Week 1 Reference (chapter 1 in text book (1)) Dr. Fadi Fayez Jaber Updated By: Ola A.Younis Decision...
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Transcript of Week 1 Reference (chapter 1 in text book (1)) Dr. Fadi Fayez Jaber Updated By: Ola A.Younis Decision...
Week 1Reference (chapter 1 in text book
(1))
Dr. Fadi Fayez JaberUpdated By: Ola A.Younis
Decision Support System
What is Decision Support System (DSS)?A computer-based information system that
supports business or organizational decision-making activities. DSSs serve the management, operations, and planning levels of an organization (usually mid and higher management) and help to make decisions, which may be rapidly changing and not easily specified in advance. Decision support systems can be either fully computerized, human or a combination of both.
DSS Common Characteristics
Employed in semi-structured or unstructured decision context.
Intend to support decision makers rather than replace them.
Focuses on the effectiveness of decision making process rather than the efficiency.
Support all phases of decision making process.Uses underlying data and models.Facilitates learning on the part of the decision
making.Interactive and user friendly.Provide supports for all levels of management.Provide support for individuals, groups.
History of DSS and its Potential Future
HistoryThe theoretical studies of organizational decision
making done at the Carnegie Institute of Technology during the late 1950s and early 1960s*.
The technical work on Technology in the 1960s*.DSS became an area of research of its own in the
middle of the 1970s, before gaining in intensity during the 1980s*.
FutureManagers will rely on powerful DSS applications in
performing their daily activitiesDSS will serve as the primary vehicle for keeping
up with the exponential growth, complexity and speed of business activities * Wiki
DSS Benefits
Extend the decision makers ability to process information and knowledge.
Extend the decision makers ability to tackle large-scale, time-consuming and complex problems.
Shorten the time associated with making the decision.
Improve the reliability of a decision process or outcome.
Encourage exploration and discovery on the part of the decision maker.
Reveal new approaches to thinking about the problem space or decision context.
DSS Limitations
DSSs cannot yet be designed to contain distinctly human decision-making talents such as creativity.
The power of DSS is limited by computer science upon which is running.
DSS interfaces are not yet sophisticated enough to allow for natural language processing of users inquiries.
DSSs are designed to be narrow in the scope of applications.
DSS Basic Components
The Data Management System.Model Management System.Knowledge Engine.User Interface.Users.
Data Management System Database organises the data into logical hierarchy based on
the degree of aggregation of the data. The hierarchy consists of four elements
Database Files Records Data Elements
Database Management Systems (DBMS) manages and organises the access and operations on the database
DBMS has two primary responsibilities: Coordination of tasks related to storing and accessing
information in the database and delivering information to the DSS users
The maintenance of logical independence between the data contained in the DSS database and the DSS application
Main Functions of the DBMSData Definition and extractionData ManipulationData IntegrityAccess controlConcurrency ControlTransaction Recovery
Model Management Sub-System (MMSS)
A model: is a simplification of some event or process constructed for the purpose of studying that event in order to better understand it
Two primary responsibilities:Execution and integration of the models available to the
DSS Modelling of users preferences
MMSS is composed of: 1- Model base 2- Model base management system. 3- Modelling language. 4- Model directory. 5- Model execution, integration and command processor.
DSS Knowledge Base All decisions require reasoning Reasoning : the process by which new information is derived
from existing data or information Knowledge base is where the “knowledge” of the DSS is
stored Knowledge can be represented as simple if-then rules,
heuristics, previous outcomes or information that may have been programmed into the DSS by the designer
Information in the knowledge base can be categorised into 2 groups:Facts: What we know is true at a given timeHypotheses: The rule or relationships that exist between facts.
Decision support system that includes KBS is called intelligent DSS.
DSS User Interfaces An interface: a component of a system intended to allow the
user to access the internal components of that system DSS interface is responsible for all communication and
interaction with the user(s) DSS interface components
Software components, i.e. menus and command interfaces Hardware components, i.e. input facility and multiple monitoring Factors related to Human Computer Interaction (HCI) Accessibility, user skill level, reporting and error capture
Some MSS experts feels that the user interface is the most important component… why????
General Functions of DSS Interface Allow the interaction with DSS in a variety of dialog styles Identify the form of input to enter request to the DSS Provide support for communication among multiple DSS users Can capture and analyse previous dialogs so that future
interactions can be improve
DSS User Interfaces (Cont.)The Presentation Language :
it’s the place where all actions is. In other words, it is everything where the user can sees, hears or experience during DSS use.
Output devices such as printers, audio monitors, etcOn-screen methods such as tables, graphs, charts,
icons, ect, are all part of this component modes.
General Functions of the Presentation LanguageProvides for the presentation of data in different
formsAllow for detailed report definition and generationAllow for the creation of multiple forms, tables,
graphs, etcCan provide multiple windows or views of data
The User
Different usage patterns for the user, the manager, or the decision maker
Managers Staff specialists Intermediaries
1. Staff assistant2. Expert tool user3. Business (system) analyst4. GSS Facilitator
DSS Hardware Evolved with computer hardware and
software technologies
Major Hardware Options Mainframe Workstation Personal computer Web server system
InternetIntranetsExtranets
Distinguishing DSS from Management Science and
MIS
DSS is a problem-solving tool and is frequently used to address ad hoc and unexpected problems
Different than MIS DSS evolve as they develop