of the past and also in the

current world?current world?

Homework:Homework:

1.1. Read Chapter 18, Section 3. Complete GRW.Read Chapter 18, Section 3. Complete GRW.

2.2. Study for a possible quiz of the pop variety Study for a possible quiz of the pop variety

Bell RingerBell Ringer These questions focus on the These questions focus on the

divisions that remained in the country divisions that remained in the country after the Civil War.after the Civil War.1.1. Read the quote on page 533. Do you Read the quote on page 533. Do you

think the speaker is a Southerner? think the speaker is a Southerner? Explain.Explain.

2.2. How do you think most white How do you think most white Southerners would respond to the Southerners would respond to the speaker’s plans?speaker’s plans?

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.Reuniting the Nation:

Civil War Reconstruction

Reuniting the Nation:

Civil War Reconstruction

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.

What was Reconstruction?What was Reconstruction?

The plan to bring the Confederate States back into the United States so that the country could be ONE NATION again


When the Union won the Civil War the big questions were:

When the Union won the Civil War the big questions were:

What should Southern states have to do to be readmitted to the Union?

What should happen to southerners who participated in the war effort?

What should happen to the newly emancipated slaves?


Early ReconstructionEarly Reconstruction


• Describe the postwar challenges that faced the nation.

• Compare and contrast President Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction with the plan proposed by Congress.

• Identify the goals of the Freedmen’s Bureau.

• Describe the immediate impact of Lincoln’s assassination.

Objectives


• Explain why conflicts developed over plans for Reconstruction.

• Describe the changes in the South brought about by Radical Reconstruction.

• Explain how Congress tried to remove President Johnson from office.

Objectives


Key TermsKey Terms• Radical Republican – a congressman who, after the Civil War,

favored using the government to create a new order in the South and to give African Americans full citizenship and the right to vote

• Reconstruction – the process the U.S. government used to readmit the Confederate states to the Union after the Civil War

• Freedmen’s Bureau – a federal agency set up to help former slaves after the Civil War

• Andrew Johnson – Lincoln’s Vice President; Democrat; former slaveholder from Tennessee

• Black codes – laws passed by Southern states that limited the freedom of former slaves

• Civil rights – rights granted to all citizens• Fourteenth Amendment – an amendment to the U.S. Constitution,

passed in 1868, that made all persons born or naturalized in the United States (including former slaves) citizens of the country


• Abraham Lincoln – president who wanted to bind up the wounds of the Civil War as quickly as possible

• amnesty – a group pardon

• freedman – a man or woman who was legally freed from slavery after the Civil War

• impeachment – bringing of formal charges against a public official

Terms and People


• Andrew Johnson – Vice President who became President when Lincoln was assassinated

• Hiram Revels – an African American senator

• Blanche Bruce – an African American senator

• scalawag – a southern white who had opposed secession

• carpetbagger – a northern white who went south to start a business or pursue political office

Terms and People


How did the government try to solve key problems facing the nation after the Civil War?

After the Civil War, the nation faced enormous problems, especially in the South.

The government developed a plan for states to return to the Union and created an organization to help people freed from slavery.


During the Civil War, vast stretches of the South were devastated.

Americans had to bring the North and South together again.

This process was known as Reconstruction.


Reconstruction BeginsReconstruction Begins1. What challenge did the South face after the Civil War?

• Building a new society not based on slavery

2. What was Reconstruction?• The process the federal government used to readmit the

Confederate states to the Union (1865-1877)

3. What were Johnson’s Reconstruction policies?• Insisted new state governments ratify the 13th Amendment• Insisted they accept the supreme power of the Federal government• Offered amnesty to most white southerners and said he would

return their property (in exchange for a pledge of loyalty)


What plans would be made for

people who had been freed from

slavery?

Americans were forced to consider difficult questions during Reconstruction.

Who would help the homeless refugees who needed food,

shelter, and work?

Lincoln’s View of Lincoln’s View of ReconstructionReconstruction

““With malice With malice toward none, toward none, with charity with charity

for all...”for all...”

Second Inaugural Second Inaugural Address, 1865Address, 1865


President Abraham Lincoln and Congress proposed different plans for Reconstruction.


Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan made it easy for southern states to rejoin the Union.

That state could form a new state government.

That government declared an end to slavery.

10% of a state’s voters swore loyalty to the United States.

The state could take part in national government again.

Former Confederates would receive amnesty.

If . . . Then . . .


The Wade-Davis Bill was much stricter.

That state could rejoin the Union.

People in that state had voluntarily fought for the Confederacy.

50% of a state’s voters swore loyalty to the United States.

They would not have voting rights.

Lincoln refused to sign the bill, so it was never passed.

If . . . Then . . .


Lincoln believed that a “soft” policy would help him win support

from influential southerners.

Others argued that a strict plan would

keep the South from regaining power and weaken their control.

Republican leaders had different ideas about how to keep their party strong in the new South.


In 1865, Congress established the Freedmen’s Bureau.

The government also had to deal with the needs of freedmen.

The bureau’s first duty was to provide emergency relief to people displaced by the war.


The Freedmen’s Bureau set up schools in the South.

Many southern states lacked public education before the war.

Now, public schools began to educate both blacks and whites.


The Freedmen’s Bureau defended the freedom of former slaves in several ways.

It helped freedmen find jobs.

It resolved disputes between

white Americans

and freedmen.

It set up its own courts to

deal with some

disputes.


President Lincoln did not live to put his plans into practice.

Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate sympathizer, while attending a play.

Booth was captured and killed, but Americans remained stunned by Lincoln’s death.


Lincoln’s successor was Vice President Andrew Johnson, a southern Democrat who had remained loyal to the Union.

Many Americans expected him to take a strict approach to Reconstruction.

Johnson had shown bitterness toward the Confederates.


Conflicts Over ReconstructionConflicts Over Reconstruction


How did disagreements over Reconstruction lead to conflict in government and in the South?

President Andrew Johnson and Congress disagreed over plans for Reconstruction.

This led to a battle for power between Congress and the Presidency.


Like Lincoln, President Johnson proposed a less demanding plan for Reconstruction.

• He gave amnesty to most former Confederates.

• He allowed southern states to organize new governments and elect representatives to Congress.


Johnson required states to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment.

This amendment abolished slavery and forced labor.

The Thirteenth Amendment gave Congress the power to make laws to enforce its terms.

Slavery


Congress rejected Johnson’s lenient approach and began to debate a new plan.

Anger over these developments

led Radical Republicans in

Congress to adopt a hard line.

To sidestep the abolishment of slavery, some southerners

supported black codes, a system of near-slavery.


Black CodesBlack Codes

White Southerners sought ways to control newly freed African AmericansThey wrote Black Codes to regulate civil and legal rights, from marriage to the right to hold and sell propertyIn many ways the codes guaranteed African Americans would continue working as farm laborers

African American men who were arrested for

vagrancy due to unemployment


Rebuilding Brings ConflictRebuilding Brings Conflict1. What policies of new Southern state governments angered Congress?

• Some refused to ratify the 13th Amendment• Passed the black codes• The new governments seemed too much like the old

2. How did Congress deal with the Southern states?• Refused to seat representatives from the South• Set up a committee to study conditions in the South

and decide if Southern states should be represented

3. How did the Radical Republicans wish to reorganize the South?• Wanted the federal government to play an active role• Demanded full and equal citizenship for African Americans• Wanted to destroy the South’s old ruling class• Wanted small farms, free schools, respect for labor, and political

equality


The struggle over Reconstruction led to direct clashes between the President and Congress.

Johnson vetoed the

bill.

Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866. It gave citizenship to African Americans.

Congress overturned the veto. It became law.


The Civil Rights Act of 1866The Civil Rights Act of 1866


The Fourteenth Amendment

The Fourteenth Amendment was not fully enforced until the 1970s.

Next, Congress passed the Fourteenth Amendment.

All people born or naturalized in the United States are citizens.

States must allow all males over 21 to vote.


They passed the Reconstruction Act of 1867. The act stated that to return to the Union, southern states had to:

write a new state

constitution

ratify the Fourteenth

Amendment

allow African Americans to

vote

Radical Republicans won enough support to begin a series of reforms known as Radical Reconstruction.


The act imposed military rule on states that refused to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment, dividing them into five military districts.


The Civil Rights Act/The Fourteenth AmendmentThe Civil Rights Act/The Fourteenth Amendment

1. What were the provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the Fourteenth Amendment?• Civil Rights Act of 1866

• All persons born in U.S. (except Native Americans) were citizens• Entitled to equal rights regardless of race• President Johnson vetoed this bill, but Congress overrode the veto

• Fourteenth Amendment “Equal protection of the laws”• All people born in U.S. were citizens and had the same rights• Said that any state that kept African Americans from voting would lose

representatives in Congress• Southern states would have less power if they did not grant black men

the vote• Overturned the Dred Scott decision

2. What was the effect of opposition to civil rights legislation?• Johnson and the former slave states (except TN) passed the

Reconstruction Acts of 1867


The Civil Rights Act/The Fourteenth Amendment,

continued

The Civil Rights Act/The Fourteenth Amendment,

continued

1. What were the provisions of the Reconstruction Act of 1867?1. Divided the South into five military districts, each run by an army

commander2. Members of the ruling class before the war lost their voting rights3. Before Southern states could be readmitted to the Union, they had

to:1. Approve new state constitutions that gave the vote to all adult men,

including African Americans

2. They must ratify the Fourteenth Amendment


Overall, the Reconstruction policies of the Radical Republicans were much stricter and more comprehensive than those of President Johnson.


Radical Reconstruction brought about many improvements:

Southern states opened their first public schools.

Taxes and voting rules became fairer for all

citizens.

Legislators granted women property rights.

States rebuilt bridges, roads, and buildings.


For the first time in American history, African Americans in the South played an active role in politics.

African Americans were elected to local and statewide offices. Hiram Revels and Blanche Bruce became the nation’s first African American senators.


The Republican Party built a strong following during this time, based on three groups.

Freedmen voters.

Scalawags, or southern whites who had opposed secession.

Carpetbaggers, or northern whites who came to work in the South.

1

2

3


The Radicals tried to remove President Johnson from office by impeachment. Johnson received just enough votes to stay in office.

Then, General Ulysses S. Grant won the 1868 presidential election.

Radical Republican power peaked in 1868.

Grant was a moderate, so the Radicals began to lose power.


The New Southern Governments/Johnson is

Impeached

The New Southern Governments/Johnson is

Impeached1. What groups controlled the drafting of new state constitutions in the South

in 1867?• ¾ were Republican

• ½ of those were poor white farmers (scalawags)• ¼ were carpetbaggers• Rest of were African Americans

2. What were the effects of the new state constitutions?• Set up public schools• Gave the vote to all adult males

3. Why was President Johnson impeached? What was the verdict in the impeachment?• He violated the Tenure of Office Act• He was acquitted by a single vote

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