Week 3 SeminarWeek 3 Seminar

Measurement Systems and Their Measurement Systems and Their EquivalentsEquivalents

andandAntimicrobials/Antifungals/Antivirals Antimicrobials/Antifungals/Antivirals

Chapters 7 & 18Chapters 7 & 18

Week 3 SeminarWeek 3 Seminar

Measurement Systems and Their Measurement Systems and Their EquivalentsEquivalents

andandAntimicrobials/Antifungals/Antivirals Antimicrobials/Antifungals/Antivirals

Chapters 7 & 18Chapters 7 & 18

1

Assignment Hints• Show your work, so I can give

partial credit• Attempt it early so you can ask for

help • Don’t forget about the Math

Center if you need help

2

Three Basic Units of Measurement

• Weight – gram (g, gm)

• Volume – liter (L)

• Length – meter (m)

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Sliding Mnemonic Conversions

Kilo hecto deka METER(m) deci centi milli * * micro(µ)

LITER(L) GRAM(g)

10-3 10-2 10-1 <<base>> 101 102 103 * * 106

EX: .0045kg<= 4.5g => 4,500mg = 4,500,000mcg (µ)

EX: .075km <= 75m =>7500cm =75,000mm

Metric RulesWhich is correctly written?

3.0 0.3 3/10

What are the rules?Include leading zeroAvoid trailing zeroAvoid fractions

Meter conversion factors

= 1,000,000 micrometers

• 1 meter= 1000 millimeters= 100 centimeters= 10 decimeters= 0.1 dekameters= 0.01 hectometers= 0.001 Kilometers

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5 Steps to Convert Units

1. What are we converting to & from?2. What is our conversion factor?3. Set up equation. Start with what

you’re given.4. Solve. Cancel units.5. Review – does our answer make

sense?

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Let’s practice a length conversion

75mm =____ cm• 1. have mm, need cm• 2. Conversion factor from p. 133

1cm = 10mm• 3. 75mm x 1cm/10mm =• 4. Solve 75/10= 7.5cm• 5. Does it make sense?

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Length Mneumonic Method

• 75mm=___cm• K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ• Start @ milli, must move decimal

to the left one time to reach centi so move 75 mm to 7.5 cm

Your turn to solve…

0.5m =___mm

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How did you do?• 0.5m=____mm• 1. m to mm• 2. 1m = 1000mm• 3. 0.5m x 1000mm/m =• 4. 500mm• 5. Review

VolumeLiter Conversion

Factors =1,000,000microliters• 1 Liter (L.) = 1,000 milliliters

= 100 centiliters=10 deciliters=0.1 dekaliter=0.01 hectoliter=0.001 kiloliter

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Volume Conversion Factors

1 mL = 1cc1 teaspoonful=5mL or 5cc’s1 tablespoon=3 tsp = 15mL or 15cc’s1 L = 32 ounces (approx)1L = 1000 mL=1000cc1L = 1qt (approx)

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Let’s Practice Volume Conversions

4 L = _____ ml

250 ml _____L

0.3 ml = ______cc

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How did you do?

4 L = _____ mlConversion factor: 1000 ml = 1 L4 L x 1000 ml/1L = 4,000 ml

250 ml _____LConversion factor: 1000 ml = 1 L250 ml x 1L/1000ml = 0.250 L

0.3 ml = ______ccConversion factor: ml = cc0.3ml = 0.3 cc

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Weight Gram Conversion

Factors =1,000,000micrograms

• 1 gram= 1000 mg= 100 centigrams

= 10 decigrams= 0.1 dekagram= 0.01 hectogram= 0.001 kilogram

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Most Commonly Used• Milligram• Gram• Kilogram• 1000mg (mg)=1 gram (g)• 1000gms (g) = 1 kilogram (kg. or

kilo)

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Weight Conversion Practice

•0.2 mg = ____mcg•0.004 g = _____mg•25 g = _____kg•1500 mg = ____g

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How did you do?• 0.2 mg = ____mcg• Conversion factor: 1000mcg = 1 mg• 0.2 mg x 1000mcg/1mg = 200 mg

• 0.004 g = _____mg• Conversion factor: 1000mg = 1 g• 0.004 g x 1000mg/g = 4 g

• 25 g = _____kg• Conversion factor: 1000 g = 1 kg• 25 g x 1kg/1000 g = 0.025kg

• 1500 mg = ____g• 1500mg x g/1000mg = 1.5g

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Household Measurement

Conversion Factor

1 kg = 2.2 pounds1 tsp = 5ml1 tbs = 15ml3 tsp = 1 tbs1 pt = 16 oz

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Let’s practice!• How much will a 160lb person

weigh in kilograms?

• Lb to kg• Conversion factor: 1kg = 2.2 lb• 160 lb x 1kg/2.2lb = 72.7 kg

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Your turn…How many kg is a 65 lb

child?

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How did you do?How many kg is a 65 lb child?

lb to kgConversion factor: 1 kg = 2.2 lbs65 lb x 1kg/2.2lbs = 29.5 kgReview

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More practice…• One teaspoon is how many mls?

• 4 tbs = _____tsp

• 3 pt = ______oz

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How did you do?• One teaspoon is how many mls?• 1 tsp = 5ml

• 4 tbs = _____tsp• Conversion factor: 3 tsp = 1 tbs• 4 tbs x 3 tsp/1tbs = 12 tsp

• 3 pt = ______oz• Conversion factor: 1 pt = 16 oz• 3 pt x 16oz/1pt = 48 oz

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Word Problem Practice• A medication comes in 0.25 g or 250 mg

strengths. Which is weaker?• 0.25g x 1000mg/g = 250 mg therefore they are same

strengths

• If a patient drank 1500 ml of water, how many L is this?

• 1500ml x 1L/1000ml = 1.5 L

• If a patient is told to take 3 tablespoons, how many teaspoons should they take?

• 3 tbs x 3 tsp/1 tbs = 9 tsp

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What does x equal?• One gram = x milligrams• One liter = x milliliters • One Meter = x millimeters

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Answer• One gram = 1000milligrams• One Liter = 1000 milliliters• One meter= 1000 millimeters

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Sample prescription

Kristie Kaplan4/4/10

1000 1st St. DOB: 3/3/85NY, NY

Amoxicllin 500mg PO BID x 10 days# 20

0 Refills

Dr. Feelbettersoon

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Scenario 1• A patient goes to the doctor and is

given a document ordering a blood pressure medication.

– What is this document called?

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A prescription is…• A written order for dispensing

medication by a physician, dentist or other licensed health care professional as allowed by law. It is a legal document that indicates the medication needed and the directions for use for the patient for whom it was prescribed.

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Scenario 2• A doctor tells a nurse to

administer 1 liter of normal saline to a hospitalized patient. What is this order called?

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A medical order is…• A written or verbal order for

administration of a medication in a health care setting. It tells the allied health professional which medication to administer.

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Questions???

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Drug ClassesDrug ClassesChapter 18Chapter 18AntibioticsAntibiotics

Drug ClassesDrug ClassesChapter 18Chapter 18AntibioticsAntibiotics

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• Antibiotic is anti + Greek bios, life so against life.

• Produced from natural substances including molds and bacteria.

• Inhibits growth or kills microorganisms. • There are families of antibiotics all

similar to the original chemical, with various properties that make them useful for treating different types of infections.

When choosing an Antibiotic

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• Want maximum effect with minimal harm to patient.

• Match bug to drug, if possible• What is the organism, what drugs is it

sensitive to, and the host factors at the site. Also health status of the patient including immune status.

Antibiotic Resistance

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• The main reason for the development of drug-resistant microbes is the inappropriate use of antibiotics.

• The more an antibiotic is used the faster drug resistance develops.

• Improper prescribing by health care workers and patients not finishing the course of therapy contribute.

• No excuse for casual or indiscriminate use of antibiotics.

Penicillin

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– First of true antibiotics –introduced in 1940’s– Remain the most effective and least toxic of

available antimicrobials. – Changes in the chemical structure of the

penicillins over the years have increased their usefulness and effectiveness in controlling disease.

– Most generic names for penicillins end in –cillin while many trade names have pen in their names• Example : penicillin V-generic, Pen-VEE-K-trade

How Penicillins are Classified

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• Narrow-spectrum– First generation

• Narrow-spectrum antistaphylococcal – Used on drug resistant staphylococci strains

• Broad-Spectrum– Second generation– Effective against a broader spectrum

• Extended-spectrum – Third generation– Wider antimicrobial action than second

Side Effects of Penicillins

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• Nausea and Vomiting (all antibiotics )• Allergic reactions-rashes and hives• Tend to precipitate more severe allergic

reactions than other medications• Patients should report diarrhea, sore

mouth and tongue, hives and or itching may be due to allergy.

• A patient allergic to one should be considered allergic to all

• Always ask about allergies esp. penicillin.

Tetracyclines (suffix “cycline”)

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• First group of broad-spectrum antibiotics• Long Acting :Doxycycline, minocycline• Short Acting : Tetracycline• Do not give with dairy products or antacids. Can

decrease effectiveness• Harmful if used after the expiration date.• Side effects

– Sun sensitivity– Stains developing teeth, don’t use in children less than 8

yrs.– Broad spectrum can cause super-infection

Macrolide Antibiotics•“ACE”=Azithromycin(Z-pak), Clarithromycin (Biaxin), Erythromycin•Useful in treating atypical infections (ex: chlamydia, legionnaire’s, atypical pneumonia, Lymes disease)•Can be used when patient is penicillin allergic• Similar spectrum of activity as penicillins, with added atypical coverage •SE’s: GI symptoms, headaches

Other Abx• Floroquinolones (Cipro, Levaquin)• Vancomycin: Toxic drug reserved

for treating serious infections (MRSA, C. dif) in patients allergic to penicillin

Questions???

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