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TSL101TSL101LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT 1LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT 1

WEEK 1WEEK 1INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO

PHONOLOGYPHONOLOGY

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SPEECH ORGANS

SpeechSpeech refers to the processes associated refers to the processes associated with the production and perception of with the production and perception of sounds used in spoken language. sounds used in spoken language.

A number of academic disciplines study A number of academic disciplines study speech and speech sounds, including speech and speech sounds, including acoustics, psychology, speech pathology, acoustics, psychology, speech pathology, linguistics, cognitive science, linguistics, cognitive science, communication studies and computer communication studies and computer science science

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.....SPEECH ORGANS.....SPEECH ORGANS

Speech organsSpeech organs produce the many sounds produce the many sounds needed for language. Organs used include needed for language. Organs used include the lips, teeth, tongue, the lips, teeth, tongue, alveolar ridgealveolar ridge, , hard hard palatepalate, , velumvelum (soft palate), (soft palate), uvulauvula and and glottis.glottis.

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.....SPEECH ORGANS.....SPEECH ORGANS

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.....SPEECH ORGANS.....SPEECH ORGANS

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........SPEECH ORGANS........SPEECH ORGANS

ContentsContents Speech ProductionSpeech Production Speech PerceptionSpeech Perception Problems Involving SpeechProblems Involving Speech

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Speech production Speech production In linguistics (articulatory phonetics), manner of In linguistics (articulatory phonetics), manner of

articulation describes how the tongue, lips, and articulation describes how the tongue, lips, and other speech organs are involved in making a other speech organs are involved in making a sound make contact.sound make contact.

Often the concept is only used for the Often the concept is only used for the production of consonants. production of consonants.

For any place of articulation, there may be For any place of articulation, there may be several manners, and therefore several several manners, and therefore several homorganic consonants.homorganic consonants.

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Speech perception Speech perception

Speech perception refers to the processes by Speech perception refers to the processes by which humans are able to interpret and which humans are able to interpret and understand the sounds used in language. understand the sounds used in language.

The study of speech perception is closely linked The study of speech perception is closely linked to the fields of phonetics and phonology in to the fields of phonetics and phonology in linguistics and cognitive psychology and linguistics and cognitive psychology and perception in psychology. perception in psychology.

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.......Speech perception.......Speech perception

Research in speech perception seeks to Research in speech perception seeks to understand how human listeners recognize understand how human listeners recognize speech sounds and use this information to speech sounds and use this information to understand spoken language. understand spoken language.

Speech research has applications in Speech research has applications in building computer systems that can building computer systems that can recognize speech, as well as improving recognize speech, as well as improving speech recognition for hearing- and speech recognition for hearing- and language-impaired listenerslanguage-impaired listeners

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Problems involving speech Problems involving speech There are several biological and psychological There are several biological and psychological

factors that can affect speech. Among these are:factors that can affect speech. Among these are: Diseases and disorders of the lungs or the vocal Diseases and disorders of the lungs or the vocal

cords, including paralysis, respiratory infections, cords, including paralysis, respiratory infections, vocal fold nodules and cancers of the lungs and vocal fold nodules and cancers of the lungs and throat. throat.

Diseases and disorders of the brain, including Diseases and disorders of the brain, including alogia, aphasias, dysarthria, dystonia and speech alogia, aphasias, dysarthria, dystonia and speech processing disorders, where impaired motor processing disorders, where impaired motor planning, nerve transmission, phonological planning, nerve transmission, phonological processing or perception of the message (as processing or perception of the message (as opposed to the actual sound) leads to poor speech opposed to the actual sound) leads to poor speech production. production.

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.......Problems involving speech.......Problems involving speech Hearing problems, such as otitis media effusion Hearing problems, such as otitis media effusion

can lead to phonological problems. can lead to phonological problems. Articulatory problems, such as stuttering, Articulatory problems, such as stuttering,

lisping, cleft palate, ataxia, or nerve damage lisping, cleft palate, ataxia, or nerve damage leading to problems in articulation. Tourette leading to problems in articulation. Tourette syndrome and tics can also affect speech. A lot syndrome and tics can also affect speech. A lot of people also have a slur in their voice of people also have a slur in their voice

In addition to aphasias, anomia and certain In addition to aphasias, anomia and certain types of dyslexia can impede the quality of types of dyslexia can impede the quality of auditory perception, and therefore, expression. auditory perception, and therefore, expression. Hearing impairments and deafness can be Hearing impairments and deafness can be considered to fall into this categoryconsidered to fall into this category

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LIPSLIPS

ArticulationArticulation The lips serve for creating different sounds - The lips serve for creating different sounds -

mainly the labial, bilabial, and labiodental mainly the labial, bilabial, and labiodental consonant sounds - and thus create an consonant sounds - and thus create an important part of the speech apparatus. The important part of the speech apparatus. The lips enable whistling and the performing of lips enable whistling and the performing of wind instruments such as the trumpet, wind instruments such as the trumpet, clarinet, and fluteclarinet, and flute

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......LIPS......LIPS

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Tongue Tongue The The tonguetongue is skeletal muscle on the floor of is skeletal muscle on the floor of

the mouth that manipulates food for chewing the mouth that manipulates food for chewing and swallowing (deglutition). and swallowing (deglutition).

It is the primary organ of taste. Much of the It is the primary organ of taste. Much of the upper surface of the tongue is covered in upper surface of the tongue is covered in papillae and taste buds. papillae and taste buds.

The tongue, with its wide variety of possible The tongue, with its wide variety of possible movements, assists in forming the sounds of movements, assists in forming the sounds of speech. It is sensitive and kept moist by saliva, speech. It is sensitive and kept moist by saliva, and is richly supplied with nerves and blood and is richly supplied with nerves and blood vessels to help it move vessels to help it move

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.......Tongue.......Tongue The tongue is made mainly of skeletal muscle. The The tongue is made mainly of skeletal muscle. The

tongue extends much further than is commonly tongue extends much further than is commonly perceived, past the posterior border of the mouth and perceived, past the posterior border of the mouth and into the oropharynx.into the oropharynx.

The dorsum (upper surface) of the tongue can be The dorsum (upper surface) of the tongue can be divided into two parts:divided into two parts:

an an oral partoral part (anterior two-thirds of the tongue) that lies (anterior two-thirds of the tongue) that lies mostly in the mouth mostly in the mouth

a a pharyngeal partpharyngeal part (posterior third of the tongue), (posterior third of the tongue), which faces backward to the oropharynx which faces backward to the oropharynx

The two parts are separated by a V-shaped groove, The two parts are separated by a V-shaped groove, which marks the Terminal sulcus (tongue)which marks the Terminal sulcus (tongue)

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Alveolar ridge Alveolar ridge An An alveolar ridgealveolar ridge (also known as the (also known as the alveolar alveolar

marginmargin) is one of the two jaw ridges either on ) is one of the two jaw ridges either on the roof of the mouth between the upper teeth the roof of the mouth between the upper teeth and the hard palate or on the bottom of the and the hard palate or on the bottom of the mouth behind the lower teeth.mouth behind the lower teeth.

The alveolar ridges contain the sockets The alveolar ridges contain the sockets (alveoli) of the teeth. (alveoli) of the teeth.

They can be felt with the tongue in the area They can be felt with the tongue in the area right above the top teeth or below the bottom right above the top teeth or below the bottom teeth. Its surface is covered with little ridges. teeth. Its surface is covered with little ridges.

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......Alveolar ridge......Alveolar ridge Sounds made with the tongue touching the Sounds made with the tongue touching the

alveolar ridge while speaking are called alveolar ridge while speaking are called alveolar. alveolar.

Examples of alveolar consonants in English Examples of alveolar consonants in English are, for instance, [t], [d], [s], [z], [n], [l] like in the are, for instance, [t], [d], [s], [z], [n], [l] like in the words words time, dragon, superman, zeal, nastytime, dragon, superman, zeal, nasty and and lollipoplollipop. .

When pronouncing these sounds the tongue When pronouncing these sounds the tongue touches ([t], [d], [n]), or nearly touches ([s], [z]) touches ([t], [d], [n]), or nearly touches ([s], [z]) the upper alveolar ridge which can also be the upper alveolar ridge which can also be referred to as referred to as gum ridgegum ridge. .

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......Alveolar ridge......Alveolar ridge

In many other languages these same In many other languages these same consonants are articulated slightly differently, consonants are articulated slightly differently, and are often described as dental consonants. and are often described as dental consonants.

In many languages consonants are articulated In many languages consonants are articulated with the tongue touching or close to the upper with the tongue touching or close to the upper alveolar ridge. alveolar ridge.

The former are called alveolar plosives, and the The former are called alveolar plosives, and the latter alveolar fricatives.latter alveolar fricatives.

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Hard palate Hard palate The The hard palatehard palate is a thin horizontal bony plate is a thin horizontal bony plate

of the skull, located in the roof of the mouth. It of the skull, located in the roof of the mouth. It spans the arch formed by the upper teeth.spans the arch formed by the upper teeth.

It is formed by the palatine process of the It is formed by the palatine process of the maxilla and horizontal plate of palatine bone.maxilla and horizontal plate of palatine bone.

It forms a partition between the nasal passages It forms a partition between the nasal passages and the mouth. This partition is continued and the mouth. This partition is continued deeper into the mouth by a fleshy extension deeper into the mouth by a fleshy extension called the soft palate.called the soft palate.

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......Hard palate......Hard palate FunctionFunction The interaction between the tongue and the The interaction between the tongue and the

hard palate is essential in the formation of hard palate is essential in the formation of certain speech sounds, notably /t/, /d/, /j/, and certain speech sounds, notably /t/, /d/, /j/, and /ɟ/./ɟ/.

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........Hard palate........Hard palate

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VelumVelum The term, The term, velumvelum, derived from Latin , derived from Latin velumvelum, ,

meaning a "sail", "curtain," "awning" or "veil", meaning a "sail", "curtain," "awning" or "veil", has several quite separate meanings in has several quite separate meanings in biology:biology:

the locomotory and feeding organ provided the locomotory and feeding organ provided with cilia found in the larval stage called the with cilia found in the larval stage called the veliger or "velum-bearing" stage of bivalves, veliger or "velum-bearing" stage of bivalves, such as mussels and oysters; also a delicate such as mussels and oysters; also a delicate membrane found on certain Protists. membrane found on certain Protists.

the circular membrane around the cap of a the circular membrane around the cap of a sea jelly or medusa, of class Hydrozoa, which sea jelly or medusa, of class Hydrozoa, which helps with propulsion helps with propulsion

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.......Velum.......Velum the veil-like membrane of immature mushrooms the veil-like membrane of immature mushrooms

extending from the margin of the cap to the extending from the margin of the cap to the stem and torn by growth, revealing the gills of a stem and torn by growth, revealing the gills of a mature ; in a mature mushroom, the remains of mature ; in a mature mushroom, the remains of the velum may form an the velum may form an annulusannulus or ring around or ring around the stem, familiar from common button the stem, familiar from common button mushrooms and sometimes on the margin of mushrooms and sometimes on the margin of the cap. the cap.

the soft palate behind the hard palatethe soft palate behind the hard palate the superior medullary velum the superior medullary velum

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.......Velum.......Velum a thin flap of tissue completely or partially a thin flap of tissue completely or partially

covering the adaxial wall of the sporangium in covering the adaxial wall of the sporangium in species of Isoetes species of Isoetes

Velum is also a common misspelling of vellum, Velum is also a common misspelling of vellum, calfskin (or sometimes the skins of other calfskin (or sometimes the skins of other animals) that is similar to parchment and that is animals) that is similar to parchment and that is used as medium for writing, book printing, and used as medium for writing, book printing, and book binding. Today, leatherette, leather, cloth book binding. Today, leatherette, leather, cloth or paper are more commonly used, but vellum or paper are more commonly used, but vellum is still used occasionallyis still used occasionally

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Uvula Uvula The The palatine uvulapalatine uvula is a fleshy lobe hanging is a fleshy lobe hanging

from the back of the mouth.from the back of the mouth. The The uvulauvula may also refer to: may also refer to: Uvula of cerebellum Uvula of cerebellum Uvula of urinary bladderUvula of urinary bladder

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......Uvula......UvulaFunction in voiceFunction in voice The uvula plays a key role in the articulation of The uvula plays a key role in the articulation of

the sound of the human voice to form the the sound of the human voice to form the sounds of speech.sounds of speech.

Anita O'Day, a popular big band singer, had her Anita O'Day, a popular big band singer, had her uvula accidentally removed during a childhood uvula accidentally removed during a childhood surgery when only her tonsils were intended to surgery when only her tonsils were intended to be removed. This affected her voice by be removed. This affected her voice by eliminating vibrato, she said, in an interview eliminating vibrato, she said, in an interview with Terry Gross of NPR's "Fresh Air" radio with Terry Gross of NPR's "Fresh Air" radio show, although the uvula is not responsible for show, although the uvula is not responsible for vibrato (the vocal chords make this happen).vibrato (the vocal chords make this happen).

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......Uvula......UvulaFunction in languagesFunction in languages The uvula functions in tandem with the back of the The uvula functions in tandem with the back of the

throat, the palate, and air coming up from the lungs to throat, the palate, and air coming up from the lungs to create a number of guttural and other sounds. Uvular create a number of guttural and other sounds. Uvular consonants are not found in most dialects of English, consonants are not found in most dialects of English, though they are found in many Semitic, Caucasian, though they are found in many Semitic, Caucasian, and Turkic languages, as well as several languages of and Turkic languages, as well as several languages of Western Europe such as German and French. Certain Western Europe such as German and French. Certain African languages use the uvula to produce click African languages use the uvula to produce click consonants as well, though other than that, uvular consonants as well, though other than that, uvular consonants are fairly uncommon in Sub-Saharan consonants are fairly uncommon in Sub-Saharan Africa. In English (as well as many other languages), it Africa. In English (as well as many other languages), it closes the nasal passage to prevent air escaping closes the nasal passage to prevent air escaping through the nose when making nasal consonants through the nose when making nasal consonants

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......Uvula......Uvulaa child’s swollen uvulaa child’s swollen uvula

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......Uvula......Uvula

An adult’s swollen uvulaAn adult’s swollen uvula

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GlottisGlottis The The glottisglottis is defined as the combination of the is defined as the combination of the

vocal folds and the space in between the folds vocal folds and the space in between the folds (the rima glottidis) (the rima glottidis)

As the vocal cords vibrate, the resulting As the vocal cords vibrate, the resulting vibration produces a "buzzing" quality to the vibration produces a "buzzing" quality to the speech, called speech, called voicevoice or or voicingvoicing. .

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Sound production involving only the glottis is Sound production involving only the glottis is called called glottalglottal. English has a voiceless glottal . English has a voiceless glottal fricative spelled "h". In many accents of fricative spelled "h". In many accents of English the glottal stop (made by pressing English the glottal stop (made by pressing the folds together) is used as a variant the folds together) is used as a variant allophone of the phoneme /t/ (and in some allophone of the phoneme /t/ (and in some dialects, occasionally of /k/ and /p/); in some dialects, occasionally of /k/ and /p/); in some languages, this sound is a phoneme of its languages, this sound is a phoneme of its own.own.

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.......Glottis.......Glottis

The vibration produced is an essential The vibration produced is an essential component of component of voicedvoiced consonants as well as consonants as well as vowels. If the vocal folds are drawn apart, air vowels. If the vocal folds are drawn apart, air flows between them causing no vibration, as in flows between them causing no vibration, as in the production of voiceless consonants.the production of voiceless consonants.

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.......Glottis.......Glottis The glottis is also important in the valsalva The glottis is also important in the valsalva

maneuver.maneuver. Voiced consonants include /w/, /v/, /z/, Voiced consonants include /w/, /v/, /z/,

/ʒ/, /ʤ/, /ð/, /b/, /d/, and /g/. /ʒ/, /ʤ/, /ð/, /b/, /d/, and /g/. Voiceless consonants include /h/, /ʍ/, /f/, /s/, Voiceless consonants include /h/, /ʍ/, /f/, /s/,

/ʃ/, /ʧ/, /θ/, /p/, /t/, and /k/. /ʃ/, /ʧ/, /θ/, /p/, /t/, and /k/.

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ISLISL

Access information from the Access information from the internet for at least 3 tongue internet for at least 3 tongue twisters for pronunciation twisters for pronunciation practice in tutorial Week 5. practice in tutorial Week 5.

TUTORIALTUTORIAL

Identify speech organs used Identify speech organs used in producing different English in producing different English sounds.sounds.

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