Weinke Wound Care PCC.revised 4.24.18...Etiology of Ulcerations •P‐ Pressure •I‐ Infection...

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Wound Care for the Primary Care Provider Jeffrey C Wienke Jr, DPM, CWSP Director, Amputation Prevention Center at Capital Foot and Ankle Clinic Disclosure Clinical Speaker: MiMedx, Marietta, GA Podiatrist

Transcript of Weinke Wound Care PCC.revised 4.24.18...Etiology of Ulcerations •P‐ Pressure •I‐ Infection...

Page 1: Weinke Wound Care PCC.revised 4.24.18...Etiology of Ulcerations •P‐ Pressure •I‐ Infection (SSSI vsosteomyelitis) •C‐ Circulation (vascular disease) •S‐ Swelling Rogers,

Wound Care for the Primary Care Provider

Jeffrey C Wienke Jr, DPM, CWSP

Director, Amputation Prevention Center at

Capital Foot and Ankle Clinic

Disclosure

• Clinical Speaker:  MiMedx, Marietta, GA

Podiatrist

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Objectives:

• Review appropriate ulceration work up 

• Become familiar with the IDSA guidelines for diagnosis/treatment of diabetic foot infections

• Understand treatment approaches for open ulcerations

Wound Evaluation

• Location– Bony prominence, proximal vs distal

• Size– Dimensions, depth, shape

• Tunneling/Undermining– Sinus tracts

• Bed– Granular/fibrotic/necrotic– Exposed tendon or bone

• Edges– Definition

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Etiology of Ulcerations

• P‐ Pressure

• I‐ Infection (SSSI vs osteomyelitis)

• C‐ Circulation (vascular disease)

• S‐ Swelling

Rogers, LC. Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Clinical Practice Pathway. 2016

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Infection

• 5 cardinal signs of infection– Rubor‐ redness

– Calor‐ heat

– Dolor‐ pain

– Tumor‐ swelling

– Functio laesa‐ loss of function

– Also consider in cases of abscess:• Fluctuance

• Crepitus

• Radiographic signs of gas/fluid/air

Lipinski BA., et al. 2012 Infections Disease Society of America Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetic Foot Infections. Clinical Infectious Diseases: 54(12); 132‐173. 2102

Infection

• Other findings not indicative of wound infection:

– Drainage

– Smell

• Osteomyelitis

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Initial Evaluation

Infection

• Decide whether or not

infection is present

– Manage infection if 

present

Lipinski BA., et al. 2012 Infections Disease Society of America Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetic Foot Infections. Clinical Infectious Diseases: 54(12); 132‐173. 2102

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IDSA Guidelines

• In which diabetic patients with a foot wound should I suspect infection, and how should I classify it?

1: Consider possibility in any DFU

‐ looking for redness, warmth, swelling, pain

2: Be aware of factors that increase risk

‐ + PTB, >30 days, recurrent wounds, traumatic wounds, PVD, Renal disease, or barefoot walking

IDSA Guidelines

• How should I assess a diabetic patient presenting with a foot infection

4: 3 levels‐ whole, foot/limb, wound

5: Diagnose based on at least 2 classic symptoms

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IDSA Guidelines

• When and how should I obtain specimen for culture from a patient with a diabetic foot infection?

16: For uninfected wounds, DO NOT CULTURE

17: Send specimen prior to starting ABX

18: Send specimen, not swab

‐ After irrigation/debridement

IDSA Guidelines

• How should I select ABX?

19: Uninfected wound should NOT be treated with ABX

20: Infected wounds should be started on ABX, need to be in conjunction with appropriate wound care

21: Empiric therapy based on severity

22: Definitive therapy based on cultures

23‐24: Length based on severity

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IDSA Guidelines

• When should I consider imaging studies, and which should I select?

25: Plain film x‐rays for all DFU

26: MRI only I abscess questionable or to R/O OM

27: IF no MRI, consider bone scan

Rogers, LC. Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Clinical Practice Pathway. 2016

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Circulation/Vascular

• Palpate pedal pulses

• CFT

• Doppler

• Consider NIVS even in the presence of palpable pedal pulses if the wound is not progressing as expected

• Referral for revascularization

Hingorani A., et al. The Management of Diabetic Foot: A Clinical Practice Guideline by the Society for Vascular Surgery in Collaboration with the American Podiatric Medical Association and Society for Vascular Medicine. J Vasc Surg: 63(2); 3s‐21s. 2016

Circulation/Vascular

– Pulses

• Popiteal

• posterior tibial

• dorsalis pedis

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Circulation/Vascular

– Capillary Refill

– Digital Hair Growth

Rogers, LC. Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Clinical Practice Pathway. 2016

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Pressure‐ offloading

• Difficult and individualized

• Most effective is Total Contact Cast or Other Non‐removeable device

• Numerous other options exist– NWB

– AFO

– Custom shoes/orthotics

– Diabetic shoes

* Hingorani A., et al. J Vasc Surg: 63(2); 3s‐21s. 2016*Snyder RJ., et al. JAPMA: 104(6); 555‐567. 2014

Pressure‐ offloading

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Rogers, LC. Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Clinical Practice Pathway. 2016

Treatment of DFU‐ Debridement

• Sharp debridement of open ulcerations removes fibrotic tissue and bacteria, stimulates angiogenesis, and turns a chronic wound into an acute wound

Myers, BA. The Wound Care Practitioner: Guidelines for Clinical Practice. Taken from: Wound Management: Principals and Practice, Third edition. Pearson 2012

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Dressings

• Moist wounds heal 3‐5 times faster than dry wounds

• Divided into two basic types:– Primary dressing

• Dressing that comes into contact with the wound, sometimes called the contact layer

– Secondary dressing• Placed over the primary 

dressing• Provides increased protection, 

cushioning, absorption, or occlusion

• Functions of dressings:– Create moist wound 

environment• Absorb excess exudate• Donate moisture to the wound

– Provide thermal insulation (37‐38 degrees C)

– Provide barrier to microorganisms

– Protect exposed nerve endings

– Hemostasis– Edema control– Elimination of dead space

Myers, BA. The Wound Care Practitioner: Guidelines for Clinical Practice. Taken from: Wound Management: Principals and Practice, Third edition. Pearson 2012

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Dressings

• Continuum of dressings

– Gauze

– Impregnated Gauze

– Semipermeable Film

– Hydrogel

– Semipermeable Foam

– Hydrocolloid

– Alginate

Dressings

• Gauze:

– Example: Kerlix, Kling, Nu‐Gauze

– Benefits: Cheap, readily available

– Limitations: Adhere to wound bed, non‐selective debridement, higher infection rate

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Dressings

• Impregnated Gauze:

– Example: Xeroform, adaptic

– Benefits: Decrease trauma, decrease pain

– Limitations: more costly, require secondary dressing

Dressings

• Semipermeable Film:

– Example: Tegaderm

– Benefits: Moisture retentive, allow visualization, encourage autolytic debridement

– Limitations: Adhesive, limited on amount of drainage, can not be used on infected wounds

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Dressings

• Hydrogel:

– Example: SAF‐GEL, Solosite, AQUASORB

– Benefits: Moisture retentive, encourage autolytic debridement, reduce pain, inexpensive

– Limitations: may dehydrate, can not be used on highly exudative wounds, require secondary dressing

Dressings

• Semipermeable Foam:

– Example: Mepilex

– Benefits: Moisture retentive, encourage autolytic debridement, thermal insulation, protection

– Limitations: Adhesive, may roll, expensive

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Dressings

• Hydrocolloid:

– Example: Aqua‐cell, Duo‐derm

– Benefits: Absorb drainage, able to be packed into tunneling wounds

– Limitations: Leave residue in wound, may cause hypergranulation, expensive

Dressings

• Alginate:

– Example: CURASORB

– Benefits: Absorbent, used on infected wounds

– Limitations: Requires secondary dressing, care must be taken on exposed tendon/bone

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Rogers, LC. Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Clinical Practice Pathway. 2016

Common Mistakes

• Soaking

• Inappropriate offloading

• Petroleum based dressings

• Hydrogen peroxide

• Antibiotics

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Advanced Healing Modalities

• Split thickness skin grafts• Dermal substitutes

– Dermagraft– Apligraft– Oasis– Graft Jacket– Integra– Etc

• Whirlpool• Negative Pressure Wound 

Therapy• HBO• Mist Therapy

Rogers, LC. Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Clinical Practice Pathway. 2016

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Case Studies

Case #1

• 67 y/o male

• Poorly controlled Type II DM (HgA1c: 8.3%), HTN, Hyperglycemia, obesity

• Denies tobacco, every day alcohol, employed part time, very active

• Presents today complaining of a draining lesion on the plantar aspect of his foot, present for the past couple of weeks.  Notes occasional drainage.  Treating daily with soaks, TAO, band‐aid, leaving open to air at night

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Case #1

What would be the first step in the focused physical exam?

A. Vitals

B. Palpate Pedal Pulses

C. Visual exam (R/O Infection)

D. Gait exam

Case #1

What would be the first step in the focused physical exam?

C. Visual exam (R/O Infection)

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Case #1

Case #1

What would be the most reasonable first step of his treatment?

A. Topical Mupirocin

B. Wound Culture

C. Augmentin 875mg

D. None of the above

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Rogers, LC. Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Clinical Practice Pathway. 2016

Page 24: Weinke Wound Care PCC.revised 4.24.18...Etiology of Ulcerations •P‐ Pressure •I‐ Infection (SSSI vsosteomyelitis) •C‐ Circulation (vascular disease) •S‐ Swelling Rogers,

Case #1

What would be the most appropriate was to offload this ulceration?

A. Non‐weightbearing

B. Total Contact Cast

C. CAM Boot

D. Post‐op shoe

E. Diabetic Shoes

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Case #1

What would be the most appropriate wound cleanser?

A. Hydrogen peroxide

B. Tap water shower

C. NS

D. Epsom salt soak

Case #1

What would be the most appropriate wound cares?

A. Silvadene and telfa

B. Triple antibiotic and gauze

C. Therabond

D. Wound gel and band‐aid

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Case #1

What would be the most appropriate wound cares?

Debridement

Showering (no soaking)

Moist contact layer

Non‐stick secondary dressing

Case #2

• 71 year old male with Hxof CVA

• Patient now confined to power wheel‐chair

• Called EMS due to arm weakness and speech difficulty

• Back‐boarded by EMS, transported to hospital

• Transferred to CT scan on backboard (total of over 3 hours)

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Case #2

• Patient now has posterior heel wound

– 6 month duration

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Case #2

• What would be the most appropriate next diagnostic/treatment plan?

– A: IV Antibiotics

– B: Wound culture

– C: MRI foot

– D: Vascular Exam

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Case #2

• The patient undergoes aortogram with stenting

• What next?

– Wound cares and offloading

Case #2

• The patient undergoes aortogram with stenting

• What next?

– Wound cares and offloading

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Case #2

• The patient undergoes aortogram with stenting

• What next?

– Wound cares and offloading

Case #3

• 68 year old male with chronic bilateral ulcerations

• What is the etiology of these ulcerations?– A: Arterial

– B: Diabetic

– C: Venous

– D: Pressure

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Case #3

• Venous insufficiency ulcerations– No need for antibiotics

• Often misdiagnosed as cellulitis– Erythema is constant

– Look for warmth, fever, leukocytosis

– No topicals!

– Treatment?• Absorption

• Compression

– Ensure cardiac health prior to compression

• Lasix?

• Edema pumps

• Elevation

• Diet modification

Case #3

• Venous insufficiency ulcerations– No need for antibiotics

• Often misdiagnosed as cellulitis– Erythema is constant

– Look for warmth, fever, leukocytosis

– No topicals!

– Treatment?• Absorption

• Compression

– Ensure cardiac health prior to compression

• Lasix?

• Edema pumps

• Elevation

• Diet modification

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References

• Hingorani A., et al. The Management of Diabetic Foot: A Clinical Practice Guideline by the Society for Vascular Surgery in Collaboration with the American Podiatric Medical Association and Society for Vascular Medicine. J Vasc Surg: 63(2); 3s‐21s. 2016

• Lipinski BA., et al. 2012 Infections Disease Society of America Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetic Foot Infections. Clinical Infectious Diseases: 54(12); 132‐173. 2102

• Myers, BA. The Wound Care Practitioner: Guidelines for Clinical Practice. Taken from: Wound Management: Principals and Practice, Third edition. Pearson 2012

• Rogers, LC. Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Clinical Practice Pathway. 2016• Sheehan P, et al. Percentage Change in Wound Area of Diabetic Foot Ulcers Over a 

4‐Week Period Is a Robust Predictor of Complete Healing in a 12‐Week Prospective Trial. Diabetes Care: 26; 1879‐1882. 2003

• Snyder RJ., et al. The Management of Diabetic Foot Ulcers Through Optimal Offloading: Building Consensus Guidelines and Practical Recommendations to Improve Outcomes. JAPMA: 104(6); 555‐567. 2014