Week 10 LWB133 Defamation Establishing the Action 1.Identify the possible defamatory material...
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![Page 1: Week 10 LWB133 Defamation Establishing the Action 1.Identify the possible defamatory material Defamatory on its natural and ordinary meaning Innocent.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022072011/56649e035503460f94aee869/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Week 10LWB133
DefamationDefamation
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Establishing the Action
1.Identify the possible defamatory material
• Defamatory on its natural and ordinary meaning• Innocent on the face of it, but defamatory
secondary meaning (innuendo) from the circumstances or knowledge of extrinsic information
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2.Identify the applicable jurisdiction• Where has publication taken place?• If in Queensland - Defamation Act 1889 (Qld)
applies.• If in other jurisdictions, the common law may
apply.• The one defamatory matter may be published in
both jurisdictions through newspapers; television broadcasts; radio broadcasts (eg triple j)
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Establish the Cause of Action
3.State the elements and apply to the facts
(i) Defamatory matter;
(ii) Reference to the plaintiff; and
(iii) Publication.
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4.Conclude whether there is a cause of action in defamation or not.
5.Consider any defences.
6.Advise on remedies.
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Defamation
Defences to Defamation
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Defences to Defamation
Triviality Consent Innocent Dissemination Justification Fair Comment Privilege - absolute and qualified Constitutional Protection
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Triviality
Queensland - s20 Defamation Act 1889
“In any case other than words intended to be read, it is a good defence to an action for defamation … to prove that the publication was made on an occasion and under circumstances when the person defamed was not likely to be injured thereby.”
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Consent
Common Law
• complete defence
• consent may be express or implied
• consent must be to the particular form of the publication
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Consent
Queensland
• no defence of consent as such
• s16(1)(f) - qualified privilege if the publication is made in good faith on the
invitation or challenge of the person defamed
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Innocent Dissemination
Common Law
• defence for innocent publishers of libel written by others if:
- publisher had no knowledge of the defamatory material; and
- publisher was not negligent in failing to recognise the defamatory material
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Innocent Dissemination
Queensland - ss 22, 25, 26 and 27 Defamation Act 1889- the protection only applies to the sellers of
books, newspapers, magazines and periodicals
- seller must have no knowledge that the matter contains defamatory material
- the protection also extends to the employees of the sellers
- does NOT protect lenders or printers
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Justification
Common Law
- complete defence
- truth in substance and effect
substance: each and every statement of fact is accurate in all but the most minor of aspects
effect: even if the statement is literally true, the defence fails if a reasonable person would draw inferences which are not true
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Justification
Queensland - s15 Defamation Act 1889• truth alone is no defence • must be true AND the publication must be for the
benefit of the public• s19 Defamation Act
“public benefit” is a question of fact for the jury
• “public benefit” = benefit more than just a few
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Fair Comment
Common Law
• statement must be one of public interest;
• be a comment; and
comment NOT fact; and
based on facts (facts must be true or privileged)
• be fair
honest and NOT actuated by malice
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Fair Comment
Queensland - s14 Defamation Act 1889
• eight subsections, the comment must fall within one of the categories
Fair comment on (for example): merit of decided court cases, conduct of such persons involved (ie lawyers, judges, witnesses…) literary works (including character of the author) and artistic works (including character of artist)
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Next Lecture….
Defences continued…. Absolute and qualified privilege and the Constitutional defence of implied freedom of communication
AND
Remedies.