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Welcome to AP Chemistry

Administrative MattersAdministrative Matters

• IntroductionsIntroductions

• Parent LetterParent Letter

• AP ReviewAP Review

• Homework SheetHomework Sheet

• BooksBooks

• Questions?Questions?

I DON’T KNOW

What Am I Doing Here?What Am I Doing Here?This course is designed to be the equivalent of the general chemistry course usually taken during the first college year.

Students should attain a depth of understanding of fundamentals and a reasonable competence in dealing with chemical problems

The course should contribute to the development of the students' abilities to think clearly and to express their ideas, orally and in writing, with clarity and logic.

The AP Chemistry course is designed to be taken after the completion of a first course in high school chemistry.

WHAT IS CHEMISTRYWHAT IS CHEMISTRY??

What is chemistry?What is chemistry?

Chemistry: the study of all substances Chemistry: the study of all substances and the changes they undergo.and the changes they undergo.

Touches nearly all aspects of our Touches nearly all aspects of our lives…can you think of some lives…can you think of some examples?examples?

The central science: it overlaps with so The central science: it overlaps with so many other sciences.many other sciences.

AP CHEMISTRY LAB WORK

We will study “stuff” and how it changes largely through lab work.

22 required labs and their lab write-ups

At least one of your free response questions will be about lab work

LaboratorySafety Rules

While working in the science laboratory, you will have certain important ____________________ that do not apply to other classrooms. You will be working with materials and apparatus which, if handled carelessly or improperly, have the potential to cause __________________ or discomfort to someone else as well as yourself.

responsibilities

injury

A science laboratory can be a safe place in which to work if you, the student, are foresighted, alert, and cautious. Violating any of the following regulations will result in you being suspended from class or permanently removed from the class. The following practices will be followed:

1. An _________ must be present during the performance of all laboratory work.

2. Report any __________ to the teacher immediately, no matter how_________, including reporting any burn, scratch, cut, or corrosive liquid on skin or clothing.

3. Prepare for each laboratory activity by ________ all instructions before coming to class. Follow all _________ implicitly and intelligently. Make note of any _________ in procedure given by the instructor.

instructor

accidentminor

readingdirections

modification

4. Any science project or individually planned experiment must be __________ by the teacher.

5. Use only those materials and equipment _________ by the instructor.6. Inform the teacher ____________ of any equipment not working properly.

7. Clean up any nonhazardous _______ on the floor or workspace ____________.

approved

authorized immediately

spill

immediately spill

8. Wear appropriate ______________, as directed by the instructor, whenever you are working in the laboratory. Safety goggles must be worn during hazardous _________ involving caustic/corrosive chemicals, heating of liquids, and other activities that may injure the eyes.

eye protection

activities

9. Splashes and fumes from hazardous chemicals present a special danger to wearers of _____________. Therefore, students should preferably wear regular glasses (inside splash -proof goggles, when appropriate) during all class activities or purchase personal splash-proof goggles and wear them whenever exposure to chemicals or chemical fumes is possible. Students with open skin wounds on hands must wear gloves or be excused from the laboratory activity.

contact lenses

10. Never _______ hot equipment or dangerous chemicals through a ______ of students.

11. Check ______ and equipment instructions carefully. Be sure correct items are _______ in the proper manner.

12. Be aware if the _________ being used are hazardous. Know where the material safety data sheet (_______) is and what it indicates for each of the hazardous chemicals you are using.

carrygroup

labels

used

chemicals

MSDS

13. Never ______ anything or touch chemicals with the hands, unless __________ instructed to do so.

taste

specifically

wavingdistance

innot

mechanical

14. Test for odor of chemicals only by ______ your hand above the container and sniffing cautiously from a _________.15. Eating or drinking ____ the laboratory or from laboratory equipment is _____ permitted.16. Use a __________ pipette filler (never the mouth) when measuring or transferring small quantities of liquid with a pipette.

17. When heating material in a test tube, do not ______ into the tube or point it in the direction of any person during the process.

18. Never pour _________ back into bottles, exchange stoppers of bottles, or lay stoppers on the table.

19. When diluting _____, always pour acids into _______, never the reverse. Combine the liquids slowly while stirring to distribute heat buildup throughout the mixture.

look

reagents

acidswater

20. Keep _______ away from face, eyes, and clothes while using solutions, specimens, equipment, or materials in the laboratory. Wash hands as necessary and wash thoroughly at the __________ of the laboratory period.

21. To treat a burn from an acid or alkali, wash the affected area ___________ with plenty of running water. If the eye is involved, irrigate it at the eyewash station without interruption for 15 minutes. Report the incident to your instructor immediately.

immediately

hands

conclusion

22. Know the _________ of the emergency shower, eyewash and facewash station, fire blanket, fire extinguisher, fire alarm box, and exits.

23. Know the proper fire and earthquake drill _____________.

24. Roll long sleeves above the _______. Long, hanging necklaces, bulky jewelry, and excessive and bulky clothing should not be worn in the laboratory.

25. Confine long hair during a __________ activity.

location

procedures

wrist

laboratory

26. Wear shoes that ______ the toes, rather than sandals, in the laboratory.

cover

27. Keep work areas ______. Floors and aisles should be kept clear of equipment and materials.

clean

28. Light gas ________ only as instructed by the teacher. Be sure no _________ materials (such as alcohol or acetone) are being used nearby. Use a burner with __________ caution. Keep your head and clothing away from the flame and turn it off when not in use.

burnersvolatile

extreme

29. Use a fire blanket (stop, drop, and roll) to ___________ any flame on a person.

30. Dispose of laboratory waste as ___________ by the teacher. Use separate, designated containers (not the ___________) for the following:

extinguish

instructed

wastebasketMatches, litmus paper, wooden splints, ____________, and so ontoothpicks___________ and waste glassBrokenRags, paper towels, or other absorbent materials used in the cleanup of ____________ solids or liquidsflammable

Hazardous/toxic ________ and solidsliquids

31. Place books, purses, and such items in the designated storage area. Take only ____________ manuals and notebooks into the ___________ area.

laboratoryworking

32. Students are not permitted in laboratory _________ rooms or teachers' workrooms without the approval of the ___________

storage

teacher.33. To cut small diameter glass tubing, use a ______ or tubing cutter to make a deep scratch. Wrap the tubing in a paper towel before breaking the glass away from you with your thumbs. Fire polish all ends.

file

34. Hot and cold glass has the same _____ appearance. Determine whether an object is hot by bringing the back of your hand close to the object.

visual

35. Match hole sizes and tubing when inserting glass tubing into a stopper. If necessary, expand the hole first by using an appropriate size cork borer. Lubricate the stopper hole and glass tubing with water or glycerin to ease insertion, using __________ to protect the hand. Carefully twist (never push) glass tubing into stopper holes.

towels

36. Remove all ________ glass from the work area or floor as soon as possible. Never handle broken glass with bare hands; use a counter _____ and dustpan.

broken

brush37. Report broken glassware, including thermometers, to the instructor __________.immediately.

38. Operate electrical equipment only in a dry area and with _______ hands.dry

39. When removing an electrical plug from its socket, pull the _________, not the electrical cord.

plug

40. Treat all animals in the science laboratory __________; that is, with respect and consideration for their care.

humanely

41. Always approach laboratory experiences in a _________ and courteous manner.

serious

42. Always __________ the laboratory area before leaving.

clean

soap43. Students and teacher wash hands with ________ and water before leaving the laboratory area.

44. When heating volatile or flammable materials, use a water bath; that is, heat the materials in or over heated water, using a hot plate to heat the water. ___________ all open flames. Extinguish

45. Exercise __________ in using scissors, scalpels, dissecting needles, and other sharp-edged instruments. Pass them with handles extended when handing them to other persons.

caution

46. Wash all sharp-edged and pointed instruments __________ from other equipment.

separately

47. Use great care when working with ether or other volatile liquids. Windows and doors should be opened for greatest possible ___________. Be sure that caps or lids of containers used for chemicals are securely closed.

ventilation

48. Rinse _________ specimens occasionally or whenever fumes or chemicals are released in the dissection process.

dissection

54. Dispose of all discarded bacterial and fungal cultures by ___________ as directed by the instructor.

sterilization

55. Inform the teacher _____________ of any equipment not working properly.

immediately

56. When _________ with lasers or apparatus that produce X rays, microwaves, or ultraviolet rays, make certain that proper shielding and other precautions are used.

working

57. Use the fume hood whenever noxious, corrosive, or toxic _______ are produced or released.

fumes

58. Be sure all glassware is ______ before use. Clean glassware thoroughly ______ use. Residue may cause errors in new experiments or cause a _______ reaction or explosion.

cleanafter

violent

The following actions will result in being dropped from the class:

__________ the plastic cover and /or _________ the “Big Red Button” in the front of the classroom.

Liftingpushing

_________ of safety equipment including, but not limited to

–eyewash stations–emergency showers–fire extinguishers–fire blanket

Misuse

__________ school equipment or furniture.Vandalizing

____________ or causing harm to others.Endangering

Significant figuresMeaningful digits in a MEASUREMENT

Exact numbers are counted, have unlimited significant figures

If it is measured or estimated, it hassigfigs.

If not it is exact.

All numbers except zero are significant.

Some zeros are, some aren’t

Which zeroes count?In between othersigfigs does

Before the first number doesn’t

After the last number countsiff

it is after the decimal point

the decimal point is written in

3200 2 sigfigs

3200. 4 sigfigs

Doing the math Multiplication and division, same number of

sig figs in answer as the least in the problem– 7.5 x 254.3 = 1907.25– in sig figs = 1900 (only 2 sig figs)

Addition and subtraction, same number of decimal places in the answer as in the problem with the least decimals. – 12.52 + 349.0 + 8.24 = 369.76 or 369.8– 349.0 has 1 decimal so answer has 1

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

How many sig figs in the following?

1. 123 2. 9.8000 x 104 3. 0.070 80 m 4. 40, 506 5. 98,000

6. 22 meter sticks

7. A student’s extraction procedure yields 0.0105 g of caffeine

8. A chemist records a mass of 0.050080 g in an analysis

Carry out the mathematical operations, and give each result with the correct number of sig figs

9. 1.05 x 10 -3 / 6.135

10. 21 – 13.8

11. 97.381 + 4.2502 + 0.99195

12. 0.14 x 6.022

SIG FIG REVIEWSIG FIG REVIEW

How many sig figs in the following:

a. 12 b. 1098 c. 2001 d. 1000.

e. 0.0000101 f. 1.01 x 10 -5 g. 2.001 x 103

Round off each to 3 sig figs, write the answer in scientific notation

a. 312.54 b. 0.00031254 c. 31, 254,000

d. 0.31254 e. 31.254 x 10-3

Perform the following mathematical operations, and express each result to the correct number of sig figs

a. 0.102 x 0.0821 x 273 __________________________

1.01

b. (9.04 – 8.23 + 21.954 + 81.0) / 3.1416

SIG FIG QUIZ

Determine the number of sig figs.

1. 100

2. 1.0 x 102

3. 1.00 x 103

4. 100.

5. 0.0048

6. 0.00480

7. 4.80 x 10 -3

8. 4.800 x 10-3

Perform the mathematical operations and express each to the correct number of sig figs

9. 97.381 + 4.2502 + 0.99195

10. 171.5 + 72.915 – 8.23

11. 6.022 x 1023 x 1.05 x 102

12. (1.00866 – 1.00728)

________________________

6.02205 x 1023

More Preliminaries

Scientific Method

Metric System

Uncertainty

Scientific method.A way of solving problems

Observation-what is seen or measured

Hypothesis-educated guess of why things behave the way they do. (possible explanation)

Experiment-designed to test hypothesis

leads to new observations,

and the cycle goes on

Scientific method.After many cycles, a broad,generalizable

explanation is developed for why things behave the way they do

Theory

Also regular patterns of how things behave the same in different systems emerges

Law

Laws are summaries of observations

Scientific method.Theories have predictive value.

The true test of a theory is if it can predict new behaviors.

If the prediction is wrong, the theory must be changed.

Theory-why

Law -how

Observations

Hypothesis

Experiment

Law

Theory(Model)

Prediction

Experiment

Modify

Metric SystemEvery measurement has two parts

Number

Scale (unit)

SI system (leSystemeInternational) based on the metric system

Prefix + base unit

Prefix tells you the power of 10 to multiply by -decimal system -easy conversions

Metric System

Base Units

Mass -kilogram (kg)

Length-meter (m)

Time -second (s)

Temperature-Kelvin (K)

Electric current-ampere (amp, A)

Amount of substance-mole (mol)

Prefixesgiga- G 1,000,000,000109

mega - M 1,000,000 106

kilo - k 1,000 103

deci- d 0.1 10-1

centi- c 0.01 10-2

milli- m 0.001 10-3

micro- m 0.000001 10-6

nano- n 0.000000001 10-9

Mass and WeightMass is measure of resistance to

change in motion

Weight is force of gravity.

Sometimes used interchangeably

Mass can’t change, weight can

UncertaintyBasis for significant figures

All measurements are uncertain to some degree

Precision-how repeatable

Accuracy-how correct -closeness to true value.

Random error -equal chance of being high or low-addressed by averaging measurements -expected

Uncertainty

Systematic error-same direction each time

Want to avoid this

Better precision implies better accuracy

you can have precision without accuracy

You can’t have accuracy without precision

Dimensional Analysis

Using the units to solve problems

Dimensional AnalysisUse conversion factors to change the units

Conversion factors = 1

1 foot = 12 inches (equivalence statement)

12 in = 1 = 1 ft. 1 ft. 12 in

2 conversion factors

multiply by the one that will give you the correct units in your answer.

Examples11 yards = 2 rod

40 rods = 1 furlong

8 furlongs = 1 mile

The Kentucky Derby race is 1.25 miles. How long is the race in rods, furlongs, meters, and kilometers?

A marathon race is 26 miles, 385 yards. What is this distance in rods, furlongs, meters, and kilometers?

Sample Problems

Science fiction often uses nautical analogies to describe space travel. If the starship U.S.S. Enterprise is traveling at warp factor 1.71, what is its speed in knots?

Warp 1.71 = 5.00 times the speed of light

speed of light = 3.00 x 108 m/s

1 knot = 2000 yd/h exactly

Apothecaries (druggists) use the following set of measures in the English system:

20 grainsap= 1 scruple (exact)

3 scruples = 1 dramap(exact)

8 dramap= 1 oz.ap(exact)

1 dramap= 3.888 g

1 oz.ap= ? oz. troy

What is the mass of 1 scruple in grams?

Examples

ExamplesThe speed of light is 3.00 x 108m/s.

How far will a beam of light travel in 1.00 ns?

HOMEWORK

• 1. You’re planning on getting a new car. One model that you’re considering gets 32 mi/gal of gasoline on the highway. The ugly car your parents want to buy you gets 14 km/liter. Which car has better gas mileage? Do you get your car or the ugly one?

2. You pass a road sign in your new car saying “New York 112 km”. If you drive at a constant speed of 65 mi/h, how long will it take you to reach New York? If your car gets (insert the best mileage from above) miles per gallon, how many liters of gasoline are necessary to travel 112 km.

3. You are in Paris and you want to buy some peaches for lunch. The sign in the fruit stand indicates that peaches are 4.00 euro’s per kilogram. Assuming that there are 1.14 euros to the dollar, calculate what a pound of peaches will cost in dollars.

Temperature and Density

Temperature A measure of the average kinetic

energy

Different temperature scales, all are talking about the same height of mercury.

Derive a equation for converting ºF toºC

100ºC 212ºF0ºC 32ºF

100ºC = 212ºF

0ºC = 32ºF

100ºC = 180ºF1ºC = (180/100)ºF

1ºC = 9/5ºF

DensityRatio of mass to volume

D = m/V

Useful for identifying a compound

Useful for predicting weight

An intrinsic property-does not depend on what the material is