Week Five Capstone Assignment C_Roy

Running head: CAPSTONE: BRYANS ROAD SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY 1

Capstone: Bryans Road Sustainable Community

Christine Roy

ENV 497

July 11, 2015

Professor Murphy

Running head: CAPTSTONE: BRYANS ROAD SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY 2

Bryans Road Sustainable Community

Introduction

With a projected United States population growth to hit 439 million by the year 2050,

there is an over-whelming need to incorporate sustainable living into existing and future

developments in order to maintain the economic and environmental health of the nation (Wallace

2009). As such, sustainable development in the form of sustainable communities is a necessary

element to this success. There are many definitions of what constitutes a sustainable community,

yet it is imperative to understand the concept of sustainability in regards to its conception to

where it is going in the future. Born out of the concept of sustainable living and development

and brought to a global audience at the United Nations in 1974, the declaration for the

establishment of a "New International Economic Order" was adopted. While not being fully

accepted, the principles were expanded upon and evolved into the 1976 United Nations’

conference on Human Settlements (Habitat I) program. The program, consisting of 65 pages of

recommendations such as the redistribution of population in accord with resources, government

controls the use of land to achieve equitable distribution of resources, controls land use through

zoning & land-use planning, excessive profits from land use must be recaptured by government,

public ownership of land should be used to exercise urban and rural land reform, and owner

rights should be separated from development rights which should be held by a public authority

(ICMA 2010).

It was not until the 1990’s when as noted in the article, The History of Sustainable

Development - Connecting the Dots (2010), sustainable development entered into the

vocabulary and was defined by the United Nations as, “development that meets the needs of the

present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (para 9).


Taking it even further, the basics of sustainability have progressed from the previously

understood conception of ecological conservation to include that of socio-economic concept.

Meaning and as noted in the article, Concepts and Issues of Sustainability in Countries in

Transition– An Institutional Concept of Sustainability as a Basis for the Network (2010), the

concept of sustainability and development would consist of a "qualitative concept incorporating

ideas about improvement and progress and including cultural, social and economic dimensions"

(para 1). When looking towards the future and the concept of sustainability and development the

move may appear to have an overly abundant human focus, yet if one looks closely it takes a

more realistic approach. The future of sustainability may more closely resemble the goals of,

human life being able to develop indefinitely, where individuals can flourish, culture can

develop, and the “effects of human activities remain within bounds so as not to destroy the

diversity, complexity and functioning of the ecological life-support system" (Lutteken &

Hagedorn 2010 para 2).

From that point, projects revolving around the development of sustainable communities

commenced. Encompassing the same qualities established by the United Nations, yet taking it

further by ensuring the complete participation of an entire community, to establish goals in order

to develop continuing, cultural, social, and financial environmental health, vitality, and well-

being of the community (EPA 2012). With these concepts firmly intact, this is a proposal to

develop a sustainable community for 100,000 people in Charles County, Maryland. This

document constitutes an initial development plan for the Bryans Road Sustainable Community

(BRSC) in order to efficiently guide and manage future development of the BRSC.


The vision and goals behind the plan follow the same guiding concepts as noted in the Charles

County Comprehensive Plan (2013), which ensures,

“a high quality of life is achieved through universal stewardship of the land, water, and

air resulting in sustainable communities and protection of the environment, public

participation: citizens are active partners in the planning and implementation of

community initiatives and are sensitive to their responsibilities in achieving community

goals, growth areas: growth is concentrated in existing population and business centers,

growth areas adjacent to these centers, or strategically selected new centers, community

design: compact, mixed-use, walkable design consistent with existing community

character and located near available or planned transit options is encouraged to ensure

efficient use of land and transportation resources and preservation and enhancement of

natural systems, open spaces, recreational areas, and historical, cultural, and

archeological resources, infrastructure: growth areas have the water resources and

infrastructure to accommodate population and business expansion in an orderly, efficient,

and environmentally sustainable manner” (Kelly p 8).

As an established Designated Planning Area according to the Charles County Comprehensive

Plan of 2013, Bryans Road Sustainable Community will include a mix of medium to high density

residential, business, and employment operations in a condensed and well-designed, pedestrian

friendly environment. As determined by the Land Use Map of Charles County, Bryans Road

Sustainable Community (BRSC) is located in what is considered a primary planned development

district. As such, the County will provide infrastructure to support growth, particularly with

respect to water and sewer.


Currently, the Bryans Road area water system is serviced by seven aquifers. In the case

of the Bryans Road Sustainable Community, the Mattawoman sewer service area will provide

sewer infrastructure and will work in conjunction with permitted potable water systems installed

along with low-flow fixtures through-out the community. By utilizing existing sewer

infrastructure, the development reduces its impact on the environment. Furthermore, a sub-area

of the development district, identified as the transit corridor will include and surround the

business and commercial areas of BRSC along Route 301 and 210, the closest connections and

main thorough fares to the Washington Metro area (Kelly et al 2012). In addition, public

transportation will be developed around residential and nonresidential densities and will include,

bike share programs, and a combination of natural gas buses and street cars. Consequently,

eliminating the need to construct major highways, but instead build, fewer and less intrusive

connecting roads and minimizing effect on air pollution and climate change.

Energy resources will come from a combination of on-site renewable energy generation

systems, such as solar and wind, reducing the need to use traditional, non-renewable forms of

energy. In addition, district heating and cooling (DHC) systems as supplementary uses or as

special permitted uses will be authorized in appropriate zoning districts through bonus zoning

provisions (USGBC 2013). As part of a sustainable infrastructure there will be energy-efficient

utility equipment, such as water and wastewater pumps installed along with the use of recycled

content or reclaimed materials in utility infrastructure (USGBC 2013). All of which are part of

Smart Growth programs and techniques, serving to help minimize impact on the environment

and promote social equity while ensuring sustainable measures are used. Included in these

programs are guidelines and laws that direct the sustainable use of land while minimizing impact

on wildlife, wilderness and wetlands.


Land Use, Wildlife, Wildness, and Wetlands

As noted in the article, Smart Growth Guidelines for Sustainable Design and

Development (2009), an estimated 89 million homes and 190 billion square feet of new offices,

institutions, stores, and other non-residential buildings will be built by 2050 (p 7). This degree

of development as with any on such a large scale has an impact on the land, wildlife, wilderness,

and wetlands. In order to ensure sustainability of the land, wildlife, wilderness and wetlands in

the proposed Bryans Road Sustainable Community, specific steps, including Smart Growth

design and development will be planned and implemented. In accordance with the Charles

County Comprehensive Plan the proposed site for the BRSC, while in a designated planned

development district does not necessarily need an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) as the

county has already conducted and Environmental Analysis. However, since any development

can have a negative impact on the environment and due to some segments of the development

requiring construction and disturbance of land, an EIS will created in an over-abundance of

caution and desire to exceed all sustainable expectations.

The EIS for the Bryans Road Sustainable Community is based upon the following

analysis, the need to build connecting roads, use of construction vehicles in the development,

impervious development, erosion, habitat disruption, updates on existing infrastructures such as

sewer and water, and building of wind turbines on agricultural land. All of which can contribute

to some extent to air, water, and noise pollution and are subject to regulatory Federal, State, and

County laws including the Charles County Comprehensive Plan. Regulatory laws such as the

Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Energy Policy Act, and extensive conservation ordinances as

noted in the Charles County Comprehensive Plan (2012), in order to “meet the requirements for

local government planning in Maryland pursuant to State enabling legislation and requirements


contained in Article 66-B of the Annotated Code of Maryland (p 8). The overall goal of the

development plan and EIS will be to incorporate the principles of sustainable development by

advancing the union of economic, environmental, social and cultural issues into local policies

and programs (Bray Town 2011).

As a planned development district, part of what makes the location of the Bryans Road

Sustainable Community optimal is it is not located on any preserved or protected land, in close

proximity to any wetlands, nor is it within 100 feet of water or coastline. The selection of this

site corresponds with the goal of maximizing sustainability and preservation of land.

Furthermore, as part of the preservation plan, and to reduce the impact the community has on the

land such as in the case of erosion, development will not take place on slopes that are greater

than 15 percent. According to the United States Green Building Council (2015), by keeping

development on slopes that are 15 percent or less will better “protect habitat and reduce stress on

natural water systems by reserving steep slopes in a natural, vegetated state” (para 1). Nor will

there be any development on land that is considered highly erodible due to the potential of

increased run-off, such as in the case of sandy soils which are generally located close to the

coastline.

Additionally, as part of the goal to preserve wetlands, a plan for stream restoration and

erosion control as noted by USGBC, such as the covenants, conditions, and restrictions (CC&R)

development agreement will be implemented in the case monitoring indicates any increased

levels of phosphorus and nitrogen in waterways and damage to stream or wetlands do to erosion.

If development needs to occur on slopes greater 15 percent, anywhere from 40 to 100 percent

restoration will be implemented. Furthermore, protection of watersheds will in part take place

with the application of improved urban nutrient management and stormwater filtering. This will


be accomplished using methods such as stormwater infiltration facilities, sand filters, landscaped

swales, or bio retention areas (Kelly et al 2012). Moreover, the preservation program area of the

BRSC encourages the development of natural stream channel design work, watershed

assessments, watershed remediation plans (PAwatersheds.org 2015).

Another large impact to the land due to the development of the Bryans Road Sustainable

Community is the increase in impervious surface area. To off-set this impact and minimize the

effects this can have on climate change, the development company will utilize Environmental

Site Design (ESD) and Water Improvement Program (WIP) techniques that will help to reduce

the amount and acceleration of pollutants entering streams and atmosphere (Kelly et al 2012).

Charles County plays host to an abundance of diverse and natural resources of plant and

wildlife habitats in its rivers, streams, marshland, forests and shoreline making it imperative to

ensure its sustainability. Forests are beneficial because they absorb and store nutrients and

sediment from stormwater runoff, minimizing erosion, absorb carbon from the atmosphere, and

supports wildlife. As noted in the Charles County Comprehensive Plan (2012), development

proposals such as the Bryans Road Sustainable Community will include both forest stand

delineation and conservation plans. The conservation plans will require a process known as

reforestation, the planting of trees where deforestation (due to development) has taken place.

Moreover, in the event of existing mature trees that are worth preserving (where possible) will be

included in the development, particularly those located on rocky embankments will be

maintained (Bray Town 2011).

Protection and conservation of habitat and wildlife in and around the proposed

development site and in accordance with the County, a Habitat Protection Plan will be created.

Wildlife is important not only for ecological balance but also for the aesthetics, education, and


recreational purposes they fulfill. In order to create a sustainable development that incorporates

the healthy existence of wilderness and wildlife, the development plan will include green

infrastructure or what are normally identified as open spaces. In the state of Maryland a green

infrastructure initiative was created in the 90’s and after a few revisions was renamed the

Maryland Green Plan. As noted the Charles County Comprehensive Plan (2012), the program

“identifies Targeted Ecological Areas preferred for Statewide Program Open Space funding

based on their high ecological value” (Kelly et al p 93). Additionally, as part of the preservation

action plan, development will not take place around endangered or sensitive species and or

ecological communities. Buffers will be inserted near important habitats and restoration of

native ecological communities using indigenous vegetation and provide protection plans around

these areas.

In agreement with the Charles County Comprehensive Plan and the EPA’s Clean Water

Act, water protection and conservation techniques will be implemented. As part of the plan to

protect all water sources the following objectives will be created but not limited to, guiding

development away from bodies of water and or wetlands, affix buffers around wetlands and or

bodies of water, prevent development from disrupting or destroying these areas, restore

predevelopment bodies of water and wetlands, protect and maintain these areas and “require

stormwater management plans that emulate natural hydrologic conditions and use infiltration,

evapotranspiration, and other best management practices to prevent stormwater runoff ” (Byerly

2013). Consequently, preserving and minimizing the impact development has on proposed land,

wilderness, wildlife and wetlands.

In addition to the preservation and sustainable development of a community, economics

is an important part of the development and success of the plan. With the creation of a


sustainable community, economic development and jobs are at the core. Part of the development

plan will include actionable items for economic development such as, increase and access to

jobs, promote local agriculture, encourage local food production, and green commercial

buildings. For example, the Environmental Protection Agency offers grants and funding in the

form of programs such as the Environmental Workforce Development, U.S. Department of Labor

Microenterprise Grants Program, and Job Training Grant, just to name a few (EPA6 2015).

In addition, residential and affordable housing will be developed near existing and newly

proposed job locations, while commercial establishments will be developed near new and

existing transit and residences (Byerly 2013). Since the Bryans Road Sustainable Community

will consist of mixed uses, a variety of housing options will exist. Compact housing

development accomplishes many goals important to an economically sustainable community.

The variety of housing will reduce the development footprint while creating ethical housing for

different incomes. Consequently, and as noted by author Meg Byerly (2013), “this enables

housing developers to build more affordable housing types through cost efficiencies associated

with smaller units, as well as the spread of land, infrastructure, approval, and carrying costs

among a larger number of units” (p 45). It also makes incentives, which are a big part of the

financial considerations of a sustainable community more possible.

To encourage developers and attract businesses to use sustainable techniques, incentives

will be implemented. Incentives such as, tax increment financing, property tax abatements, fee

waivers, direct financial assistance, technical assistance, educational incentives,, and marketing

incentives (Byerly 2013). Furthermore, in order to support sustainable development the plan will

include Tax Increment Financing (TIF). As noted by authors, Richard Dye and David Merriman

(2006), tax increment financing is a tool for local economic development “that allows


municipalities to promote economic development by earmarking property tax revenue from

increases in assessed values within a designated TIF district” and allows the development the

ability to approve upfront investments (para 1).

The ethics of creating Bryans Road Sustainable Community goes back to the core

elements of sustainable development and as noted in the article Ethics of Sustainability (2012),

that means, “meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future

generations to meet their needs”(p 6). In order to understand how and why sustainability fits into

community development, land use, and the conservation and preservation of wetlands,

wilderness, and wildlife one must have a better understanding of the ethical concepts as

presented in theories such as the Precautionary Principle, the Chain of Obligation, the

Distributional Principle, the Land Ethic, and the Rights of the Other Species (Kibert et al 2012).

Ultimately, these theories recognize the ethical need and supply of food, safe drinking water,

sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education, information, and access to services (Kibert et al.

2012). By addressing these and previously mentioned elements of the Bryans Road Sustainable

Community, the path to creating a sustainable community plan is forged.

Water Supply and Wastewater Management

One of the most important aspects of developing a sustainable community is how water

will be obtained and how wastewater will be dealt. With approximately 410 billion gallon of

water being used per day in the United States it is essential to create systems that are biologically

and chemically safe (UMICH 2014). However, that does not lessen the need to do so in a

sustainable manner as new developments affect water quality and water shortages due to

population growth and drought have an extreme impact on water resources. One of the essential

goals of any state, county and community is to adhere to the Environmental Protection Agency’s,


Clean Water Act. As noted in the article, Protecting Water Resources with Smart Growth

(2014), a couple of the main reasons that some bodies of water do not meet the Clean Water Act

(CWA) are due to “storm sewer over-flows and run-off from nonpoint sources” (EPA¹ p 7).

Which is why improving and protecting existing watersheds is just as important when

developing sustainable water systems so that the community is not significantly contributing to

climate change.

In order to reduce environmental impact due to the development of the Bryans Road

Sustainable Community, existing aquifers and sewer plants will be utilized. Two out of the 52

aquifers located in Charles County will supply potable water, the Patapsco and Patuxent

Aquifers. These are made up of seven existing, underground wells that purify, reserve and

deposit water that is penetrated by drilling, which then pumps water to the surface for

distribution (CharlesCountymd 2013). Because the Patuxent aquifer is a mostly underused water

resource, the development of the BRSC will not require any additional wells to be dug, limiting

the impact on the environment. According to the Charles County Comprehensive plan, the

BRSC currently has a large permitted withdrawal of 513,000 gallons per day (gdp). Yet, should

an increase in consumption occur, the Bryans Road Sustainable Community is slated for

interconnection with the Waldorf systems in 2040 (Kelly et al. 2012).

In addition, the Bryans Road Sustainable Community, waste water infrastructure and

management will be provided by the Mattawoman sewer service area which will ultimately

require less land to be disturbed. Environmental disturbance will be limited to the installation of

infrastructure in the form of piping that connects from the Mattawoman Wastewater Plant to

residents and businesses within the BRSC. Furthermore, to reduce any potential contamination

due to discharge from the treatment plant to surface water, advanced wastewater treatment will


be implemented. After the primary and secondary treatments, additional treatments such as, sand

and carbon filters and chemicals will be used to help in the removal method (Botkin 2011).

Along with the sustainable supply of water and management of waste water there are

additional ways in which the community can conserve and reduce water use that can ultimately

reduce impact to the environment. Beginning with the products being used to supply water,

including the installation of water-efficient plumbing fixtures, low-flow and fixture fittings such

as, toilets, urinals, lavatory faucets, showers, kitchen sink faucets, and pre-rinse spray valves

(Botkin 2011). Ultimately, by incorporating green building techniques into the structure of some

building, the community can reduce water consumption by almost 30 percent, reduce cost and

energy use while protecting natural bodies of water (EPA¹ 2014). The utilization of green

building techniques would also include, water catchment systems, green roofs, water-efficient

landscaping and irrigation, and reuse.

Direct water reuse is a way to maximize wastewater treatment. Treated water is piped

from the Mattawoman plant to end user. Primary uses will be directed to green spaces,

agriculture, and industrial spaces such as schools, hospital, businesses. Additionally, rainwater

collection will capture stormwater for reuse in landscaping and open space areas will be designed

in order to minimize stormwater run-off. Landscaping will also incorporate features that support

infiltration and retention (EPA¹ 2014).

Since the enactment of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) in 1974 and subsequent

amendments, development plans are required in order to regulate pollutants in water supplies.

Besides existing as a means to regulate pollutants, the SDWA “provides funding for

infrastructure projects, protects sources of drinking water, and promotes the capacity of water

systems” (UMICH 2014). In addition to the SDWA, the Chesapeake Bay Total Maximum Daily


Load (TMDL) and Water Implementation Plans (WIP) have implemented caps in order to limit

the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and sediments that are discharged into the Bay and local

waterways. With the proposed future development of the BRSC, it is estimated that by 2040 the

Mattawoman WWTP may exceed its nitrogen cap.

As such, additional wastewater treatment measures will be implemented in order to

mitigate issues over the long-term foreseeable future. Additional wastewater treatment measures

might include, “continue to perform system maintenance and upgrades, particularly to reduce

inflow and infiltration (I/I), which consumes available wastewater system capacity and

participate in nutrient trading, as per the State’s Policy for Nutrient Cap Management and

Trading and in particular, investigate opportunities for Charles County WWTPs to act as a

“seller” of nutrient credits” (Kelly et al p 72). In regards to an Environmental Impact Study

(EIS), one will not be needed for this segment of the plan due to the use of existing

infrastructures for water supply and management.

Water supply and wastewater management can sometimes be one of the most expensive

elements of building the sustainable community. That is if the community is in need of building

a brand new plant. Fortunately, since the BRSC will be utilizing existing aquifers and

wastewater management plant, additional expense will be if any additional wells need to be dug

and piping infrastructure. In part, sources of funding for water and wastewater management will

come from sources such as grants and direct financing. Grants such as the, EPA Clean Water

Act Nonpoint Source Grant, EPA Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF), and DOE

Weatherization and Intergovernmental Program. The DOE Weatherization program will be

beneficial for the development of green infrastructure, such as green roofs. While according to

the EPA website (2014), the CWSRF will be used to “fund water quality protection projects for


wastewater treatment, stormwater management, nonpoint source pollution control, and watershed

and estuary management” for the Bryans Road Sustainable Community (EPA² para 5 & 6).

Furthermore and as previously noted, the SDWA provides funding for projects in order to

meet guidelines. There is also the opportunity for the partnership and use of private wastewater

systems that can provide the best management of wastewater and cost efficiency. Public-private

wastewater partnerships use the technology and knowledge that the private sector can provide

while the municipality retains ownership (Botkin 2011). With the possibility of needing to

upgrade the current infrastructure and services of the Mattawoman WWTP in 2040 and without

having to raise taxes on the community in order to do so, a public-private partnership might

deliver the most cost effective and practical way to address necessary repairs, replacements, and

upgrades to any facilities.

As part of any sustainable development, the ethical implications of the water sourcing

and treatment as well as wastewater and stormwater management plans must be considered.

This consideration goes hand in hand with the goals of the Clean Water Act’s order to meet and

possibly exceed human health and clean drinking water criteria. As part of the Bryans Road

Sustainable Community plan, the implementation of previously mentioned green infrastructure

will assist in preserving and improving health and water quality and better manage stormwater

for all residents and businesses (Stoner 2012). The health of the community’s residents and

environment are also met through the aesthetics and preservation of green and open spaces and

minimal disturbance to habitats. To ensure fair and equitable distribution and location of all

water sources and management techniques, involvement from the community will be achieved

through education, announcements, sharing of plans and activities with the public through

meetings and communications.


In order to meet the needs of an ever increasing population, new development is

necessary. However, because of population demand, drought, and changes in climate the supply

of usable water is precariously low. As such, it is necessary to implement and enforce

sustainable development for both new and existing structures and infrastructures. A main

component of this involves water supply and wastewater management for the Bryans Road

Sustainable Community. In order to reduce impact to the environment and to ensure BRSC

meets and exceeds the Clean Water Act, the Safe Drinking Act and guidelines set by the Charles

County Comprehensive Plan, sustainable development methods that incorporate Smart Growth

techniques will be implemented.

Waste Treatment and Recycling

It is astounding to note that in the United States over 220 million tons of waste is

generated each year (Duke 2015). Combine that statistic with the estimated population growth to

approximately 439 million by the year 2050, a need to create effective programs and policies that

deal with solid and hazardous waste in a sustainable manner is essential (Roberts 2009). One of

the most effective ways in which to address waste management is in the planning and

development stages of new communities. When developing and building a sustainable

community from scratch, as in the case of the Bryans Road Sustainable Community (BRSC),

there are considerable sources of solid and hazardous waste that need to be taken into

consideration that contribute to the depletion of natural resources and contribute to climate

change. However, there are just as many opportunities available to create policies and solutions

that not only help deal with solid and hazardous waste but does so in a sustainable manner.

In order to reduce environmental impact due to the development of the Bryans Road

Sustainable Community (BRSC), a comprehensive and sustainable waste management plan


consistent with integrated waste management (IWM) will be implemented. The IWM will

incorporate methods such as collection, storage, disposal, recycling, and reuse of waste in order

to meet both public and environmental health concerns, and the desire to reuse and recycle waste

material (Carter Center 2004). Therefore, Bryans Road Sustainable Community will utilize the

existing 114 acre landfill located at the Billingsley Road Landfill in Waldorf, Maryland, located

just 12 miles from the BRSC. This eliminates the need to ship waste to other state landfills or

have to designate protected or unused land for additional landfill. However, since capacity at

the Billingsley Road Landfill is estimated to be reached in approximately 18 years (2030),

alternative solutions will be proposed and implemented (Kelly 2012). To reduce fill estimates

and to exceed the Maryland Recycling Act (MRA) of 1989 and Charles County’s 2010

municipal solid waste (MSW) recycling goal of 35 percent, at least one of each of the following

facilities will be built, warehousing, separation and processing facility, transfer station, holding

and temporary storage facility, material recovery facility, and compost facility, as they play a

significant part in integrated waste management (Kelly 2012). However, since Charles County

zoning does not permit public run facilities any new ones will be run by the municipality.

While land will be disturbed for the development of these building, the environmental

impact will be reduced due to not having to allocate more land for fill and the implementation of

construction waste management protocol. As noted by the United States Green Building

Council (2013), with construction waste management developers are required to, “recycle or

salvage at least 50 percent of nonhazardous construction and demolition debris, such as

cardboard, metal, brick, acoustical tile, concrete, plastic, clean wood, glass, gypsum wallboard,

carpet, and insulation” (Byerly p 94). In order to help developers meet this goal, municipality


will create and coordinate specific drop-off stations located within the Bryans Road Sustainable

Community during the development project.

The benefits of an integrated waste management (IWM) plan is its comprehensiveness.

Not only does IWM take into consideration commercial and industrial waste management, but

also that of residential when it comes to the reuse, source reduction, recycling, composting,

landfill, and incineration of waste (Botkin 2011). In conjunction with the IWM and to reduce

landfill waste, Bryans Road Sustainable Community will implement a zero-waste program. A

program that will in essence endeavor to produce no solid waste, as anything produced would be

reused. This would be accomplished through the development and implementation of several

elements. For example, the zero waste program will include the development of at least one

reuse or recycling station, a drop-off point for hazardous office or household wastes, compost

station, a minimum of one recycling container on every mixed-use or nonresidential block, and

the implementation of a “pay as your throw” tax program (Byerly 2013). The Pay as you Throw

program helps to motivate people to produce less waste because they are charged on the amount

they produce (Botkin & Keller, 2011). Furthermore, the program works for both residential and

commercial waste. Similar to a plan implemented in Concord, New Hampshire, BRSC residents

can purchase one or 2 bags, either 15 gallons for one dollar or 30 gallons for two dollars and

commercial businesses are issued containers for entire buildings, and each building is billed on

the number of containers it purchases (EPA³ 2010).

Another opportunity for sustainable IWM, which has gained considerable visibility and

popularity in the last few years is upcycling. Originally proposed by William McDonough in his

book, Cradle to Cradle and as noted in the article, Recycling vs. Upcycling: What is the

difference? (2010), upcycling is different from recycling as it is, “a process that can be repeated


in perpetuity of returning materials back to a pliable, usable form without degradation to their

latent value—moving resources back up the supply chain” (Caine para 3). While recycling

“takes an item and targets it for reuse, returning it back to the cycle of daily contribution to

society rather than discarding it to trash” (Caine para 2). While integrated waste management

can successfully reduce the amount of waste generated as well as sustainably process what is

produced, creating sustainable policies are essential for proper implementation and enforcement.

As noted by the Environmental Protection Agency, the Resource Conservation Recovery

Act (RCRA) “is a US law that provides, in broad terms, the general guidelines for the waste

management program envisioned by Congress” (EPA 2015). The main law governing solid and

hazardous waste, the RCRA was passed on October 21, 1976 to “address the increasing problems

the nation faced from our growing volume of municipal and industrial waste” and with the

fundamental goals to, protect human health and the environment from the potential hazards of

waste disposal, conserve energy and natural resources, reduce the amount of waste generated,

and ensure that wastes are managed in an environmentally-sound manner (EPA4 2014).

In keeping with the RCRA, each state is responsible for implementing and enforcing all

waste management regulations. As previously noted, the State of Maryland signed into law the

Maryland Recycling Act (MRA) in 1989, requiring the state to meet a 15 percent recycle goal of

municipal solid waste (MSW) by 1994. The MRA goal was then amended to 35 percent in 2010.

Since exceeding that goal by achieving 39 percent recycling of municipal solid waste, it is with

confidence that the BRSC implements the zero waste program.

Utilizing the EPA’s Recycling on the Go and Wastewise programs it is estimated that

within the first few years 70 percent recycle can be achieved and zero waste by 2030. Recycling

on the Go, addresses pollution prevention in locations open to the public by providing easily


accessible recycling containers that help to prevent the loss of resources as well avoid any

intentional or unintentional tossing of trash that could end up in the waste stream. Whereas the

Wastewise program focuses more on the reduction of municipal solid waste from industrial

sources (EPA², 2012). Additionally, in keeping with the 1980’s Comprehensive Environmental

Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), which provides "policies and procedures

for release of hazardous substances into the environment ", the BRSC will as previously noted,

utilize the existing Billingsley Landfill for the process and release of any hazardous substances

(Botkin 540). In regards to an Environmental Assessment, one will be needed for this segment

of the plan due to the building of incremental waste management warehousing, separation and

processing facilities, transfer stations, holding and temporary storage facilities, material recovery

facilities, and compost facilities.

Along with the implementation of a waste management plan, a significant part of

developing a sustainable community is securing funding. Allocating land, obtaining permits, and

building waste management plants is costly. In regards to the Bryans Road Sustainable

Community, the ability to utilize the existing landfill and having access to the 10 county drop-off

centers helps reduce any new construction costs. In addition, Charles County conducts a multi-

year Capital Improvements Program (CIP) which as noted in the Charles County Comprehensive

Plan, addresses any “functional plans such as the Land Preservation, Parks, and Recreation Plan,

the Educational Facilities Master Plan, and Solid Waste Management Plan” (Kelly p192).

Included in the multi-year CIP are any needed improvement projects and cost estimates.

Recommendations from the CIP are then included in the annual Capital Budget and Capital

Improvements Program along with any development regulations, such as in the case of BRSC.


This includes any permits for development and are based on whether or not the necessary

community facilities are either in place or programmed (Kelly 2012).

In addition to CIP, funding will most likely come from two separate allocations, within

the community and outside the community. For example, internal sources would include

solutions such as the previously noted Pay as you Throw tax, which not only helps to reduce

waste production but also generates revenue to fund waste management. Additionally, there

will be fees for residential and commercial collection and hauling of solid waste as well as the

ability to generate revenue from sales of recyclable materials (ANTHC n.d.). External sources

will come in the form of any federal and state grants, as well as any private and nonprofit

foundations and organizations.

Part of any successful and sustainable waste management plan are the ethical

implications. As noted in the article, Ethical and Environmental Background to the

Management of Waste (1995) there are three elements of import when determining the ethical

considerations of sustainable waste management, especially in regards to new projects and or

developments such as BRSC. The first consideration is, “those who generate the wastes should

take responsibility, and provide the resources, for the management of these materials in a way

which will not impose undue burdens on future generation”. Followed by, “waste should be

managed in a way that secures an acceptable level of protection for human health and the

environment, and affords to future generations at least the level of safety which is acceptable

today, and a waste management strategy should not be based on a presumption of a stable

societal structure for the indefinite future, nor of technological advance” (OECD-NEA para 6).

As such, Bryans Road Sustainable Community plans to implement sustainable programs such as

the construction waste management protocol, Recycling on the Go and Wastewise programs will


accomplish the goal of preserving and improving health better waste manage for all residents and

businesses (Stoner 2012). To ensure fair and equitable management of all waste sources and

management techniques, inclusion from community is necessary and will be achieved through

education, announcements, sharing of plans and activities with the public through meetings and

communications.

In order to meet the sustainable needs of the Bryans Road Sustainable Community along

with laws that are regulated by federal, state and county governments, a comprehensive waste

management plan will be implemented. An integral part of this plan is to utilize existing

infrastructure, create and implement plans that prevent, reduce, and manage waste in a

sustainable, economical and socially equitable manner. Open communication from planners and

involvement from the community will be crucial. Furthermore, in order to reduce impact to the

environment and to ensure BRSC meets and exceeds the Maryland Recycling Act and guidelines

set by the Charles County Comprehensive Plan, sustainable development methods that

incorporate Smart Growth and Cradle to Cradle techniques will be implemented.

Energy and Air Pollution Prevention

There are numerous elements that can cause the climate to change, both natural and man-

made. However, one of the biggest components of climate change is that of greenhouse gases

(GHG), with anthropogenic activities such as the burning of fossil fuels for electricity, heat and

transportation being the largest contributors (EPA 2015). Consequently, making the need to

reduce the emission of GHG’s an essential part of any sustainable development plan. Every

aspect of the Bryans Road Sustainable Community Plan is designed so that the community is not

significantly contributing to climate change. Two major components in achieving this goal are

keeping air pollution to a minimum and sustainable energy use. When addressing keeping air


pollution to a minimum one cannot help but included other aspects of the development plan such

as transportation, agriculture, building, landscaping, infrastructure and energy as they are all

intertwined. It will take a comprehensive plan, inclusive of all these areas to not only meet but

exceed the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) established by Environmental

Protection Agency (EPA) and the State Implementation Plan (SIP) for Maryland. It is with the

implementation of the EPA’s Sustainable Skyline Initiative and implementation of alternative,

renewable energy sources such as solar and wind that the Bryans Road Sustainable Community

(BRSC) will become a designated attainment area and not contribute significantly to climate

change.

In order to become a designated attainment area, Bryans Road Sustainable Community

has an uphill battle. That is because currently, the Washington DC-MD-VA region is designated

as a “marginal” nonattainment area. As reported in the Environmental Protection Agency’s

(EPA) 2008 report, the state of Maryland as a designated nonattainment area, means it is not

meeting the ground-level ozone standards established by the EPA in 1997 (Kelly 2012). As part

of the state of Maryland, Charles County is part of the Metropolitan Washington Air Quality

Committee (CWAQC) and as such included in the State Implementation Plan (SIP) on air quality

for the DC-MD-VA area under the federal Clean Air Act. Maryland’s 2008 SIP, is the most

recent plan created to demonstrate continued improvement and compliance with the 1997

NAAQS for particulate matter of 2.5 in the Washington region (MWCOG 2008). The plan

addresses the six major contributors of air pollution, ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide,

particulate matter, sulfur dioxide and lead (Botkin 2011).

The Bryans Road Sustainable Community in an effort to keep air pollution from

contributing significantly to climate change will implement the Environmental Protection


Agency’s Sustainable Skyline Initiative. As noted in the book, Environmental Science, Earth as

a Living Planet (2011), this initiative includes the following elements; reduce emissions from

landscape equipment through improved irrigation of lawns and turf management, as well as

retrofitting any applicable small off-road equipment to achieve reduced emission of air

pollutants. Additionally, reduce vehicle emissions by increasing public transportation and

reducing distance traveled in vehicles, encourage the use of hybrid taxis, construct “green

buildings” with healthier interior environments and landscaping that benefits the local external

environment. Moreover, reduce emissions from idling vehicles and retrofit any diesel engines to

reduce emissions, and encourage the planting of trees in the community to create a tree canopy in

as many areas as possible (p 462).

Furthermore, additional efforts to manage and minimize air pollution in the Bryans Road

Sustainable Community will be implemented. Initiatives such as previously outlined in the plan

namely, installing Energy Star products in buildings, community designed to encourage public

transportation use along with walking and biking, establish motor vehicle emissions budgets

(MVEBs) or maximum allowable levels of PM 2.5 Direct and NOx , designated greenspace and

tree planting program, and indoor air pollutant controls. Air pollutant controls such as, inflow of

fresh air from ventilation, source removal and modification and air cleaning (Botkin 2011).

An additional way in which BRSC will minimize its impact on climate change will be

through sustainable energy use. Building a sustainable community is a challenge to say the least,

especially when trying to accomplish this from the standpoint of a fossil fuel dependent world.

Traditional forms of energy range from electricity, gas, coal, and oil, unfortunately those

resources are not only in limited supply they have a negative impact on the environment and

contribute to climate change. One of the first steps in planning a sustainable community is to


implement renewable energy sources, because as noted in the Charles County Comprehensive

Plan, (2012), “energy cost and use affects income and budgets, land use patterns and the natural

environment, including air quality and water quality” (p 107).

There are multiple areas in which to draw upon for renewable energy, such as wind, sun,

water, geothermal, and tidal power. A major component of the Bryans Road Sustainable

Community development plan is the supply and use of sustainable energy. In 2009, Charles

County was awarded an Energy and Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant (EECBG) from

The U.S. Department of Energy. The objectives of the EECBG, which as being part of Charles

County will be extended to the new BRSC include, minimize BRSC energy consumption and

improve efficiency as a component of growth, and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in

order to grow in a more sustainable manner in the future.

In addition, develop and expand the use of local, sustainable energy through programs

such as the Maryland Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard Tier I and Tier II renewable energy

Resources, while minimizing BRSC energy expenditures. BRSC will raise awareness of energy-

saving government operations and encourage adoption by other in-house departments and non-

government organizations (Kelly 2012). Furthermore, programs to educate residents and

businesses about opportunities to participate in energy-saving programs while simultaneously

grow a green economy with an increased number of jobs in the clean energy and energy

efficiency sector will be implemented. Lastly, reduce overall energy consumption and reduce

fossil fuel combustion emissions in BRSC’s transportation sector (Kelly 2012).

According to the Charles County Comprehensive Plan, energy use and distribution for

Charles County has residential use at 65.1 percent, commercial 28.1 and government buildings at

6.8 percent (Kelly 2012). Consequently, it is important that residential buildings are constructed


with renewable energy sources that will be built into their infrastructure. The Bryans Road

Sustainable Community building portion of the plan will include onsite solar power with building

layouts that provides optimal solar access for development, while wind turbines will be installed

on adjacent agricultural land. Of which will be integrated into the existing and updated grid

system in Charles County. A combination of solar and wind power is ideal for BRSC due to its

proximity to waterways and agricultural fields and consequently its ability to generate adequate

amount of wind and sun exposure.

The benefits of wind power are endless, with the advances made in technology, wind

farms can produce “sustainable power for less than five cents per kilowatt-hour (with the PTC), a

rate that is competitive with the rates of traditional sources” (Wright, 2011). Additionally, the

land that the farms encompass can still be used for farming, while at the same time utilizing the

already updated electrical grids and plants, so as not to require additional destruction of

ecosystems. Just as with wind, solar power offers an unlimited energy source for electricity.

Solar power has an amazing capacity, as noted in the text, Environmental Science: Toward a

Sustainable Future (2011), “the total amount of solar energy reaching Earth is vast—almost

unbelievable. Just 40 minutes of sunlight striking the land surface of the United States yields the

equivalent energy of a year’s expenditure of fossil fuel. The sun delivers 10,000 times the

energy used by humans” (p 399). In regards to the effect solar power has on the environment, it

is negligible when compared to the destruction conventional energy sources have, such as, air

pollution, strip mining, greenhouse gas emissions, and nuclear waste disposal (Wright, 2011). In

addition and as noted by Byerly in, Technical Guidance Manual for Sustainable Neighborhoods

(2013), “on-site renewable energy systems reduce fossil fuel use and associated greenhouse gas

emissions, improve outdoor environmental quality, and reduce water pollution. These systems


may generate cost savings through utility rebates, incentive programs, future energy savings, and

net metering, in which excess energy is sold back to the utility”. Utilizing the lessons learned

from the cities of Burlington, Vermont and Georgetown, Texas, both 100 percent renewable

energy generated cities by wind and solar, BRSC will also be able to generate 100 percent of

their energy from solar and wind and obtain a status of attainment.

However, it will be the use of existing policies that help Bryans Road Sustainable

Community achieve attainment status. There is no question that energy has garnered

considerable attention from all countries considering its impact on the environment,

sustainability, and economic health. And as previously noted, energy is integral in each aspect of

the development plan. With the country focusing so much on renewable energy in the past few

decades, it was the signing of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 that generated laws encouraging a

greater use of fossil fuels and nuclear power, while providing some support for energy

conservation and renewable energy” (Wright, 2011). While it did not significantly address

renewable energy sources at that time, it did pave the way for later initiatives.

Initiatives such as the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 which,

“emphasizes the demand-side policies such as conserving energy and using renewable energy

sources” instead of the supply-side, and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009

that “gave a huge boost ($43 billion) to renewable energy and energy conservation, with the

intent of doubling the energy from renewable sources by 2012” (Wright, 2011). Combine those

with Maryland’s Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard Tier I and Tier II renewable energy

Resources and Energy and Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant, BRSC will be utilizing 100

percent renewable energy and minimizing its effect on climate change and air pollution. Due to

the BRSC incorporating onsite solar power into the initial infrastructure of each building and


using updated existing utility grids, an EIS will not be necessary for this aspect of the plan.

Furthermore, even though the wind power will also be utilizing updated utility grids, since the

wind turbines will be constructed on existing agricultural land an EIS for those specific areas

will need to be created.

Every development plan either succeeds or fails based on the economics supporting it.

What helps to make the Bryans Road Sustainable Community economically feasible from an

energy perspective is its implementation and use of renewable energy. The first aspect is due to

the fact that solar and wind energy will be built into the infrastructure of all buildings in the

construction phase, off-setting any costs residents and businesses would have to assume when

retrofitting or updating outdated and traditional energy systems. Furthermore, there are almost

99 state incentives and programs that builders, residents, and businesses can take advantage on to

ensure affordable sustainability. For example, there is the Residential Clean Energy Grant,

Commercial Clean Energy Grant Program, and the Low Income Home Energy Assistance

Program (LIHEAP), to name just a few (DSIRE 2015). Additionally, the cost for implementing

the Sustainable Skyline Initiative is funded partially through an Environmental Protection

Agency federal grant.

Furthermore, the actual cost of solar and wind energy has dropped drastically over the

last few decades due to technological advances and continued growth in residential and

commercial markets due to policies and incentives. As noted in the article, Renewable Energy

vs. Fossil Fuels (2012), due to the continuing research and new technology solar and wind

energy is more affordable with the “cost of wind energy declining from 40 cents per kilowatt-

hour to less than 5 cents” and the “cost of electricity from the sun, through photovoltaics

dropping from more than $1/kilowatt-hour in 1980 to range from five to 20cents/kilowatt-hour


today” (para 6). However, do not forget the true cost savings that solar and wind energy

provides over traditional forms. Cost savings in the form of natural resource conservation,

cleaner air and water, healthier population which reduces medical costs, and healthier planet for

future generations.

As part of any sustainable development, the ethical implications of air pollution and

sustainable energy sources must be considered. As previously noted, the implementation and use

of renewable energy has a profound effect on not only the environment but also the population of

the community and consequently the planet. Including solar and wind power infrastructure in

the initial build will eliminate any initial out of pocket costs for residents and reduced kilowatt-

hour cost, making it cost affordable for everyone. Combine that with financial incentives that

address all levels of income, the fair and equitable distribution of policies and incentives make it

affordable for all residents and businesses. Additionally, minimizing air pollutants through the

implementation of the Sustainable Skyline Initiative addresses the ethical implications regarding

air pollution and population health along with the health of the planet and its inhabitants.

Conclusion

There are almost countless reasons as to why sustainable development is necessary for

the continued health and growth of the planet. Similar to a line in a poem, let me count the ways,

population growth of over one billion by the year 2050 (UN 2013), fossil fuel consumption peak

and oil reserve decline in approximately 70 years (Murphy 2012), and climate change affecting

temperatures, sea levels, storm frequency and velocity, soil erosion, flooding, and droughts

(Kelly 2012). In order to meet the needs of an increasing population now and for future

generations, the importance of sustainable development cannot be stressed enough and needs to

be an integral part of every new and existing community. In the case of the Bryans Road


Sustainable Community, in order to meet all sustainable needs and criteria, including that of

ethical decision making, along with laws that are regulated by federal, state and county

governments, a comprehensive development plan along with an abbreviated Environmental

Impact Statement will be implemented

As noted in the Technical Guidance Manual for Sustainable Neighborhoods (2013), it is

“how buildings are constructed, how they are arranged on the land, and how human settlement

patterns are shaped are critical to our success in curbing the causes of climate change and

creating a livable human environment” (p 3). In addition, preservation plans along with

sustainable development must be integral components with constructing a sustainable

community. Consequently, the Bryans Road Sustainable Community plan includes Smart

Growth techniques and preservation programs that focus on the sustainable use of land, water

resources, waste management, pollution, energy, transportation, public facilities, economic

development, housing, social equity, policy, natural resources, and community development.

Lastly, the goal of sustainable development and that of the BRSC development plan is to be good

stewards. Stewards that help identify the values that are most important to the community,

analyze possible actions and outcomes as they relate to these values, while promoting continued

growth economically, while at the same time protect the environment and conserve resources for

current and future generations (Kibert et al. 2012).


References

Botkin, D. B., & Keller, E. A. (2011). Environmental science: Earth as a living planet (8th ed.).

Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Bray Town development plan 2011-2017. (March 2011). Braytowncouncil.ie. Retrieved from

http://braytowncouncil.ie/media/Dev%20Plan%202011-2017/Adopted%20Plan/

Bray%20TDP%202011%20-%202017%20Written%20Statement.pdf

Byerly, M. (2013). Technical guidance manual for sustainable neighborhoods. USGBC.org.

Retrieved from http://www.usgbc.org/nd

Caine, T. (February 2010). Recycling vs. upcycling: What is the difference? Intercongreen.com

Retrieved from http://intercongreen.com/2010/02/17/recycling-vs-upcycling-

what-is-the-difference/

Database of state incentives for renewables & efficiency. (2015). DSIRE.org. Retrieved from

http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program?state=MD

Dye, R., Merriman, D. (January 2006). Tax increment financing: A tool for local

economic development. Lincolninst.edu. Retrieved from

http://www.lincolninst.edu/pubs/1078_Tax-Increment-Financing

Environmental Protection Agency. (2012). Action planning and the sustainable community.

EPA.gov. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/greenkit/sustain.htm

Environmental workforce development and job training. (May 2015). EPA.gov6. Retrieved


from http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/job.htm#oth

Ethical and environmental background to the management of waste. (1995). OECD-NEA.org.

Retrieved from https://www.oecd-nea.org/rwm/reports/1995/geodisp/ethical-

environmental-considerations.html

Funding your solid waste. (n.d.). ANTHC.org. Retrieved from

https://www.anthc.org/cs/dehe/sustops/rasc/upload/Appendix%206.pdf

Hazardous waste regulations (April 2015). EPA.gov5. Retrieved from

http://www.epa.gov/osw/laws-regs/regs-haz.htm

History of RCRA. (April 2014). EPA.gov4. Retrieved from

http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/laws-regs/rcrahistory.htm

How much do we waste daily? (2015). Duke.edu. Center for Sustainability and Commerce.

Retrieved from https://center.sustainability.duke.edu/resources/green-facts-

consumers/how-much-do-we-waste-daily

Kelly, C., Collins II, R., Davis, D., et al. (November 2012). Charles county comprehensive plan.

MDP.STATE.MD.US. Retrieved from

http://www.mdp.state.md.us/PDF/OurWork/CompPlans/Charles/13_CMP_Draft_Charles

.pdf

Kibert, C., Et al. (2012). Ethics of sustainability. CCE.UFL.edu. Retrieved from


http://www.cce.ufl.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Ethics%20of

%20Sustainability%20Textbook.pdf

Lutteken, A. & Hagedorn, K. (2010). Concepts and issues of sustainability in countries

in transition -An institutional concept of sustainability as a basis for the network.

FAO.org. Retrieved from ftp://ftp.fao.org/seur/New_SEUR/ceesa/concept.htm

Murphy, T. (April 2012). Fossil fuels: I’m not dead yet. UCSD.edu. Retrieved from

http://physics.ucsd.edu/do-the-math/2012/02/fossil-fuels-im-not-dead-yet/

Pay as your throw: Summer 2010 bulletin. (2010). EPA.gov³. Retrieved

http://www.epa.gov/waste/conserve/tools/payt/tools/bulletin/summer10.pdf

Prevention, control, and reduction: Solid waste. (2012). EPA.gov². Retrieved from

http://water.epa.gov/type/oceb/marinedebris/prevention_solid.cfm

Protecting Water Resources with Smart Growth. (2014). EPA.gov¹. Retrieved from

http://www.epa.gov/watersense/our_water/tomorrow_beyond.html

Renewable energy vs. fossil fuels. (2012). Energyquest.ca.gov. Retrieved from

http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter17.html

Roberts, W., Roberts, T. (2009). Smart growth guidelines for sustainable design

and development. EPA.gov. Retrieved

From http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/sg_guidelines.pdf


Simanov. S. (2013). Charles County, Maryland: Annual drinking water quality report Bryans

Road. Charlescountymd.gov. Retrieved from

http://www.charlescountymd.gov/sites/default/files/pw/utilities/Bryans%20Road

%20CCR%20%202013.pdf

Solid and hazardous waste management. (2004). Cartercenter.org. Retrieved from

http://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/health/ephti/library/lecture_notes/

env_health_science_students/LN_Solid_Haz_Waste_final.pdf

Sources of greenhouse gases. (2015). EPA.gov. Retrieved from

http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/sources.html

State implementation plan (SIP) for fine particle (PM2.5) standards and 2002 base year

inventory for the Washington DC-MD-VA Nonattainment Area. (March 2008).

MWCOG. org. Retrieved from http://www.mwcog.org/uploads/pub-

documents/zFdWXQ20090210110609.pdf

Steep slope protection (2015). USGBC.org. Retrieved from

http://www.usgbc.org/credits/neighborhood-development-plan-neighborhood-

development/v2009/sllc6

Stoner, N. (June 2012). Integrated municipal stormwater and wastewater planning approach

Framework. EPA.gov. Retrieved from

http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/npdes/stormwater/upload/integrated_planning_framework.

pdf


The History of sustainable development-connecting the dots (2010). ICMA.org. Retrieved from

http://icma.org/en/icma/knowledge_network/blogs/blogpost/115/The_History_of_

Sustainable_Development__Connecting_the_Dots

“U.S. Water Supply and Distribution Factsheet”. (October 2014). UMICH.edu.

Center for Sustainable Systems, University of Michigan. Pub. No. CSS05-17.

Retrieved from http://css.snre.umich.edu/css_doc/CSS05-17.pdf

Water: Green infrastructure funding opportunities. (October 2014). EPA².gov. Retrieved from

http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/greeninfrastructure/gi_funding.cfm

Watershed preservation and design. (2015). Pennsylvaniawatershed.org. Retrieved from

http://pennsylvaniawatersheds.org/our-work/watershed-preservation-and-design/

World population projected to reach 9.6 billion by 2050. (2013). UN.org. Retrieved from

http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/news/population/un-report-world-population-

projected-to-reach-9-6-billion-by-2050.html

Wright, R. (2011). Environmental Science: Towards a Sustainable Future.

San Francisco: Pearson Education Inc.

Week Five Capstone Assignment C_Roy

Documents

Transcript of Week Five Capstone Assignment C_Roy