Webb Chap04

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Foundations of

American Education, Fifth EditionL. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan

L. Dean Webb, Arlene Metha, & K. Forbis Jordan. Foundations ofAmerican Education, 5e. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.


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Chapter 4

The Impact of Educational

Theories on Educational Practice

PowerPoint Presentation



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What is a Theory?

A theory is a hypothesis

(or set of hypotheses)

that is verified by

observation or experimentation.



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What is a Theory of Education?

A theory of education is

a composite of systematic thinking about:

schoolingthe nature of the learner

curriculum

instructional methods

classroom managementassessments

the role of the teacher



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Theories of Education

perennialism

progressivism behaviorism

essentialism

social reconstructionism

postmodernism



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Perennialism

The Purpose of Schooling

to teach eternal truths

to cultivate the rational intellect to develop a spiritual nature

to prepare

The Nature of the Learner Students are rational beings of value and worth.

They have an intellect and a soul.



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Perennialism (continued) Curriculum

- Christian doctrine

- Great Books and the liberal arts

- character training and moral development

Instructional Methods didactic instruction

coaching

Socratic Method

Classroom Management train the will

time on task

precision and order

orderliness and structure



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Perennialism (continued) Assessment

objective exams and essay exams

The Teacher educated in the liberal arts

an authority figure; disseminator of the truth

a director of mental calisthenics

an intellectual coach

Leading educational proponents

Jacques MaritainRobert Hutchins

Mortimer Adler

Allan Bloom



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Progressivism

The Purpose of Schooling to focus on a democratic society

to encourage cooperation

to develop problem-solving and decision-making skills

The Nature of the Learner Students learn by doing.

They can set their own objectives for learning.

They can work together to solve problems. They can make classroom rules.

They are able to test and evaluate ideas.



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Progressivism (continued)

Curriculum

experience-centered

child-centered

growth-centered

Instructional Methods

cooperative group activities

project method scientific method

problem solving

decision making



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Classroom Management

democratic

participatory

self-directed

Assessment

formative evaluation

ongoing feedback



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The Teacher a facilitator and guide

a director of learning

a collaborative partner

Leading educational proponentsPestalozzi

Rousseau

Francis W. Parker

John DeweyElla Flagg Young

William H. Kilpatrick

Theodore Sizer



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Behaviorism Is About Protest

Behaviorism protests

against importance

placed on

mental processes that cannot be observed,

such as thinking and motivation.



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Behaviorism


to increase appropriate behaviors

to decrease inappropriate behaviors

to teach new behaviors

The Nature of the Learner

Students are capable of learning new behaviorand of changing behavior.



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Behaviorism (continued)

Curriculum

cognitive problem solving

critical-thinking skills

Instructional Methods reinforcement

programmed instruction

computer-assisted instruction

problem solving anger control

self-instruction and self-reinforcement



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identify expected behavior

establish procedures and routines monitor/observe

use rewards and penalties

Assessment

behavioral objectives

performance contracting

self-assessment



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The Teacher

behavioral engineer

controller of behavior

arranger of contingencies


Pavlov

WatsonThorndike

Skinner

Premack



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Essentialism


to train the intellect

to teach culture and traditions

to teach knowledge and skills


Students can become culturally literate

and develop disciplined minds.



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Essentialism (continued)

Curriculum

Back to Basics

instruction in the essentials moral development and character training


lecture

recitation

discussion

Socratic dialogue



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Essentialism (continued)


character training

discipline

clear expectations

respect for others

Assessment

IQ tests standardized achievement tests

diagnostic tests

performance-based competency tests



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Essentialism (continued) The Teacher

intellectual, trained in the liberal arts, sciences, or humanities

skilled communicator


William C. Bagley

Arthur E. Bestor

Admiral Hyman G. Rickover

E.D. Hirsch, Jr.

William BennettChester Finn

Diane Ravitch



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Social Reconstructionism


to become agents of change


The student is capable of initiating and adapting

to change, and thus is a critical agent in social

change.



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Social Reconstructionism (continued)

Curriculum

democratic

critical theory

critical literacy

societal problems and global issues

hidden curriculum

Instructional Methods problem solving

critical thinking

planning for change



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conflict resolution

community building

Assessment

formative evaluation

ongoing feedback



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The Teacher

agent of change; shaper of a new society

transformational leader


Karl Marx

George S. Counts

Theodore BrameldHarold Rugg

Ivan Illich

Paulo Freire



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Postmodernism Is About Protest

Postmodernism protests against

disequity between

the dominant culture and

the disenfranchised, disadvantaged, or

marginal groups in society.



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Postmodernism


to develop critical literacy

to question scientific realism

to question objectivity, truth, and rationality


The student can develop an awareness andunderstanding of disequity and injustice in

society.



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Postmodernism (continued)

Curriculum

critical literacy

suffering and injustice

cultural politics; challenge unequal power

hidden curriculum


constructivism

question, critique, and examine



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nonthreatening, supportive

open to discussing controversial subjects

encourages self-discipline

Assessment

authentic assessment

self-evaluation



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The Teacher

scholar-practitioner leader

critical thinker

agent of change



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Leading early educational proponentsKarl Marx

Theodor AdornoMax Horkheimer

Herbert Marcuse

Jurgen Habermas

Eric Fromm



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Leading modern educational proponentsMichael Apple

Jacques DerridaMichel Foucault

Henry Giroux

Jean-Francois Lyotard

Richard Rorty



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Identifying Your Philosophy of

Education Educational philosophies and

educational theories change.

Most educators are eclectic.

It is important to develop and

articulate a philosophy of education.

L Dean Webb Arlene Metha & K Forbis Jordan Foundations of

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