REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES

APA Referencing

Learning outcomes

At the end of this lesson, students should be able to

Understand why academic texts have reference lists

and bibliographies

Understand and practice the structure of the APA

referencing system

Documenting sources

This is the practice of citing original

sources of information used in journal

articles, books, formal reports or any

documents that include evidence from

printed work.

Why use references?

Readers can locate the original source

material

The writer is not personally responsible for

the contents

To avoid charges of plagiarism

When to document

DO document (cite) when

:

Using a direct quotation

from another text

Paraphrasing information

from another source

DON’T document (cite)

when :

Presenting widely known

information

Information comes from

encyclopedias or

dictionaries

Documenting sources

The systems most frequently used in the

natural sciences, social sciences and

technical fields are :

APA or American Psychological Association

(others- IEEE, Number-reference…etc)

Bibliographies & References

Bibliography

Lists sources used for background reading

as part of research.

References

Lists the particular sources used e.g.

journal articles, books, websites, graphics

Structuring of Bibliographies and References

For Books

Author.

(Publication Date).

Editors e.g. In R.Day and D.Ray

(eds)

Title of book.

Edition e.g. 3rd ed.

Place of publication :

Publisher.

Doe, D. (1984).History of

Cartography. 6th ed. London:

Virago Press.

For Journal

papers

Author.

(Publication Date).

Title of article.

Periodical title.

Volume number,

(Edition).

Page numbers e.g. 603-633

Doe,D. (1985). Food colourants.

Nutrition. 31 (3) 603-633.

Now you try

Example 1

Lucy Richards

Handling qualitative data :

A practical guide.

Sage publishers, London

In 2005.

Example 2

Zhang Tan

Questioning in Chinese

university EL

classrooms. What lies

beyond it?

Volume 38 edition 1 2007

RELC Journal

Pages 87-103

Quick review to conclude

What is the sequence for a book?

What is the sequence for a journal?

This is the last slide for APA

referencing. Thank you for

paying attention