French and Indian War (Seven Years War)

Date: 1754-1763

MP: France & Indians vs. Britain & Colonists & Iroquois

Cause

Effect

Both France and Britain said they owned the Ohio Valley

British colonists feared Catholic control in North America due to religious freedom

Increase in population /trade both seek new territories/markets

1750 group of Virginian businessmen secured 500,000 acres of the Ohio valley for settlement purposes, but Joseph Celeron had claimed it earlier for France

French began the construction of fortresses in the Ohio valley as precautionary move British felt threatened and also fortified

Dispute over border of Allegheny & Monongahela rivers (Pittsburgh, PA)

Battle of Jumonville Glen (May 1754) Lt. George Washington and militiamen go build a fort but instead clash with French patrol and fail start of war

Britain wins Peace of ParisBritain gets French Canada, territory south of Canada and east of Mississippi River, Florida

Bad relationships with Indians

Britains national debt doubles

now determined to keep the colonies in line and make them as profitable as possible, gives up salutary neglect policies & taxes

Colonists have new pride and want to take promised land but Britain issues Proclamation of 1763 prohibited colonial migration west of Appalachian Mountains due to Indian threats and lack of money for government/army to protect them BUT colonists believe that the British wanted to control them P/S/E

Bad relationship between colonists and Britain

Americans create Continental Congress in response

Eventually led to Revolutionary War due to discontent

American Revolution

Date: 17751783

MP: Colonists (and later French) vs. Britain

Causes:

Salutary Neglect in beginning no authority anytime

Mercantilism which stifled economy, taxation without representation

Enlightenment(Age of Reasondoubt of authority) & Rousseau(social contract)/Locke(natural rights) more unified

Navigation Acts(1650): welfare was sacrificed for British commercial interests

Albany Plan of Government (1754): colonial unity, Iroquois loyalty, more defense against FranceFAIL

French & Indian War (1754-1763): colonies are restless and independent, want to move west, taxes, angry Indians

Proclamation of 1763: want new land, angry at being restricted form land they earned, tense relations = rebellious spirit

Sugar Act (1764): increased duty on foreign sugar imported from West Indies, tax is eventually lowered but colonies have unified resentment

Stamp Act (1765): suspicion of British gov./strike at local liberties/jeopardize basic rights of colonists/begin to ignore British rules/no taxation without representation

Repeal of Stamp Act/Declaratory Act (1765): Stamp Act Congress, non-importation agreement (stay away from British goods), more boycott/petitions/protests from sons of liberty, lift stamp but bind colonies with absolute authority

Townshend Acts (1767): light duty on daily items (internal tax)/colonists smuggle instead/troops are sent in clashes

Boston Massacre (1770): soldiers are intimidated and shoot colonists/colonists angry at death

Boston Tea Party (1773): destruction of private propertyBritain is pissed

Coercive/Intolerable Acts (1774): more restraints & laws, gave Catholic French more land, colonists see this as violation to constitutional rights

1st Continental Congress (1774): drew up papers, didnt want independence, wanted repeal of legislation/association complete with boycott

Concord & Lexington (1775): official stat of full-out war

Quartering Act pissed Americans off big time, tensions between Tories and Whig, Hiring of Hessiansangered

Effects:

Declaration of Independence (1776), America wins, war ends with Treaty of Paris (1783) and French have unofficial alliance with colonies

Americans get Ohio Valley, Armed Neutrality everyone against England, French debt, Americans need to start their own gov.

Persecution of loyalists, Federalists vs. Anti-federalists struggle

George Washington becomes president with anonymous vote

Articles of Confederation and then formation of US constitution/Bill of Rightsrepublican government with13 states

Three branches of gov: legislative, judicial, executive

Showed England wasnt unbeatablebut Americans still had tensions

Could choose who to trade with but had worthless paper money

War of 1812

Date: 17751783

MP: USA vs. Britain

Causes:

trade restrictions from Britain's ongoing war with France

impressments of American merchant sailors into the Royal Navy

British support of American Indian tribes against American expansion

outrage over insults to national honor

America has desire to annex Canada (beginnings of Manifest Destiny)

Effects:

Treaty of Ghent nothing really changed, returned conquered territory to original owner

RushBagot Treaty (1817) demilitarization of the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, foreshadows better relations with Britain

American nationalism, gain world recognition/respect for military capabilities

US economy is screwed, Native Americans are also screwed due to their support for Britain during war

Federalists were discredited, prepared nation for Era of Good Feelings

Military careers in War of 1812 popularity (Jackson and Harrison)

Monroe Doctrine: Americans feel important and tell Europe to stay out of Latin America, which was decolonizing

Mexican War

Date: Date: 1846 to 1848

MP: Mexicans vs. USA

Causes:

Mexicans invite Americans to settle in Texas to spur population but NO SLAVERYAmericans dont follow beginnings of tension

Manifest Destiny after Oregon boundary dispute, Polk offers to purchase Texas (Slidell Mission) but Mexico says no

Texas Revolution Americans deem Texas as theirs but Mexico just sees it as temporary insurrection

America annexes Texas under Polk (1845)

American forces quickly occupied New Mexico and California, then invaded parts of Northeastern Mexico and Northwest Mexico

Polk has American soldiers aggravate Mexico on disputed border (Rio Grande) American blood split on American soil for war

Mexico would still not agree to the cession of its northern territories, another American army captured Mexico City

Effects:

America wins with Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexico recognized American claims to area north of Rio Grande, ceded CA and MX to US for $15 million, US agrees to assume $3 million in debts MX originally owed to American citizens

Gadsden Purchase of $10 million for transcontinental railroad

Wilmot Proviso is mentioned though it fails would have banned slavery in any territory to be acquired in the Mexican War or future

Compromise of 1850 CA is free state, slave trade (not institution) abolished in District of Columbia, Territory of New Mexico and Utah are under popular sovereignty, harsher Fugitive Slave Act, TX gave up much of western land and received compensation of $10 million to pay of national debt

Civil War

Date: 18611865

MP: North vs. South

Causes:

N is abolitionist and S want slavery, different S/P/E systems in N and S

US constitution does not address slavery, ignoring leads to different interpretations

Missouri Compromise (1820): Missouri admitted as slave and Maine is free/maintains temporary peace/free above 36 30

Underground Railroad (1850): Harriet Tubman, resulted in Souths plea of harsher Fugitive Slave laws

Fugitive Slave Law (1850): reaction to escaping slaves & uncooperative North

Compromise of 1850: look above, south is basically displeased by less gains

Kansas Nebraska Act (1854): contradicts Missouri compromise, North is angered, popular sovereignty, Kansas slave & Nebraska free

Uncle Toms Cabin (1852): by Harriet Beecher Stowe, awakens north to atrocity, roused both N & S

Bleeding Kansas (1856): Kansas wants N, Missouri citizens cross over, N sends pioneers to populate land, Kansas is fought over, 200 dies

Brooks vs. Sumner (1856): Sumner calls S immature, Brooks beats up Sumner, S cheers Brooks and N calls him a barbarian

Dred Scott Decision (1857): Scott sues for freedom, Supreme Court says hes still a slave, N gets pissed, S reasserts control

Election of 1860: SC will secede of Lincoln wins, only N states vote, Republicans win

John Browns Raid (1859): extreme abolitionism, attack and slaughter, S is pissed

South secedes under Jefferson Davis

Wanted to KEEP NATION TOGETHERnot end slavery

Effect:

US remains whole and South is beatenLincolns dead so Johnsons president, slaves emancipated

13th amendment (no slavery), 14th amendment (no infringements on basic rights), 15th amendment (right to vote)

Recognized 10% gov of Lincolns plan, disfranchised certain leading Confederates, special state conventions which required repeal of ordinances of secession, repudiated all Confederate debts

Freedmens bureau and amendments help fight against Southern prejudice

South makes KKK, Black Codes, grandfather clause, etc. to further harass newly freed blacks

Leads to Era of Reconstruction

Spanish American Cuban Filipino War

Date: 189798

MP: US & insurrectionists vs. Spain & Filipinos