TURaS Project(WP 2)

Milestone 7Economic evaluation model

Green roofs, walls and courtyards

Working economic evaluation model for green infrastructure value and design: model completed and working on sample data

English version

Roma Capitale 10. Dipartimento Tutela Ambientale e del verde – Protezione Civile

Authors: Monastra G., Baffioni C., Mendozza M., Odorico M., Vallocchia S,. Tudini F.M.,

IndexPREFACE............................................................................................................................................................4

FOREWORD.......................................................................................................................................................5

INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................................6

FROM ANTIQUITY TO THE PRESENT DAY...........................................................................................................8

The green roof from antiquity to 1865..........................................................................................................8The green roof from 1865 until the Second World War.............................................................................11The green roof today...................................................................................................................................12The situation in Rome..................................................................................................................................14The Parking in Villa Borghese.......................................................................................................................15The Underpass Appia Antica........................................................................................................................16Other environmental mitigation on the GRA...............................................................................................17The Rome Auditorium:................................................................................................................................18The Urban Parking Plan (P.U.P)....................................................................................................................19The Swimming pool of Valco San Paolo:......................................................................................................21The initiatives of Roma Capitale..................................................................................................................22Private works (significant) in Rome.............................................................................................................24Hospital Campus Biomedico of Rome..........................................................................................................24Fandango-Incontro......................................................................................................................................24Groupama EUR............................................................................................................................................24

LAWS OF REFERENCE.......................................................................................................................................25

European Parliament and Council directive 2002/91/EC on energy efficiency in the building sector...25

National legal framework....................................................................................................................................25

Bill n. 2472-B “Rules on urban green areas development”..........................................................................25Law decree 19/08/2005, n. 192 “Implementation of 2002/91/EC directive on Energy efficiency in the building sector”...........................................................................................................................................27

Regional Legal Framework...................................................................................................................................27

Regional law 11/08/2009, n.21 “Special measures for the building sector and actions for resilient social residential buildings”:..................................................................................................................................27Regional Law 27/05/2008, n.6 “Regional provisions in the field of sustainable architecture and bio-building sector”:..........................................................................................................................................27

Provincial Legal Framework.................................................................................................................................28

Provincial guidelines for city building codes................................................................................................28Legal Framework for the City of Rome................................................................................................................28

Administrative Act 20/02/2006 n.48 passed by Rome City Council.............................................................28General Development Plan – Administrative Act by the City Council n.18 (12/02/2008)............................28Administrative Act 14/02/2011 n.7 passed by Rome City Council...............................................................28

TECHNICAL STANDARDS OF REFERENCE..........................................................................................................29

Report to PRG (Resolution adopting the City Council No. 33 of 19/20 March 2003)...................................29

General Plan - Technical Implementation of the City Council Resolution No. 18 of 12/2/2008,.................29The UNI 11235 of 2007: Good Practice executive........................................................................................30Protocol of Urban Quality of Roma Capitale - Develop and evaluate the quality of urban complexes Rome March 22, 2012 (excerpt)............................................................................................................................32

METHODOLOGY FOR SYSTEMS OF "GREEN ROOF"..........................................................................................34

Types of vegetable plants "Green Roof"......................................................................................................35The Green Intensive.....................................................................................................................................36The Extensive Green....................................................................................................................................39"Sided Green" or "Skin Green"....................................................................................................................40The Green Walls..........................................................................................................................................42

COST OF INSTALLATION OF A GREEN ROOF....................................................................................................46

Waterproofing.............................................................................................................................................46Filtering Layer..............................................................................................................................................47CALCULATION OF THE TOTAL COST.............................................................................................................47Roof or Green Infrastructure: The Essence (Herbaceous, Shrub and Tree).................................................48Vertical Gardens..........................................................................................................................................48The costs on the market..............................................................................................................................49

PREFACE

This document contains the experience of the City of Rome in the field of green infrastructure (roofs, walls and courtyards "green").Although the document contains only references to the Roman reality, however, it is also the model for all cities to prepare a document on its green infrastructure.In fact, the contents of the document are the following:

a historical overview on green infrastructure from the ancient world until the recent past;

a description of the main green infrastructure recently made, both in the public and private sectors, with reference also to educational initiatives put in place by Roma Capitale;

a summary of the principal laws of reference to authorities national, regional, provincial and municipal;

a collection of the main technical standards in the sector; A technical description of the types of green infrastructure achievable, taking into

account the specific characteristics of the city; The cost of installation of such facilities.

Finally an attachment contains a summary table that combines the advantages and obstacles to the implementation of green infrastructure and the associated costs.

In this way, the document is a strategic handbook also contains a model of economic evaluation and responds to the requirements of Milestone 7 "Economic evaluation model - Green roofs, walls and courtyards" WP2 Project Turas of 7th Framework Programme for Research.

FOREWORDThis document contains the experience of the City of Rome in the field of green infrastructure ("green" roofs, walls and courtyards).Although the document contains only references for the situation in Rome, however, is also the model for all cities to prepare a document for its green infrastructure.In fact, the contents of the document are the following:• a historical overview on green infrastructure from the ancient world until the recent past;• a description of the main green infrastructure recently made, both in the public and private sectors, with reference also to training initiatives made by Roma Capitale;• a summary of the principal laws of reference from national, regional, provincial and municipal authorities;• a collection of the main technical standards in the sector;• a technical description of the green infrastructure achievable, taking into account the specific characteristics of the city;• the cost of installation of such infrastructures.

Finally an attachment contains a summary table that combines the advantages and obstacles to the implementation of green infrastructure and the associated costs.

In this way, the document is a strategic handbook that also contains a model of economic evaluation and it complies with the requirements of Milestone 7 "Economic evaluation model - Green roofs, walls and courtyards" WP2 Project Turas.

INTRODUCTIONToday we talk increasingly about green roofs. It’s becoming an important issue. Until a few decades ago, often, we looked at who was in charge of this matter with different attitudes, ranging from curiosity to suspicion, from rejection to close attention.The subject was too little known or contrasted with conventional construction systems and routines.The first convinced advocates of large-scale application of this technology in an urban environment were considered, at best, a bit like the philosophers, though, in those days, and in the most remote ages some of the most famous architects and urban planners have recognized the green roof as a fundamental element in the design and frequently have included in their works.Those were the times in which it was thought that rain water should be removed as quickly as possible, especially from places of life and human activity, and in this direction we moved and acted decisively. We refer of course to the geographical situations in which the weather conditions and the socio-economic development could encourage this way of thinking, not to the countries where the water, however limited, was or is a problem more or less critical survival. The water must flow quickly roofs, yards and streets and canals rivers' water, which in turn had to ensure a safe and fast flow. The latter, for that reason, were adjusted, cemented and sealed. But where the water was going to end it didn’t matter.Then as time goes on and as a result of an urban and suburban edification not too aware and attentive it was realized, at our expense, as the canals and waterways cemented. This has enabled that a field who in the past has enjoyed little consideration as the green roof, is risen today to discipline more widely applied, recognized and respected: the bioengineering.Who, for example, yesterday proposed the theory that it is sometimes convenient to take the damage, known and largely expected and economically manageable, as flooding of a few acres of countryside, rather than shelling out huge amount of money for repair faults often incalculable and unpredictable, have now begun to be seriously listened to, instead of being looked upon with distrust.A similar recognition, for similar reasons, is now getting the discipline of green roof, especially for the application in the urban areas.Nowadays even many small towns are no longer exempt from the problems of large settlements: air pollution and groundwater pollution, lack of green areas, excessive overbuilding, traffic problems, clogging of sewers, depletion and imbalance of flora and fauna Anthropogenic spaces resulting in less resistance to adversity and disease. It is difficult today, traveling, realize that you are approaching an urban center, especially if medium or large size, particularly in the winter or at night: gas and dust aerosol form hoods "mark" unequivocally the presence of settlements in the territory.These blankets reverberate lights creating urban light pollution, cause respiratory problems and act as a contributory factor in the spread of allergies and are one of the main assumptions of the thermal contrast, often quite large, between the urban areas and the external surroundings.In these layers of gas and aerosol form acid rain damaging for flora and fauna. The blanket of pollution becomes the daily theater of man life, forced to live in an environment of buildings and factories that replaced the natural environment.

Cities are environments "natural" human life, but often are not in its size, because it has become too much the gap between the artificiality of city and nature, between the 'human environment and the' natural environment.Urban settlements, the building activity in general, represent an indispensable element to 'inside of the vast system that our planet is, but must necessarily be rebalanced in the direction of a better liveability.Even if you live in the city, the man is part of nature, which cannot give up. The green roofs are, in many respects, an important and effective element in order to move towards this balance, for example by contributing to the restoration of the ecological corridors where it is not possible to create more green space to the ground.The protection of plant and animal species endemic may tend to compensate, at least in part, the changes generated by their disappearance in urban ecosystems. The lower energy consumption for heating in winter and cooling in summer, determined by the use of green roofs hanging, helps, then, even if indirectly, to the improvement of urban microclimate by reducing emissions for the production and use of energy in line , plus with the promotion of energy-saving culture advocated by the Kyoto Protocol. For these reasons, and also for other, today's topic of green roofs has become a topic of great importance.

FROM ANTIQUITY TO THE PRESENT DAYEmpirically, and very roughly, the evolution of the green roof could be divided into three periods. The schematic proposal is only used to synthesize the principal periods.

1) The green roof antiquity until 1865.2) The green roof from 1865 until the Second World War.3) The green roof today.

The use of cover homes with green has its origin in very distant. It isn’t an invention of our time. Maybe when the man came out of the caves and began to build housing has also begun to cover with green and has never stopped. In fact, in 900, so long ago, 50% of Icelanders lived in houses whose roofs were covered with sod. But it is only since the second half of this technology began to be considered for its performance and its benefits, and only since the 70s of the last century can be said to have caught its use initially to sporadic and then slowly more and more popular to the present day, where we gradually extended to more official recognition of the technology by the government, the publication of industry regulations and official specifications and activation of research and scientific experimentation specifically dedicated to this sector.

The green roof from antiquity to 1865

Although it may seem obvious, trivial or repetitive, in any discussion of the green roof is customary to always mention the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.These gardens are the archaic symbol known to all, specialists or not, of this technology. It 's almost automatic for anyone, almost unconsciously add the word "Babylon" to the concept of the garden. A little 'as is the case with the word "bread" when you say wheat.Almost certainly the use of the green roof is before this famous work, but it is well-established tradition to refer to the gardens of Babylon as a prototype of the modern green roof.On the other hand this must actually have great and meaningful to have left such a memory in history, earning the nickname of one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. Of this impressive work aren’t almost remaining trace. All the news, or hypothesis, derived from the study of ancient texts and iconography.

Reconstruction of the legendary Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Babylon was built in what is now the territory of Iraq, about 90 km to the south of Baghdad, near the Euphrates River. Today only ruins remain of the settlement. The hanging gardens seem to be located at a fortified complex, located northwest of the city. In the gardens, surely arranged on terraces, should be planted even timberline, such as cypress and palm trees. As can be deduced from the iconography, the vegetation had to be lush, especially when compared with the arid surroundings. Little is known of the construction techniques used.The work was commissioned from Nabucodonosor II (605-506 BC), who seems to have made to please of his wife Aniti, originally from Media, probably not entirely satisfied with the aridity of the area where Babylon was, in comparison with his country of origin. To this day, people in the industry, traditionally considered the hanging gardens of Babylon as the first example of a "green roof intensive" in which the client has expressly defined the specific quality of the intended use.In Italy the remains of the oldest green roofs that we can find, still almost intact, are those of the tombs that date back to the Etruscan period (from the ninth century BC). domes covering the underlying premises, used for burial, were covered with soil and vegetation. Leaving the religious significance, and forcing a little 'hand, today we might consider these works, one of the oldest examples of use of the green roof as a tool for environmental compensation: what was removed was reconstituted in the above, even if the reasons of this operation were, then, very different from those today, lead us to seek to restore the soil above the roofs destroyed by development.In recent times, this concept of "Etruscan" has often been taken effectively in a modern complex in the design of modern cemetery.It is possible to find trace on the use of green roofs in the Roman period although, unfortunately, very

little has been preserved to the present day. Buildings of which traces remain of the existence of green roofs in the historical sources, or in the remains are in Gubbio the mausoleum of Pomponio Grecino (II - I century BC) lavish funerary monument. The Sanctuary of "Fortuna Primeval" (II-I century BC), a temple complex, dedicated to the goddess Fortuna City Praeneste (now Palestrina near Rome), it is "the most complex of ancient architecture late-republican." the sanctuary is divided into six artificial terraces, connected by ramps and stairs for access. above the portico of the bottom and the last terrace theater auditorium was built in the twelfth

century by the Colonna Family, the palazzo Colonna Barberini. Cassino at the Villa Virgilio Marone.

The Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia (II-I century BC)

The Mausoleum of Augustus in Rome (29 BC)

Another example, which we refer in this period, is the mausoleum of Augustus in Rome (29 BC), the external walls of the building, which today still remain significant ruins, was originally covered with earth in which numerous cypress trees germinated , symbol of life and eternal glory. Another work that originally came with a green roof is the mausoleum of Hadrian (130 AD), in Rome, which similarly to the Mausoleum of Augustus the original article (which has since been radically restructured and modified to become the Castel Sant 'Angelo that we see today), was covered with cypress dwelling places of burial mounds of earth.There are numerous Roman villas in which a roof garden is a key characteristic and important. One of the best known is certainly the Emperor Hadrian's villa at Tivoli (92 AD).There are numerous Roman villas in which a roof garden is a key characteristic and important. One of the best known is certainly the Emperor Hadrian's villa at Tivoli (92 AD). Even some of the equally famous villas of Pliny the Younger is known for its architectural importance that, in them, the use of green roof covers:for example Laurentina villa and the villa in Tuscany (first century AD) are frequently cited as having lush hanging gardens, even if, while providing a detailed description Pliny himself, we cannot see any of that, since these remained no trace.We must not think that at that time the use of the hanging gardens were solely dictated by reasons of prestige. Even then, Horace, in his Odes, criticized the methods of construction of the villas of the time, considering that these "steal too much space to the campaign" and complained of the introduction in the city of plants such as plantain, foreign to the rural indigenous vegetation. Anticipation, which dates back to many centuries ago, to date issues.

Plastico di Villa Adriana di Italo Gismondi, 1956. Si possono notare i terrazzamenti con livelli diversi

The Mausoleum of Hadrian in Rome (reconstruction)

In the medieval period the green roof is used in two distinct and new sectors, if you will, conceptually far removed from each other, in the cloisters of monasteries and fortifications. In the first case, the roof garden is often used as a garden. In the second case follows, in a sense, the introduction and development of gunpowder. Following the introduction of firearms the military architecture of castles and fortifications to make substantial adaptations. The defense works are frequently covered with thick layers of soil covered with vegetation to absorb the impact of blows while allowing a fast and easy recovery of any damages.Many products equipped with this system of "passive defense to green" have been preserved to this day. Sometimes the system was or is still used to protect military depots. We can say that, at this time, the roof garden tends to lose its value as a work of art in favor of a purely utilitarian purposes.From the fifteenth century to the second half of the nineteenth century, the hanging garden again takes up and develops his own artistic and aesthetic connotation and is used almost exclusively in palaces or villas.An important development, related to the use of the roof garden and that, even in this case, it anticipates in a certain sense concepts related to modern practice, is what brings the architecture to open the usability of the buildings outwards. The roof garden becomes, in this direction, an element often essential. We can mention, among others, some buildings particularly examples of the use of roof gardens. The villa Giovanni de 'Medici (1451) in Fiesole, Palazzo Piccolomini in Pienza, commissioned by Pope Pius II (1460), the castle of Collepardo (1500) in Frosinone, Villa D'Este in Tivoli, Villa Aldobrandini in Frascati, castle of Saint Germain en Laye of Henry IV, the Palace of Versailles in Paris (1600), where the designer, André Le Nôtre, he commissioned the famous orange groves above the royal stables, the Château Marquis de Longhi Polis in Fumone (1600), Torrigiani palace in Lucca (1600), the palace of Monte in Monte San Savino (1600 -1700), the Royal Palace of Naples (1600), the Palazzo Ducale in Urbino with its cloister and finally the beautiful gardens of the Belvedere in the Vatican in Rome .

The green roof from 1865 until the Second World War

It is conventional use to trace the birth of the modern concept of green roof in 1865. In that year, the German architect Von Rabitz wrote a treatise on the use of roof garden as a means to achieve healthy environments heavily influenced by man. The book, first, explains the benefits that may result from the use of green roofs in the city. From that moment on, albeit very slowly, the green roof will start to go

The gardens of the Belvedere in the Vatican in Rome

that route that led him, in recent times, to be considered an important element of compensation and mitigation urban, and more.This important development has originated, from the extensive process of urbanization and industrialization of the towns, which brought to light so clearly the problem of the health of urban environments. Not for nothing, from that moment on, well-known architects and planners such as Le Corbusier (Immeuble Villas, 1922) began to use the green roof as an element of the environmental balance, and, above all, social.In the first part of the twentieth century, the building design always kept in mind some external understanding, among them also the spaces in coverage. Among the most significant experiences we can remember those Markellius Sven in Sweden, Finland Alvar Aalto and Frank Lloyd Wright in the United States, entering the contemporary period, Luciano Baldassarri (Hall of Breda, 1952). The well-known architect Piacentini used in some of its projects green roof (Mausoleum Marconi Pontecchio Marconi, 1941-1946).

The green roof today

Especially in Europe, starting in the 60s, the use of green roof technology began to spread rapidly, although in different ways and at different times in different countries. The economic crisis between the two wars, which led manufacturers to overlook the private housing sector to move towards public works, the destruction of war and the subsequent reconstruction, often rapid in the absence of zoning or otherwise lacking in the design and long-term planning and, finally, to close the period of speculation, have bequeathed dense urban structures of issues, including the environment. In this context fits the modern development of the discipline of the green roof. Once all spaces on the ground can be allocated to green spaces, public and private, turns his gaze to the unused surfaces of the shell, to be transformed into green areas. This comes about in the early '70s, parallel to the growth of environmental awareness.Then another factor helps to increase the intrinsic value of the green roofs: the awareness that covers aggregates, especially the large flat roof areas, manufacturing or industrial, in addition to being unused spaces are sealed and waterproofed surfaces that contribute significantly the deterioration of the urban microclimate and the collapse in the regulation of storm water. From this finding, the step towards the recognition by the government that the green roof can be used as a technique and a tool for

The "green wall" by Patrick Blanc, made in Paris at Quai Branl

environmental mitigation and compensation is, by now, very short.Leader of this important turning point, between the 70s and 90s, are mainly the countries of Central and Northern Europe, Switzerland, Austria, Finland, but especially Germany, which is passed a Law on Environmental Protection which expressly recognizes the green roof as a tool for environmental compensation. Thanks to this law, in the late '80s, many ordinary Germans were able to fund or prescribe in forms and with very different rules, the green roofs. The market for green roof is today, well developed but there is still no precise statistics on its size. In Italy the application of green roof is not yet as widespread as in other European countries, but it is slow and steady growth. In 2007, with the approval of the Code of Practice UNI 11235, the design rules of these hedges, which had been left to individual companies, were discussed, compared, collected and put "black and white" in a single national standard : UNI 11235 in fact, that has - in line with the existing European regulations - the rules of design, implementation, maintenance and control of green roofs, and certainly has been an effective stimulus.

We must emphasize, however, that in our country are still very lacking all forms of incentives, direct or indirect, or even simple prescription, which allowed other countries, the rapid spread of this type of coverage, and which have favored the same time, the development of the offline market. The increasing awareness of the benefits to the environment that may result from the use of this technology, together with the presence of industry regulations, will certainly encourage1.

1 Green Roof in Italy and in Europe, Paul Abram - Extract from The Green Books; Editorial Series. 2006

A project by Boeri Studio in Milan

The vertical garden of Rozzano, is the largest in the world, measuring 1262.85 square meters

The situation in Rome

As mentioned above, one can cite the Mausoleum of Augustus, the subject of a recent competition to upgrade and described by the greek historian Strabo as "a large mound near the river on a high base of white stone, covered up to the top of evergreen trees, on the vertex is the bronze statue of Augustus and under the mound are the tombs of him, relatives, behind there is a large forest with wonderful walks, "the Mausoleum of Hadrian, turned in the Middle Ages the fortress of Castel Sant'Angelo, a monumental tomb along the bank of the Tiber in the gardens of the Domitian family consists of a cylindrical body with a diameter of 64 meters covered with marble and topped with a mound of earth on which were placed and planted and lush vegetation. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in Italy were built sumptuous villas where the roof garden is always an element of great effect, just think of the Villa Medici, at the Villa D'Este in Tivoli or Albobrandini villa in Frascati, but it is right in the center of the city that, as in the major centers of the Renaissance, almost all seventeenth-century villas have a roof garden, which according to taste or mode can be large or small, secret or leaning outward, where it can rise to the covering function of some structures as the stables at Versailles or the servants in the Ducal Palace in Urbino, or be an element of connection with the surrounding landscape, as in the palazzo Piccolomini in Pienza, or have the sole and exclusive aesthetic function. Wonderful work of this period are the hanging gardens of the Vatican, where the magnitude of the project merges with the incomparable beauty of creation.

The roof garden of the Villa Madama in Rome

The roof garden of the Villa Aldobrandini in Via Nazionale in Rome

The Parking in Villa Borghese.

In Rome, at the end of the 60s, from the idea of the architect Luigi Moretti, borns Parking Villa Borghese, a public underground car park made by the City of Rome, which can be considered as a work forerunner of green roof in historic urban centers, also in view of its location: the historical park of Villa Borghese. The complexity of surgery was rejoining between the architecture of the historical-environmental landscape, in this case strongly dominant, and the functional organization of the structuring elements of the parking lot.The surface coverage of the roof garden has been developed to protect and enhance the value of existing trees and has an area of about 5 ha. It was originally conceived itself as main objective is the maintenance of the characteristics of nineteenth-century gardens is to maintain connection with the presence of natural and historic Villa Borghese (now part of no more obvious). A study on a project for the transformation and expansion of the car park of Villa Borghese with the intent to become a container of a new design for mobility and accessibility to the historic center of Rome. The construction of the new complex in Villa Borghese will complement the pedestrian of the Trident (the area between Piazza del Popolo and the Spanish Steps), a key element for the redevelopment of the historic center and the park itself.

The Underpass Appia Antica.

The Appia Antica tunnel was completed at the end of June 1999, completing one of the most important projects for the Jubilee Year 2000. The tunnel is an essential element in the operation of expansion of the three lanes of both carriageways of the GRA (GRA), the wide ring road around Rome, an improvement that has become crucial given the current traffic demand. The 600 meters of the two twin tunnel runs just a few feet below the path (from 1 to 18 meters), the Appian the famous "Queen viarum" of the Romans, dating from the third century BC In the 60s with the construction of the GRA ancient road was cut to create the roadway, the realization of this work, has allowed to restore the original environment of the ancient Roman road.

And 'This is one of the widest, longest and most modern road tunnels in the world with the unique characteristic that above it, made it possible to reconstruct the ancient horizon of the Roman

countryside.During the work, special precautions were taken to prevent the collapse of the Roman road above: in crossing the Appian we proceeded to dig more slowly, propping up the structure of the tunnel with special steel structures and adopting other special technical . The two tunnels have a width of 20.7 meters and a height of 12.5 meters.The reunification of the two sections of the Appia Antica, previously interrupted by the ring road, was made taking into account the principles of naturalization envisaged in the Plan of Spatial Appia Antica Park, aimed at consolidating the elements considered structural landscape of this part of 'Agro Romano.In particular, thanks to the municipal archaeological superintendent of Rome (among those at the conference services for the Municipality: Municipal Archaeological Superintendence, Department of Environment, Department of Public Works and maintenance Urbana, Urbana City Hall and Police XI), it is made sure to rebuild the entire unit territorial and landscape of the area: the presence of pine at the edge of the 'old road, Mediterranean slopes of the plateaus and the planting of hedges. As a whole, the intervention of re-naturalization of the work has involved an area of 4 hectares.The burial of the abandoned stretch of G.R.A. (Over 100 meters) and features the previous Appia, about two miles long, saw the implementation of reclamation plant brambles, from ailanti, and acacia trees, have made extraordinary maintenance of partial trees , with excision of interventions in cases of dangerous situation of instability of trees very old or sick or dead plant and pruning.It has also been provided for the displacement and transplantation of some specimens that because of their position, too close to other, or even next to archaeological structures ipogee threatened the survival.The planting of trees made are those of Pinus and Cupressus sempervirens Pinea, because you have followed the instructions of scholars of renown, such as: Lanciani, Boni, Munoz which included a low

density of these trees, which formerly had to appear in solitary landscape of the Roman, He also arranged for the recovery of grassland surfaces in state-owned groups.

Other environmental mitigation on the GRA

The new works on the GRA, such as tunnels under the Trionfale and Cassia streets at the Valley of Volusia and galleries in the Valley of Crescenza allowed to mend the Park of Veii and Insugherata Nature Reserve. The design and subsequent construction of the tunnels, in analogy to the principles followed in all the works of the work of the northwest quadrant of the GRA, held in high regard the protection of the territory. In fact, the new headquarters is viable on average lower than 20 meters, this lowering allowed to reconstitute the continuity of the territory of the nature reserve at both of Insugherata that the Park of Veii obtaining in this way a minimal environmental impact. With regard to artificial tunnels, the covers of the same have been realized patterning according to the morphology of the surrounding area. The recovery of vegetation was carried out with indigenous tree and shrub species in relation to the reconstruction of the landscape.In order to rebuild and improve the system of ecological networks and corridors plants that characterize the area, was planted a large quantity of bands shrubs and trees with native species, sidestreet, the green area to urban services, currently this frieze on the north side of the junctions, has been extended by introducing a vegetated filter strip between the GRA and the residential area.These bands are also required to perform the function of reducing noise pollution.

The Rome Auditorium:

Another recent example of a beautiful green roof, and that Renzo Piano has created for the Auditorium in Rome, inaugurated April 21, 2002. The Municipality of Rome in 1993, an international competition for the construction of a multifunctional complex to house music and cultural events. The park is spread on the roof of the complex cover an area of 38,000 square meters and consists of plants creeping on surfaces sloping terraces and a variety of shrubs and trees, including specimens of olive trees, pines, cork oaks, maples and limes. Very interesting was the integration between the ancient and modern, in fact, during the preparatory excavation area were discovered the foundations of a Roman villa of the sixth century BC and in consequence of the discovery, the initial design was changed to make the remains of the villa. In this way it has become an integral part of the project. In the intermediate spaces of circulation is a museum of artifacts found at the site. The foundations of the house are visible inside the foyer underground.

The Urban Parking Plan (P.U.P).

Among the actions of green roofs can enter all the rooms on the underground parking made by the Urban Parking Plan (PUP). The PUP was established by Law 122 of 24/03/1989 concerning the parking (both private investment on private land that private investment on public land) and then continue with some ordinances commissioner from 2004 to 2008 up to lead to ' current Ordinance no. 129 of 2008 in which there was a new reformulation of the interventions of the parking plan, and they are precisely required for each project, the placing on green spaces surface.

To understand the impact of Urban Parking Plan of the city of Rome - and as a result of a landscaped similar to a "green roof" - is enough to analyze the actions planned:

- The Law of 1989 were 730 interventions, for a total of 97,036 parking spaces;- With 98 of the Ordinance of 2008 were 276 treatment for approximately 66,800 parking spaces;- Currently, 389 are planned further action for a total of 45,000 cars.Among the accommodations surface of underground parking are many types that differ in size and functionality. Among the most common are the accommodations included as a green urban areas, where there are accommodations to plant trees and shrubs, together with a system of walkways complemented by street furniture and play equipment.There are also projects that are to be included in villas and green spaces already established and therefore become an integral part in many cases such arrangements were placed in areas of natural beauty and historical trying to integrate the existing one, and achievements have targeted the enhancement of existing environmental and historical heritage but at the same time also a feature of the area.Another series of green roof on the underground parking is that relating to the parking lots of interchanges and road infrastructure. In many new stations of the metro line will be provided for roof

The underground car park in Piazza Cavour with 715 parking spaces with 10 stations for charging electric cars

gardens and green squares systems of considerable size, in which the green roof will become an integral and essential part of architectural design.The type of coverage will be provided by creating containment tanks of varying thicknesses, depending on the strength of trees and shrubs to be planted, thereby ensuring that appropriate drainage will prevent individual containers in order to facilitate the continuation of the flower beds and vegetable combinations, to enable the development of green complex. The practice indicates thicknesses of land ranging from 0.80 cm to 240 cm, depending on the type of specimen trees and shrubs to be placed at home, and of course their class force.The standards of practice for the construction of such green roofs can be extrapolated from the "guidelines for the quality of design and construction of underground parking" written for the application of the Ordinance commissioner Article 53 of 27/07/2007 . 4 "For the remodeling and integration of the Parking Plan" which shows the chapter on accommodation in green: "... The Urban Parking Plan (PUP) has provided, through the drafting of the guidelines (guidelines for the quality of design and construction of underground parking), to improve the quality of the parking project in terms of functionality and of ' aesthetic surgery, in order to make element retraining of environmental conditions and traffic as well as integration and enhancement of the characters of its urban fabric involved.The realization of the significant number of parking under the plan, should be a time of regeneration, recovery, reorganization of space and enhancement of the urban context in which you insert the intervention. The accommodation is potentially the surface element design more effective both in terms of architectural and aesthetic, both functional. Obviously each project depending on the location, the morphological characteristics of the abutments and the contour of the functional purposes of the neighboring areas, that feature's the parking lot of the activities available in the area, the socio economic and environmental context of influence, is characterized by peculiarities that do not allow a general approach. Each project will be required to draw up the plan of the accommodation surface treating areas with outdoor ventilation grid, are organized in such a way as not to compromise the unity of the surface area to green or paved and are made of material with the durability and attractiveness aesthetics.The plant plant must comply with the following objectives:• screen and mitigate the work in terms of visual perception,• protect and shade plants or service areas,• describe the environmental intervention, pursuing an adequate standard landscape and environment,• allow easy maintenance management.Consistent with the literature, for the selection of trees and shrubs, beyond the usual requirements related to compatibility climate of sunshine, hygrometer, micro environment, as well as the compatibility between species, we have to evaluate the following aspects:• good resistance to the essence of pollutants caused by exhaust gases;• reduced need for care and maintenance (plant ecologically self-sufficient);• no production viscous and staining (leaves, berries or fruits resinous, oily, etc.);• reduced seasonal loss of foliage (evergreen), which could clog the system of removal and disposal of stormwater;

• root systems that do not pre-empt the works of continuous pavement or structures.For the purposes of a thorough evaluation of the proposed surface arrangement, in addition to agronomic report regarding the filing of the tree species present, soil analysis, the clarification of technical requirements for any explants, replanting and planting of plant species and turf, in addition to leakage, automatic watering and ventilation, must be produced elaborate comparative between the existing situation and the proposed in the draft, with three-dimensional simulations .... "

The Swimming pool of Valco San Paolo:

The sports complex Valco San Paolo consists of a swimming pool, a gymnasium and a body guesthouse, built on an area of 30,000 sqm communal. surface defined by P.R.G. as "Centrality urban / metropolitan defined schedule", the Polo has seen play in it the training of numerous foreign national teams during the World Swimming Championships in 2009.Given the particular morphology and the great interest of the landscape (although strongly degraded), the project paid particular attention to the achievement of a balanced integration between artificial and natural areas, in order to adopt an architectural solution that protect historical values, architectural and aesthetic features of the landscape, with the creation of a "building landscape".An important element in the project concerns the coating of the cover consists of a particular vegetation, which requires less maintenance compared to a normal lawn green, since self-healing. The solution used, presents numerous advantages, not only from the point of view to the inclusion in the environment and which is intended, but also from the functional and economic. In fact, is constituted by a particular vegetation, Sedum type, capable of regeneration autonomously, that is allocated on a particular technological support, which facilitates the relationship with the atmospheric precipitation, and then scales the amount of water necessary; consequently, with climates not to extremes making green technology actually self-sufficient. It was also made an Olympic swimming pool outdoor landscape architecture built to green.At the technical level, and it sought to achieve an increased use of renewable energy sources (through the adoption of technical building systems and low emission and fuel consumption) an integrated organization of technological networks, and finally, utilization of materials and building components certificates of clean technologies and building systems that will not impact on the environment.

The initiatives of Roma Capitale

In recent times, in Rome, have highlighted various initiatives of urban ecology. In 1999, the City of Rome has organized a competition (through the Department of Environmental Protection and the USPEL), which aims to raise awareness of organic interventions for the construction and improvement of green spaces such as condominium courtyards, roofs and walls of buildings, with the ' objective of improving the daily life with new practices that combine the concepts of urban ecology to those of citizen participation. With the initiative "Courtyards, Walls and Roofs Green in Rome" Rome City Council has sought to encourage the efforts of citizens and give them recognition for the realization of such arrangements that contribute to the green redevelopment of the urban environment. For each award-winning project was a contribution equal to 50% of the cost for the surgery.

For several years, the School of Arts and Crafts Capital of Rome (vocational school) makes specific training courses. The Green Gables is in the curriculum, so an excerpt: "... The study of native plants belonging to the Mediterranean areas is the protagonist along with the materials and their availability on the market ... difficult starting conditions (roof gardens, patios, green-wall gardens in door, landlocked gardens, balconies, windows, droughts, nursery organization with production of edible plants and herbs and flowering in culture synergistic, for sale, etc..). The purpose of the design above is intended primarily for use in the Urban Garden balancing purposes and as a remedy to pollution and the ambitious task of saturating the urban interstices, with essences that can adapt to drought, climate, to negligence, resulting in response oxygen, food and life. The insights botanists, will be parallel to the research design applied to the implementation of flower beds or gardens landlocked, through construction of models, simulation graphs, drawings and updated with planting of hardy plants, in order to open this specific knowledge to new niches market for openings at work.The Foundation Bioparco of Rome (of which Rome Capital is the majority shareholder) in collaboration with Romaincampagna.it organizes this year, urban horticulture courses. A theoretical and practical course in horticulture and gardening, to realize a simple and cost a vegetable garden on the terrace of the house and discover the secrets of the cultivation of fruit trees, vegetables and ornamentals. The course will take as arguments: the orchard and the kitchen garden on the terrace and garden, reproduction and propagation of plants, soil and plant nutrition, pruning fruit trees and ornamental roof gardens, vertical green and vertical farming, aromatic plants and herbs, honey and preserves.Among the topics covered during the lectures note: The hanging gardens, green vertical, vertical farming and all the new ideas growing "out of the ground."Very recently, the ambitious project is the rehabilitation of a degraded building on the outskirts of the city named Corviale. It is a building housing about a mile long built about 35 years ago. The aim is to build "a real ecological framework, aimed at reclaiming the urban crust of concrete and asphalt," applying for the Project Corviale to be the largest roof garden in the world, with its extension of 2.5 hectares. It's called United Roofs, the global network of the roofs, a scientific project that connects with Corviale New York, Beijing and Termoli.

In fact, it is connected with similar projects twins with the Green Olympic Village in Beijing, the Roof Top Farms of Green Infrastructure Grant Program in New York and the Lumière Cinema in Termoli. Supported, as well as Roma Capitale, from University of Molise, Bari, Rome, Ancona, Turin, Florence, with Ater (property owner) and Corviale Tomorrow (they are trying to create models

for experimentation create gardens, green areas and vegetable gardens in a mile of exploiting surface in an environmentally friendly, regenerating a real urban ecosystem.

Private works (significant) in Rome

Hospital Campus Biomedico of Rome

The clinic is located in a large green area in the center of campus. Materials and furnishings have been chosen with the aim to play down the impact of the visitor with the hospital, ensuring high standards of comfort. The architecture blends with the natural environment.Parking, facilities and service access to materials covered by roof gardens that allow the green lick the walls of the building, offering a nice view from every room.

Fandango-Incontro.

A space in the heart of Rome, behind the Parliament in which you can get there on foot. by the prefects Fandango-Meeting is an idea that has excited much.Not a library, but not even a bar, perhaps a literary café where you can relax and enjoy precious moments of relaxation in the main room, a fully glazed greenhouse in the courtyard of the palace of the Province of Rome, in which a large vertical garden fits majestically in the historical building which gives the diapason of the intentions of this literary place.

Groupama EUR.

Neighborhood, in Cesare Pavese street, stands the headquarters of the Roman insurance group Groupama and here you can breathe a little green.A sheet of green welcomes guests in the hall of the palace courtyard, in fact, the entrance stands a vertical lawn that goes really well with the logo of the insurance group and creates a wonderful game of minimalism and simplicity, a lot of work fascinating.

LAWS OF REFERENCEEuropean Parliament and Council directive 2002/91/EC on energy efficiency in the

building sector. Main contents:

1. Aims: to promote the improvement of the energy performance of buildings within the Community, taking into account outdoor climatic and local conditions, as well as indoor climate requirements and cost-effectiveness

2. Definitions: building, energy performance of a building, energy performance certificate of a building, "CHP" (combined heat and power), "air-conditioning system", "boiler", "effective rated output (expressed in kW)", "heat pump"

3. adoption of a common methodology at national and regional level4. Setting of energy performance requirements5. Measure for new buildings 6. Existing buildings and measures to take to comply with the new legislation7. Energy performance certificate which shall not exceed 10 years8. Article 8: Inspection of boilers9. Inspection of air conditioning systems10. Independent experts shall carry out all the necessary inspections11. Review12. Information 13. Adaptation of the framework14. Committee with its Rules of Procedure to assist the Commission15. Transposition, Entry into force and Addressees

National legal framework

Bill n. 2472-B “Rules on urban green areas development”

to be approved by the Italian Chamber of Deputies. In compliance with article 3, a Committee for Urban Green Areas Development was created while its composition and decision-making rules were defined by an Environmental Ministry decree previous legal framework: Presidential Decree 2/04/2009, n. 59 article 2.5 aimed at developing urban green infrastructures and energy efficiency. It would undoubtedly be a focal point of the new legislation on green infrastructure. Among the highlights of the new bill is important to mention as the establishment of a monitoring body, in fact from 'art. 3:

1. Department of the Environment and Protection of Land and Sea has established a Committee for the development of a public park. By the Minister for the Environment, Land and Sea are defined composition and mode of operation of the Committee.

2. The Committee shall:

a) carry out monitoring activities on the implementation of the provisions of the Law of 29 January 1992. 113, and all applicable laws for the purpose of increasing public and private green;

b) to promote the activities of local stakeholders in order to identify the pathways project and works needed to ensure the implementation of the provisions referred to in subparagraph a);

c) to propose a national plan, in consultation with the Joint Conference referred to in Article 8 of Legislative Decree 28 August 1997, n. 281, establish criteria and guidelines for the creation of green areas around the major conurbations permanent and rows of trees along the streets, to enable them to adapt and construction of public infrastructure and schools to ensure the rehabilitation of buildings, in line with the provided for in Articles 5 and 6 of this Act, including the greening of walls and flat roofs, the creation of green areas and the improvement of the spaces; .... "The committee will submit a report designed to monitor the implementation legislation: "... e) prepare a report, to be submitted to the Chamber by May 30 of each year, containing the results of the monitoring and prospettazione the actions needed to ensure the full implementation of sector regulations; ...". It 'important to note that this body does not result in additional costs to the state: "... 3. The implementation of this Article shall in human resources and instrumental force and no new or additional cost to the public purse. The members of the Committee referred to in paragraph 1 shall not receive attendance fees, fees, expenses or other emoluments however designated. "

But it is precisely Article 6 (Promotion of local initiatives for the development of urban green spaces), which collects the key points: "1. For the purposes of this Act, regions, provinces and municipalities, each within the scope of its competence and available resources, promote the growth of urban green spaces, of "green belts" around the conurbation to delimit spaces urban, adopting measures for staff training and the development of specifications aimed at better utilization and maintenance areas, and take measures to encourage saving and energy efficiency, the absorption of particulate matter and reduce the effect " Summer heat island ", while encouraging a regular collection of rainwater, with particular reference to:

a) new buildings, through the reduction of construction and the greening of the object of new buildings or significant building renovation;

b) existing buildings, by increasing the conservation and protection of heritage trees in existing open areas pertaining to these buildings;

c) green roofs, in Article 2, paragraph 5, of the Rules of the Decree of the President of the Republic April 2, 2009, n. 59, as structures of the building envelope embodying energy saving, in order to encourage, as far as possible, the transformation of flat roofs in roof gardens;

d) to soaking of the walls of buildings, either by soaking the vertical through techniques of green roof vertical;

e) the forecast and the construction of large public green spaces in urban planning, with particular reference to areas with higher density housing;

f) the provision of specifications for green works that oblige the necessary service infrastructure of irrigation and drainage, and technical data sheets on plant species;

g) the creation of training programs for maintenance personnel of the green, in collaboration with the universities, and awareness of citizenship to the culture of green through the channels of communication and information .... ".

Law decree 19/08/2005, n. 192 “Implementation of 2002/91/EC directive on Energy efficiency in the building sector”

introducing the notion of ecological footprint and innovative services (article 13) It should be remembered as a standard interesting for Green Infrastructure Legislative Decree 19 August 2005, n. 192 "Implementation of Directive 2002/91/EC on the energy performance of buildings" that if ever mentioning the green infrastructure, introduces the concept of ecological footprint and more innovative services, perhaps you could read between the lines a hypothetical reference the walls and green roofs. So reads the article. 13: "... b) to raise awareness of end-users and the school with a focus on awareness leading to changes in the behavior of citizens through the dissemination of indicators that express the energy and environmental impacts at the individual and collective. Among these indicators, immediacy and high content of communication, we report the carbon footprint c) updating the professional circuit and the formation of new operators for the development and qualification services, as well as innovative in the various phases of the building process with emphasis on energy efficiency and the installation and maintenance of air conditioning and lighting ... " However, it will play a key role, because it will be taken up in 2012 by the rising bill, the implementing regulations of this decree.

Regional Legal Framework

Regional law 11/08/2009, n.21 “Special measures for the building sector and actions for resilient social residential buildings”:

it represents the benchmark for Lazio Region in the field of building revitalisation and bio-architecture

Regional Law 27/05/2008, n.6 “Regional provisions in the field of sustainable architecture and bio-building sector”:

it stresses the objectives in terms of urban resilience, sustainable building development, energy efficiency and water management. Article 7 is the benchmark protocol on bio-building sector used by the Lazio Region to assess and certificate building sustainability

Provincial Legal Framework

Provincial guidelines for city building codes put forward on June the 6th 2012 by Nicola Zingaretti – president of Rome Province – according to the General Provincial Development Plan (GPDP) passed in 2010. They include a menu of recommendations for environmental sustainability addressed to provincial local authorities. The General Provincial Development Plan is the benchmark for programming and coordinating all the actions carried out in the building sector at provincial level. It also aims at promoting actions to protect, organise and develop provincial areas. The different City Councils – in drafting the General City Development Plan – further define the General Provincial Development Plan measures at local level so that each action and assessment carried out is in compliance with it and the legislation in force. Nevertheless, the General Provincial Development Plan is not binding in the field of: nature and environmental protection, water and soil protection. It is based on the Law Decree 267/00 art . 20 and Regional Law 38/99 (articles from 18 to 26) as well as the latest amendments. The GPDP Implementing Guidelines contain specific provisions concerning green roofs, such as Article 22 “Directives on air, noise and electromagnetic pollution and energy saving”

Legal Framework for the City of Rome

Administrative Act 20/02/2006 n.48 passed by Rome City Council “Amendments and integrations to the regulation currently in force. Provisions on energy efficiency, energy renewable sources and water management”: it contains the necessary guidelines based on the City Development Plan adopted by Rome City Council with the administrative act n. 33 (18-19/03/2003).

General Development Plan – Administrative Act by the City Council n.18 (12/02/2008)

at article 10. Environmental Actions such as “Environmental Restoration and Bio-energy Improvement for a greater urban sustainability/resilience based on the development of green walls and green roofs”.

Administrative Act 14/02/2011 n.7 passed by Rome City Council

“Amendments and integrations to the City Building Code currently in force. Provisions on energy efficiency, energy renewable sources and water management”.

TECHNICAL STANDARDS OF REFERENCE

Report to PRG (Resolution adopting the City Council No. 33 of 19/20 March 2003)

Between the lines of the Report to PRG denote factual interesting perspectives: the "action planning - environmental" to be activated in the implementation of the plan, either because they incorporated instrumental in organizing the plan (developed prescriptive), and because entrusted to project initiatives parallel implementation, there are three.The first action to enable the management and especially the completion of the ecological network: the network is shown in summary form in the paper with a summary of the symbols of the primary components and secondary ones (with an indication of areas of higher environmental quality be subject to an action for the protection particularly careful and rigorous), for which the plane makes its prescriptive actions for the protection and rehabilitation, while the components of completion processed are shown in the same that will be implemented from scratch or to be consolidated; then those for which requires special attention to design, aimed, for example, to ensure the continuity of the green system in the areas of processing and in centrality. The second action, aimed at creating "green routes", pedestrian and cycle paths and key interventions tree to urban road network, the definition of environmental continuity that can be insured by the actions of setting the mobility infrastructure highlighted in the paper management system infrastructure . The third activity concerns the waterproofing of soil more waterproof, involving areas "totally resistant" and the "highly resistant", where the index of waterproofing exceed 60%, with a twofold aim: to raise the average permeability of the urban land values close to 50%, a level that allows sensitive processes of regeneration of the water and air resources; avoid the direct conveyance of rainwater mixed into the sewage system, with the known adverse effects on the same and on treatment plants, due to peaks of influx caused by its' waterproofing.To this end, the plan provides, with the rules for the fields of transformation, and with the tissue levels of very high permeability for each new transformation.But this is not enough: for sealed areas (production and commercial areas, urban areas more densely built, large areas for parking of public facilities for public use or commercial) urban management (together with any authorization that is or building permit) must be taken all the measures, taking into account the specificities of the case, ensuring the highest possible permeability of the lot (construction of parking porous, permeable units of green areas cortilive), or take other measures (direct conveyance of rainwater in permeable zones, without using the sewage system, "green roofs", etc..).

General Plan - Technical Implementation of the City Council Resolution No. 18 of 12/2/2008,

in particular art. 10 Categories of Environmental Interventions.To get to its most recent, the new "General Plan - Technical Implementation" Del. City Council No. 18 of 02.12.2008, in particular in 'art. 10 Categories of Environmental Interventions. "1. Landscape and environmental interventions are divided into six categories .. ":" .. 3. The category of Environmental

Restoration (RIA) includes the set of actions aimed at recovery of degraded landscapes and natural components and altered by transformative interventions ......... These interventions may include: the demolition of buildings, facilities and infrastructure derelict or abandoned, the renaturation of soils, by fillings, risagomature, consolidation of slopes and embankments, recovery of vegetation cover; .. ".paragraph "7. Category Improved bio-energy (MBE) includes a set of measures aimed at improving the performance of bioclimatic components settlement. These interventions include: climate control and protection or noise abatement of buildings according to the principles of bio-architecture, the continuation of deep soil permeability, the use of natural energy sources and renewable, and the recovery of waste and rain water for irrigation , fertilization of the soil or for toilets, the use of construction materials durable and maintainable, the use of green for the purpose of regulating the microclimate and protection from noise and air pollution. "There are also facilities:" .. 9. The City promotes the realization of interventions by category MBE incentives town planning, tax, financial integration also similar measures provided by regional standards, state and community.What incentives town planning, may be granted an increase, although not in situ, up to 5% of the SUL (size Gross Profit) ordinarily allowed.With subsequent provision, the City shall determine: the minimum standard of performance - not less than the requirements and parameters imposed by laws or regulations - officials relating to specific interventions in the MBE category, as well as their deviations that determine the extent of the ON the same. In determining the increase, the City shall take account of the heavy work category MBE and the presence of fiscal or financial incentives.The same or other measure may select areas, not excluding those detailed planning defined in art. 62, which apply in a different way, the incentives of this standard. ".... "8. All categories of environmental intervention is allowed according to the character of the state and environment of the area .. "

The UNI 11235 of 2007: Good Practice executive

The slim volume Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, "Green Roof system performance and ecological value"; Manuals and Guidelines - 78.3 in 2012, is a fairly technical reference for all designers, builders and testers, and it is also the reference to legal disputes.Published in 2007 by the Institute UNI 11235 norm is a real code of practice and the rule of art is in Italy for the design, execution, monitoring and maintenance of green roofs roof.The standard considers the green roof a "roof system" in all its wholeness, are taken into account all the factors which can make a stratigraphy and it defines the minimum requirements. Among these elements, the following are defined primary, must be present:

• Carrier • Element waterproof• Partitioning in action roots (integrated or not)• Element of mechanical protection• Element of water storage• Element drainingFilter element• Layer crop

• Layer of vegetationFor each of these elements are described types commonly spread to the art and performance required of him. The value of each feature is expressed as a function of a reference standard, which in turn defines the procedures for the determination of the characteristic itself. An element can perform more than one function, for example a suitable waterproof layer can perform both the function of watertightness that the barrier to the penetration of roots.In the initial part of the standard defines the design criteria set out in the table below provides a summary.

a. General. Objectives and functions of a green roof:• Suitability of the cover. You must take into account the type of activity and the loads acting on

the vegetation, depending also on maintenance costs.• Suitability visual• Influence on the internal performance of the building, with particular attention to thermal

insulation and to some extent • the acoustic• Influence on performance outside of the building: to mitigate the heat island, regimare

rainwater and absorb fine dust.• Environmental compensation: coverage and capacity of the system architecture in which it is to

"give back all or part • of the values that the system gave the original environmental context." One of the important

benefits of a green roof • that can be linked to possible ecological value it can take.

b. Analysis of the context:• "The context is analyzed in terms of climate and land, in relation to the definition of the

functional diagram of the vegetative cover and type."• The choice of vegetation must take account of the climatic conditions and the characteristics of

the site, for a period of return of at least 20 years. For example, consider:1. Solar radiation2. Hydrometeors3. Atmosphere

c. Agents and requirements. The interfering agents on the green roof system where the designer needs to take greater account are as follows:

• Agents:1. Water2. Biological3. Chemical4. permanent loads and overloads variables 5. thermal, related to the constructive typology6. Radiative

• Requirements1. capacity agronomic (eg. cation exchange capacity)

2. drainage capacity3. aeration capacity of the drainage layer4. capacity of water storage5. aeration capacity of the layer culture 6. resistance to biological attack

d. Elements, layers and systems components of the system• primary elements • Additional secondary elements and systems• accessory elements and design of the elements or layers• design of the carrier• design of the thermal insulation layer• design of the sealing water• design of the protective action of the roots

1. mechanical barrier2. chemical barrier

• design of the protective mechanical• drainage design element

1. in aggregates2. in prefabricated plastic

• design element of water storage• design of the filter element

1. in natural aggregate2. in geosynthetic

• design of the anchoring element of the vegetation• design layer erosion• design layer culture• design of the layer of vegetation• design of the irrigation system

In a general sense the rule is the rule of the art and therefore constitutes a fair technical reference for all designers, manufacturers and testers. It 'also the reference to legal disputes.In practice, if there were a standard technical reference any work could be considered acceptable and the only yardstick would be common sense.This leads to a scenario subjective and often leads ineluctably to unsatisfactory results and disputes. Operational aspects is associated with a superficial unfortunately widespread slavishly assimilating techniques from other countries. In the specific case of green roofs hanging many technologies developed for the continental climate are not the correct application in the Mediterranean climate is completely different from that of central Europe".You are working on an update of the standard, based on an experiment conducted by the University of Genoa (but based on the German standard DIN 4095) on the certification of hydraulic performance of green roofs roof.

Protocol of Urban Quality of Roma Capitale - Develop and evaluate the quality of urban complexes Rome March 22, 2012 (excerpt)

The protocol of the Urban Quality of Roma Capitale is a tool for operational work that aims to:• promote a cultural change in construction plans / projects of urban transformation;

• create a common language among government agencies, entrepreneurs and citizens to understand and share the goals of the project plans;

• deal with the complexity of urban as one of the factors that positively characterizes the city;• make clear choices to give them a firm identification;• speeding up the administrative procedures to optimize the work and the time of all;• optimize the use of existing certification tools.

To meet these requirements the protocol of Urban Quality of Roma Capitale has been divided into two parts:1) the Matrix Quality: a checklist of criteria and parameters that engage the Public Administration to state clearly

the objectives of general interest about the area in question and promoters to provide a comprehensive description of the contents and transparent planning, architectural, social economic, environmental and cultural aspects of the project;

2) a proposal for the revision and improvement of administrative procedures which, in the same legislation, allows you to speed up the approval and implementation of plans / projects who agree to work applying the protocol.

Section 2.1 Matrix of quality Urbana: Points 6 Environmental Quality level of the Plan.This section of the matrix is important, as it takes into account the need to limit the 'impact of rainfall, adopting measures aimed at limiting the "percolating" of water, favoring the' absorption of rain and delaying the path to the sewer system.In this paper, although it is not directly mention walls and green roofs, the specific requirements are to think of them.General objective: To improve the environmental sustainability of the city, minimize urban sprawl and ensure the effectiveness of 'environmental intervention over time.Operational targets:

1) That the project optimizes the balance between the given environmental conditions and the functions provided.2) That the project considers the environmental sustainability of the involvement of all its parts (buildings, open spaces, energy sources);4) That the reclamation procedures foreseen by the project (soil, water, buildings) are taken in relation to urban

planning from the earliest stages of the process.With the following criteria interesting (potentially on the GREEN ROOFS): Consideration and management of heat islands, through the following benchmarks: Ratio of permeable and impermeable materials, coefficient of albedo (reflection);Degree of attention to water management, through (1) lamination parameters, collection and infiltration of rainwater, with the following compilation mode (calculation): coefficient of permeability of the soil and the surface area, volume collected and reused. (2) Time control parameter of surface runoff with the following compilation modes: time of concentration, micro and macro roughness of soils and surfaces. Section 2.1 Matrix of quality Urbana. 7 Quality Points welfare building energy level.General Objective: Bring the city to zero consumption of energy pollutants (from consumer to producer of energy).Operational targets:

1. That the project uses the most advanced technologies for the reduction of energy consumption, putting them in relation with the architectural language;

2. That the project adopts passive systems for energy, innovative technologies for the 'efficiency and renewable sources for energy production;

3. The project to ensure health and well-being through the 'application of the principles of bioclimatic architecture and green architecture.

With the following criteria: degree of attention to the use of materials / components sustainable at all stages of life of 'area (creation, life and destruction) as a parameter taking into account the type of materials used. By means of preparation relating to: energy-intensive materials, biocompatible, innovative materials with recycled content, waste site.Another criterion is the use of technologies: systems for the purpose of energy saving, the use of the other parameter using passive technologies for energy saving by means of preparation concerning: reduction of thermal loads: shading, thermal inertia : prostration advanced casing opaque and transparent, correct orientation of opaque and transparent surfaces.Finally, worthy of note is the parameter of water-saving equipment that sees how to fill that affect: Recycling and collection of waste and rain water in buildings..

http://www.turas-cities.org/

METHODOLOGY FOR SYSTEMS OF "GREEN ROOF"In the realization of the green roof can be summarized to identify four different implant systems in relation to the different objectives to be achieved:

plants built using plants in tubs or in container: ideal for installations intensive substrates medium-high (roof gardens) with plants of larger size. Suitable embodiments of extensive type of substrates low (in this case use is made of herbaceous perennials with a planting density of 15/18 plants/m2).Advantages: ready effect, plant all year round, precise definition of the No. of plants per m2, reducing the risk of stress, reducing the time required to cover the surface, the possibility of integration of plants with limited development;Disadvantages: high cost;Maintenance reduced;

facilities established through planting or transplanting shoots: especially suitable for realization of extensive type to be used generally shoots of Sedum, Carpobrotus, other herbaceous perennials (investing an average of 50 g/m2 or mixture of sprouts or seeds lawn sand and seeds).Advantages: lower cost than planting pre-sprouted plants, speed of execution;Disadvantages: coverage slower (2/3 years to get complete coverage of the surface), the need for thinning operation and / or integration in the first phase of development, the demand for more maintenance to eliminate weeds in the early stages of development ;Maintenance is relatively large;

systems made with hydro seeding or seeding wet: suitable for realization of large areas (roofing continuous), especially in areas exposed to the wind and sloping roofs with limited substrates. Dose of use between 30 and 50 g/m2.Advantages: particularly suitable in the case where it operates on sloping roofs or roofs exposed to the wind, low costs;Disadvantages: to achieve complete coverage of the surface is necessary a period ranging from several months to a year depending on the species used, the presence or absence of irrigation and the climatic;Maintenance: limited;

plants constructed with the use of mats precultivated: suitable for both embodiments intensive extensive that if one wishes to obtain a result of ready effect and immediate coverage. We use a combination of Sedum or other perennial grasses or turf "ready."Advantages: ready to effect rapid implementation;Disadvantages: high cost;Maintenance: high.

Types of vegetable plants "Green Roof"

Depending on the type of intervention, we can distinguish the "green roof" in: intensive and extensive, deserves a separate paragraph instead the vertical.Benefits (thermo acoustic insulation, dust suppression etc..) If they have already spoken as well as technical specifications.The production of oxygen and the absorption of carbon dioxide (respiration) as part of the leaves of the plants, allow a significant action of air purification as well as elimination of toxic gases and part of the drainage, the filter function and the fastening dust arising from urban pollution in the air. Nor can one overlook during flowering times the pleasure derived from the spread of perfumes in the air very gracious.The process of evaporation and transpiration of the plants, thanks to the absorption of the water present in the soil by the root systems, free water vapor in the atmosphere by adjusting the relative humidity and the microclimate in the summer season.A very important function performed by the plants is also the summer shading resulting protected from light and excessive heat from solar radiation alternating with the ability of the latter to filter among the bare branches (plants coppice) during the cold winter season. The vegetation also has a capacity of absorption of the solar rays greater than the surfaces constructed (walls or floors) which then reduces the reflection and in the summer produces a calming effect to the human eye. All this, together with the barrier function and visual pleasantness of green foliage that filters and reflects light in a constantly varied, produces a good contribution to comfort.Connected to the process of humidification, poor reflection of light and shade is to lower the temperature, which is also a positive regulator of the microclimate in the summer. The curtains plant, however, allow an effective line of defense against wind and allow the improvement of the microclimate in winter.The frond mass also creates an effective barrier to noise hindering the propagation of sound waves (especially vehicle traffic noise), further contributing to the quality of the internal environment.There are numerous patented systems that include the use of soil or substrate composition and thickness depending on usage: The choice of vegetation must take into account not only the aesthetic vegetative characteristics, the water requirement, nutritional and maintenance .

The Green Intensive

We can distinguish a green light intensive course designed for flat roofs with limited static and a green intensive heavy in the case of floors with large-scale, which allows you to use land quality vegetable in place of the substrate, and is great for the roofs of underground parking.Features• Ability to plant lawns, perennials shrubs and trees• Maintenance challenging• Irrigation regularIf the static allows flat roofs and roofs of underground car parks can become accessible: in a roof garden you can enter different forms of vegetation from grass to shrubs to small trees. The choice of the plants is determined by the type and by the thickness of the substrate.There must also be a wind shield to be fixed to the edges of the areas planted or alternatively an anchoring system of the plants.For roof gardens requires a system of water storage rainwater to decrease the need for irrigation; this can be achieved through the installation of elements of stagnation above the outflows of the roof, which must be therefore without slope.

Some plants that can be used:

herbaceous

Name Color Flowering Period Flowering Height and features

Achillea tormentosa yellow 5-7 Ideal for green roofAchilllea millefolium Red 5-8 Flowered masses, suitable for green roofAchnaterum calamagrostis Brown 6-9 60-70Ajuga reptans Blue 4-5 Ideal for green roofAnaphalis triplinervis White 7-9 20-25Armeria maritima Pink 5-6 15-25Calamintha nepeta Purple 7-9 40-50Ceratosigma plumbaginoides Blue 8-10 autumn coloring ideal for green roofChamaemelum nobile White 6-8 20-25Delosperma cooperi Purple 5-10 form a dense carpetDianthus barbatus Different colors 5-8 Abundant floweringDianthus deltoides White, red 5-6 Abundant floweringEuphorbia myrsinithes yellow 5-7 15-25Festuca amethystina teal 6-8 25-40Fragaria vesca White 4-6 20-25Geranium macrorrhizum White 5-6 form a dense carpet, Abundant floweringGeranium sanguineum Red, purple 6-7 Ideal for green roofHamerocallis hybridum Different colors 6-8 Abundant flowering, ideal for green roof Heliantemum nummularium Red 5-9 Ideal for green roofHypericum polyphyllum Yellow 6-7 ott-15Hyperium coris Yellow 7-8 Ideal for green roof

Hyssopus officinalis blue 6-9 30-45Iberis sempervirens White 4-6 Ideal for green roofLavandula angustifolia Purple 6-7 40-60Lavandula angustifolia White, pink, blue 6-7 Ideal for green roofMatricaria caucasica Yellow, White 5-7 15Mesrmbryanthemum Ideal for green roofNepeta x faasenii Purple 6-9 25-30Oenothera missouriensis Yellow 6-9 20-25Origanum vulgare Pink 7-9 Ideal for green roofOriganum vulgare “compactum” pink 7-9 15Pachysandra terminalis White 2-3 Ideal for green roofPulsatilla vulgaris Purple 3-4 20Salvia argentea White 6-7 Ideal for green roofSantolina chamaecyparissus Yellow 5-6 Aromatic herbSedum telephium Red 9-10 30-50Sempervivum arachnoideum pink 6-8 Ideal for green roofSempervivum faconetti Pink 6-8 Ideal for green roofSempervivum tectorum Pink 6-8 Ideal for green roofSilene acaulis Pink 5-6 Form a green carpetTeucrium chamaedrys Pink 7-8 20-25Thymus serpyllum minus Pink 5-7 AromaticVeronica incana Blue 5-7 Ideal for green roofVeronica spicata latifolia Blue 5-7 Ideal for green roofVinca minor periwinkle 4-6 Ideal for green roof

Intensive areas can be selected tree species of small size (maximum height 8.6 meters) as the 'Acer platanoides "globosum" and Robinia pseudoacacia "umbraculifera" in the choice of shrubs will help the rusticity.

bulbous

Name Color Flowering Period Flowering Features

Allium roseum Pink 6-8 Easy to grow in large groupsCrocus chrysanthus Different colors 1-3 Winter-flowering varietyCrocus sativus Different colors 10-12 Variety flowers in autumnCrocus vernus Different colors 3-6 Spring-flowering varietyIris White, pink,

yellow, purple4-8 Prolonged flowering

Muscari armeniacum Blue 3-8 Easy to grow cut flowersNarcissus White, yellow 3-4 Easy growthTulipa dasystemon yellow 3-6 Decorative effect

shrubbery

Name Color Flowering

Period Flowering Features

Buddleia davidii Purple, White

5-6 Long panicles that attract butterflies

Callistemon citrinus red 7-8 Stamens of special beautyCistus corbariensis White,

yellow5-6 abundant flowering

Cistus silver light pink 4-5 abundant floweringCornus alba white 4-5 Decorative bark and foliageCornus alba elegantissima white 4-5 Decorative bark and foliageCotinus coggygria white 5-6 Autumn coloring in inflorescencesCotoneaster horizontalis white 5-6 Autumn coloring and the presence of fruitCotoneaster salicifolia white 5-6 Berries and decorative ground cover effectElaeagnus ebbingei white 9-10 Presence of decorative berriesForsythia intermedia yellow 3-4 interesting foliageHibiscus rosa sinensis different

colors7-9 Particularly showy flowers

Hibiscus syriacus different colors

7-10 long flowering

Hypericum calycinum yellow 6-10 compact ground coverHypericum moserianum yellow 7-10 ground cover shrubHypericum polyphillum light

yellow5-7 compact ground cover

Ilex aquifolium white 4-5 decorative berriesIlex crenata white 4-5 decorative berriesLantana camara nana different

colors7-10 Decorative scented leaves and berries

Lantana sellowiana different colors

7-10 Decorative scented leaves and berries

Laurus nobilis Yellow, green

4 Decorative scented leaves and berries

Lonicera nitida Decorative winterMahonia aquifolium yellow 4-5 Autumn coloring and decorative berries in

winterMahonia media yellow 1-3 decorative berriesMyrtus communis white 6-7 Scented with colorful berriesNerium oleander various 7-10 long floweringPerowskia atriplicifolia Blue,

purple7-9 Aromatic leaves and flowers in decorative

earsPittosporum tobira white 4-6 very fragrantPotentilla fruticosa yellow 6-10 long flowering

Pyracantha ss.vv. white 6 Colored berries in winterRosmarinus officinalis lilac 3-6 Scented and decorative springSpiraea bumalda white 6-8 autumn coloringSpirarea japonica Pink, red 7-8 compact habitSymphoricarpus chenaultii Pinkish,

white7-9 decorative ground cover

Viburnum tinus Pink, white

11-3 Winter flowering, decorative berries

The Extensive Green

Features• Greening with moss, Sedum, to herbs and aromatic• Reduced maintenance (control 1-2 times a year)• It does not require irrigation (water supply and nutrients is through natural processes)

Genre SEDUMThe Sedum are used when it requires a smaller weight (require a thickness of the substrate about 6 cm) and low maintenance costs. The species of the genus Sedum then provide a greening durable with minimal care, flowering is in summer and the dominant colors are white, yellow and red flowers in addition to the various shades of green leaves. The carpet is made by planting small plants with buds or small root ball.

The species most used are:Name Height(cm) Color Flowering Period flowering

Sedum album 5-10 white 6-8

Sedum cauticolum 10-15 light pink 8-9

Sedum floriferum 10-15 yellow gold 6-7

Sedum hybridum 10-15 yellow 7-8

Sedum reflexum 20-25 yellow 6-7

Sedum sexangulare 5-10 yellow 6-7

Sedum spurium 10-15 various colors 7-8

The genus Sedum is used in both flat roofs with a slope that for those at 0 °, in this case to avoid the stagnation of water will increase the distance between the waterproofing and the substrateWhere can a greater thickness of the substrate as well as Sedum can be placed in small groups other plants belonging to various genres, with roots that run horizontally collated and resistant to drought.

Name Height(cm) Color Flowering Period floweringDianthus carthusianorum 40 red 6-9

Festuca cinerea 25-30 brown 8-9Gypsophila repens 10-15 pink 5-7Helianthemum nummularium 5- 10 yellow 5-7Koeleria glauca 45-50 bluish 6-7

Petrorhagia saxifraga 10-20 Pink-white 6-9Saponaria ocymoides 15-20 pink 5-7Satureja montana 10-15 violet 8-9Saxifraga pani culata 20-25 white 6-7Sempervivum sp. 10-20 Pink-red 7-8

Another type of green roof provides extensive planting of drought-resistant perennial grasses form a flowery meadow or a grass roof.

"Sided Green" or "Skin Green"

The buildings with their construction materials and their heat storage capacity, adversely affect the climate of our cities. Covering the walls green buildings surely would result in an improvement in the bio-climate and a more aesthetically pleasing appearance of the houses with several floors.For walls exposed to the sun (south-east, south, south-west) you can choose a type of plant foliage transient, and summer provides the desired shade, while in winter the bare branches does not prevent exposure to sunlight.For sides facing north, northeast, northwest, where the year is minimal exposure to the sun, it requires the use of evergreens: even in winter they create between the front wall of foliage and a air cushion firm that contributes to the conservation of heat.The plants that are most commonly used to coat the sides are green vines.One creeper is capable of covering a portion of the wall equal to that covered by 3 or 4 shrubs (employing the same time) and then the needs of soil are minor.The cover uses plants climbing or falling clinging directly (plants with aerial roots or suckers) or indirectly (plants with tendrils or cirri), through vertical supports to support the masonry. In this case, it is good that the support structure is fixed at a safe distance from the wall (10-20 cm depending on the species), creating a gap through which circles the air and the branches can be wound smoothly.The wild grape is one that is encountered most frequently robust and rapid development covering entire buildings and autumn turns from orange to scarlet up. In particular, the variety "Veitchii" salt very high and effortless smooth surfaces;Ivy is as strong and extends in equal measure but grows more slowly. As an evergreen plant prefers shady places where it reaches a height of 20-30 meters well.In climbing the fastening members secrete droplets of a substance that paste the suction cups to the wall, so as to support the plant.

Among the prejudices also includes the claim that the vines would transmit moisture to the walls of buildings through their roots. The truth is that the grip never releases water on the walls and the need to sustain the foliage is always collecting soil.The plants "pump" the water out of the ground and thus protect the masonry from moisture.If the walls tend to fall apart or show cracks, in these cases it is advisable to place the creepers which practical remedy the deterioration.Numerous studies have shown that homes without green on the walls require more maintenance and a lot of improvements, while those with the green still maintain in good condition their first coating. In addition, a green facade serves to mitigate the impact caused by a block of flats in multi-storeyThe green on the walls is cheap and maintenance is limited to occasional watering, concimature and collections of leaves in autumn, are therefore needed only a few hours per year.Analyzing more species of climbing we reached the definition of an index called "constant green" energy Kv which describes the behavior of the plants studied. The value of this constant is between 0 and 1.Kv = 0 surface temperatures unchanged in the absence and presence of green roof: no effectKv = 1 surface temperature of the green wall equal to that of air: total neutralization of the effect of solar radiation.

Name Specifications

HEDERA SPP. Kind of evergreen woody vines that cling to surfaces by means of adventitious roots that form on the barren branches. Used as ground cover to cover the ground in shady places where grass does not grow. There are many varieties with different shape and color of the leaves.

PARTHENOCISSUS TRICUSPIDATA “VEITCHII”

Liana vigorous, hardy, deciduous, which reaches 8-10 meters. Its thick branches are equipped with suction cups that attach easily to any support. Lobed green leaves that change color in autumn the first light yellow and purple violet. The walls are covered with climbing this pleasant even after the leaves have fallen because the network of bare branches is very decorative.

RHYNCHOSPERMUM Evergreen climber among the most beautiful, has shiny green foliage, white flowers

JASMINOIDES leathery star small but very numerous, very fragrant bloom in May-June. Reaches a height of 8-10 meters, is quite rustic.

WISTERIA CHINENSIS Wisteria. And 'the largest species, reaching 20 meters in height, vigorous, hardy deciduous love the sun and need pruning. Compound leaves, flowers in clusters of about 30 cm. with flowering in April-May. Needs a support.

AMPELOPSIS BREVIPEDUNCULATA

Virginia creeper. It has large leaves tri-penta-lobed, dark green stems are woody and produce long tendrils with which the plant is said to walls or trellises, from mid-spring to summer produce inflorescences consist of clusters of small cream-colored flowers, followed by fruit round pink-violet, which ripen in autumn, becoming dark blue. likes sunny places, even if you develop without problems in partial shade.

FICUS REPENS Evergreen climber widespread in regions with mild climate where it reaches large (7 meters).

CAMPSIS RADICANS species native to North America, the dimensions become important because of its stems that reach 20 m in length; hardy species, fast growing and hardy, very carpeting thanks to the richness of its adventitious roots that allow it to be anchored securely to walls and screens; blooms in late summer (July) and throughout the summer (until September) producing numerous flowers of reddish orange color.

BOUGANVILLEA SPP. the kind Bouganvillea includes 18 species of climbing plants in shrub; need supports such as trellises, and can exceed 10 m in height

PASSIFLORA SPP. The genus includes vines, bearing in lianas, shrubs, herbs, annuals and perennials. Should be placed in a sunny position, preferably in the south and reaches also a considerable height.

The Green Walls

Plant structures huddled vertical walls exist since ancient times.In addition to the vines, hedges and vegetated trellises are a well-established tradition in the history of the garden and in the landscape. In recent years, greater attention to the environment has reinforced the importance of the vertical component of the green, especially in its functions to mitigate thermal noise mitigation and biodiversity conservation, as well as the 'purifying and beneficial on a psychological and aesthetic.The same standards for energy conservation have focused on the potential of both the green roof (green roof) and the vertical. In this connection may be two distinct types: the so-called "green skin", a continuous vegetation cover on flat or sloped, and the "filter strips", spaces adjacent to 'building in which to plant plants with effects of shading and cooling .The effects measured today and benchmarks are also well known and applied since there is a correlation between the building and the surrounding environment. Traditional techniques of construction, in addition to using local materials and technologies, responded to microclimatic performance with methods of insulation and cooling sometimes downright ingenious and efficient,

think of Pantelleria dammusi (typical houses of the 'island of Pantelleria, with separate collection systems of 'rainwater and indirect ventilation), producing landscapes.Even certain cultivation techniques have transformed entire landscapes: the terraces, designed to bring in artificial ground plane layer on a rock, can be read as an example of green roof associated with vertical, in which latter 'plays a fundamental role consolidation of the wall and therefore of the slope, besides constituting a diversified habitats significantly compared to the flat surfaces. Some designers sensitive of modernity have kept this deep connection between the building and green.Peter Porcinai (Architect and Landscape) addressed the growth of trees in order to wrap the 'building in different exposures: conifers and evergreens to the north, and flowering deciduous Avoid contact with the hot, still climbing and falling, to dissolve the architectural forms of the landscape. Other famous designers used the vegetation vertical component as a building, by Emilio Ambasz, in many buildings including the Tower Green in Fukuoka in Japan, and Gabetti Island for the "Fifth" office building in San Donato Milanese.The "filter strips" and the green near buildings used not only climbing species, liana and falling for pergolas, loggias and terraces, as well as trees and shrubs, but they must be addressed to live with the artifact through farming operations, being and planting is farmed.There are patented systems barriers vegetables ready effect, with plants (ivy, hornbeam, beech) grown in biodegradable pots behind a fence of wire mesh.An 'other solution is represented by green walls mitigation and / or sound-absorbing honeycomb structures in different materials (cribwall, mostly concrete or wood), clogged with earth, in which, however, often insufficient soil volume and poor irrigation do not allow adequate development. Their success is much better in most countries of our rainy and cold, where instead seem to be more suitable plants in the ground.Some growers finally have dedicated production lines to vertical, with suitable varieties and forms required.The "Green Skin" without doubt the most common is based on climbing species self-supporting or in need of support, in the ground or in a container (planter, green roof).The main effects of the skin on the front of the green 'building is mixed.While the repair by 'action of atmospheric agents, from' with other kinds of fastening organs, such as Hedera spp. With aerial roots and Parthenocissus spp. With suction cups, can help degrade the plaster, especially if you already deteriorated.Others, for example the fickle Wisteria spp. , Are very vigorous and, if not controlled, can cause damage to covers, lifting the tiles and clogging the gutters.In any case, if the sides are suitable to accommodate the vine, the positive effects are far superior in terms of bio-climatic and thermal regime of the buildings and, in part, to absorb CO2 and other pollution, dust to that sound. In the presence of volatile climbing species, such as wisteria, false gelslomino and lonicera, close to the walls are necessary support structures such as pylons, wires, struts linear pre-existing structures.May also be constructed of walls plant through the use of pre-cultivated modules of different sizes to be mounted on a metal grid and complete with an irrigation system consisting of tubes with integrated micro drainers anti - topping; this wall may cover the vertical surfaces or curves. The modules can be

dismantled and recycled. Between the wall and the wall to support plant leaves space for air ventilation and continuous.The vegetable substrate used, consisting of sphagnum moss, has a great capacity for water retention to allow the plants to resist high temperatures, drought and possible interruption of irrigation for 48/72 hours; also offers a capacity of embedment of the essences higher than that of a vegetable soil. E 'useful to remember that some European cities, first of all Cologne, have included the vines between types in urban green spaces, especially in the historic center. In this case, the foot is always made of a metal shield, high sometimes a couple of meters. In recent years we have common types of vertical called "green walls". Constructive solutions are different, especially heads out from 'Italy, with a meaning different from the traditional one. The plants, in this case, contribute to a function mainly of furniture, where the 'vegetable element is put in the conditions of living in a high degree of artificiality. The patented in 1988 by Patrick Blanc, a French botanist known, is based on a rather simple technology. To a metal support structure, fixed to the wall or self-supporting, is applied to a plastic sheet pvc often an inch, which forms a 'gap with respect to the wall ensuring the' aeration.It is anchored in a polyamide felt that the form of bags made of felt, the 'single substrate for the growth of seedlings, rhizomes and cuttings, small at the time of planting. A fertigation system completes the 'system, with a maximum weight of 50 kg/m2. The number of plants/m2 is very high, as well as the number of species and varieties, arranged according to a precise design and based on the climatic conditions.Blanc has long studied the rainforest undergrowth and the epiphytic species, and want to play a kind of biodiversity that can trigger an 'evolution to species adapted to the site and try out new ornamental plants.All 'inside of its green walls, in the upper ranks of the largest species semi epiphytes in the middle and at the bottom of the epiphytic species of the forest, with a density d' plant around 30 to 35 plants/m2.In 100 m2 there are 100 plant species and 1000 m2 from 300 to 500 species.The 'irrigation is never suspended and the light must be received correctly. Maintenance, quarterly and bi-monthly for the external walls to internal ones, is done with small platforms and scaffolding.Recently imported a French system in Italy is based upon pre-cultivated forms of various sizes, weighing about 45 kg/m2, to be mounted on a grid structure in galvanized steel, secured on flat or curved walls. The plants are grown in the nursery of inclined panels, in particular substrates hydro catch (sphagnum) in five sets: 's urban environment, coastal zones, the' Northern Europe, the Mediterranean areas and the interior, with or without artificial lighting.Italian experience, is made in Milan, where a green wall was made of a 'metal scaffolding, fixed to the floor and the wall, on which plans were laid and make plastic containers with specially treated soils lighter and species that would provide a ready effect, for a minimum period of three years. The consultants chosen for the base of the wall: Laurus nobilis, Osmanthus ilicifolius, Berberis thunbergii "Atropurpurea" in Wall Nerium oleander, Pittosporum tobira, Cytisus spp. In variety, Trachelospermum jasminoides, Lespedeza thunbergii, Abelia grandiflora, Rhododendron spp in variety.With a large amount of plants and an area of several square meters, green walls can give the 'illusion of being in front of a real natural habitat, a miniature ecosystem.

An ecosystem, however, is composed of a biotic (animals, plants, fungi) and by a abiotic (rocks, substrate), which continuously interact in a well-defined space. E 'therefore evident that the green walls are unlikely to represent ecosystems or even small parts of them. Instead, it is entirely man-made structures, especially in their current form which sees them placed in the center of large urban complexes, mostly aseptic environments. Their good health depends on a correct irradiation, often provided by lamps that integrate in many cases the little sunlight present, and from 'abundance of water. Supplied by a system of external irrigation.The current role of green walls is therefore mainly of furniture. Can hardly be considered an ecological network in urban, if not enormously enlarging the spread of these structures, studying their location and the choice of plants according to the surrounding green areas.Even the concept of biodiversity (assessed as the number of species per unit area) of which much is spoken in this case is artificial.For the climate of Rome, species typical of the Mediterranean scrubland (Class Quercetea ilicis) and Garriga (Classes Rosmarinetea officinalis and Rockrose-Lavanduletea) that could theoretically be used in projects are: Erica arborea (Erica Arborea), spurge (Euphorbia dendroides) , Mastic (Pistacia lentiscus), Rockrose (Cistus), Laurel (Laurus nobilis), Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo), myrtle (Myrtus communis), Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), Caper (Capparis spinosa), dwarf palm (Chamaerops humilis), Juniper (Juniperus), buckthorn (Rhamnus alaternus), flowering ash (Fraxinus Ornus) Olivastro (Olea europaea var. sylvestris), Ilatro (Phillyrea), fragrant Broom (Spartium junceum), sparzio hairy (Calycotome Villosa) Mediterranean honeysuckle (Lonicera implexa) , Stracciabraghe (Smilax Asper), Oleander (Nerium Oleander), Butcher's broom (Ruscus aculeatus), etc..The plants in the wall, certainly many are the result of a 'work of man and not the protection of an existing environment, as well as plants in green roofs, where the plant-soil relationship is altered by definition. These artificial systems, a kind of prosthesis green buildings, are of great interest for groped to improve existing situations compromised or mitigate undesirable effects, visual and micro environmental.Under no circumstances should lend itself to misunderstandings that will equate to natural forms systems such as forests, countryside, parks and gardens, irreplaceable resources for the live ability of the city and the 'whole planet. Human activities continue to consume at a rate still high, land and ecosystems: no green tower can never compensate for this loss of vitality and beauty2.

2 (Excerpt from "NATURE AND FIREWORKS" by Francesca Newborn, Agronomist landscape, The Green Editorial ACER 6/2008, Milan).

COST OF INSTALLATION OF A GREEN ROOFThe discussion on the cost of the 'installation of a green roof covering must take into account many factors, in relation to the types of green roof chosen and the complexity of the operation. In general interventions extensive green cost significantly less than those intensive and, of course, an intervention designed during construction costs on average less than one made of an existing building. Most of the costs are, however, often depreciable savings associated with improving the efficiency of the shell.Of course if you have to intervene on the supporting structures of 'building, because you want to place a layer of 50 cm thick soil. suitable to host tree species, the estimate considerably widen to3.

Waterproofing

PVC waterproof membrane thickness of 1.5 mm internally reinforced with glass fiber reinforcement and glass fabric, UV-resistant and roots according to DIN 4062, DIN 16938 calendered, dry-laid subbase properly prepared at any height, on flat, curved and inclined, with overlapping of the mantles of 4 cm welded to thermofusion (hot air) or with solubilizing THF, including any scaffolding up to a height of 8 m from the support plane, the shot and falling materials or any other fees and teaching to give the finished work in a workmanlike manner.

Prefabricated waterproofing membrane composed of elastomeric polymer-bitumen membrane reinforced with fiberglass, flame applied with overlapping joints of 10 cm, with characteristics to be certified. Lying on surfaces with suitably prepared at any height on flat, curved and inclined, including any scaffolding up to a height of 8 m from the floor, shooting and falling materials or any other fees and teaching to give work done in a workmanlike manner:-root barrier thickness. 4 mm.

3 www.ilsole24ore.com

Filtering Layer Mantle of scrolling with felt polyester 300 gr/m2, dry-laid, with 10 cm overlap of felt, lying in work on a suitable subbase, at any height on flat, curved or inclined, including any scaffolding up at a height of 8 m from the floor, shooting and falling materials or any other fees and teaching to give the finished work in a workmanlike manner:

CALCULATION OF THE TOTAL COST

for the formation of sub-structure to accommodate the formation of roof garden (intensive herbaceous cover, shrubs and trees over 2 meters) (materials + labor + freight)

Roof or Green Infrastructure: The Essence (Herbaceous, Shrub and Tree)

As for the cost of the wood, grasses, shrubs and trees and their use in any green infrastructure, it is difficult to set fixed parameters as the variables are numerous, as early as the division between extensive green roof or green roof and intensive green roof. Also the height of the substrate has a significant effect on the costs as well as the type of greening chosen, the presence or less automatic irrigation, the size of the intervention, the logistics related to the intervention and the subsequent maintenance costs. In addition, the conditions that characterize the building structure such as the scope of the slab, the poor state of sealing existing affect the price of the work can be finished in any case set a range of costs associated with extensive and intensive interventions: in the first case the cost of the complete varies from 30 to 50 per m2 per 10 cm of thickness while as regards the intensive green roof is varies from 50 to 120 per m2.

Vertical Gardens

A separate speech merit instead o the vertical infrastructure. And 'well established that green walls (or vertical gardens) are greener and effective response to the problems that plague modern cities. Provide a natural protection from noise pollution and smog, provide excellent insulation that allows energy savings for heating and cooling of buildings and have a good fire resistance. The benefits that these particular "coatings" can provide natural touch the sphere of welfare, because their view instead of a concrete wall in the urban jungle, the eye rests and relaxes the mind, even increasing the value of! But let's look closely at what it is really. First of all, we must keep in mind that they need structure, bearing more or less easily adaptable to any architectural surface and adaptable to specific needs, such as:

Partial or total covering of facades Self-supporting walls Retaining walls fencing

A first major distinction must be made between internal and external green walls.• Green walls, indoor: wall plants are placed inside the buildings, which include the installation

of special lighting and irrigation systems combined with fertilizer and water recovery.• Green walls for outside: they are more generally vertical gardens that may develop over entire

facades of buildings. Are achievable through the creation of more or less complex structures that bind to the facade and which are to be anchored in the cultivation substrate. To allow the regular growth of vegetation is needed the help of a fertigation system, often combined with a system of recovery of water collected at the foot of the green wall.

The green walls, can be realized either on a supporting structure anchored to the building, which on large panels or modules assembled, that are well integrated with the characteristics of the walls and which guarantee the functionality of doors and windows.The modern systems addressed to the realization of green walls is used mainly in two types of systems: the ventilated facade, ideal for covering the exterior walls of large buildings, walls and simple,

designed to provide landscaping and acoustic insulation of buildings, but not only in urban areas are in fact used, mainly in the vicinity of airports, road junctions and highways, railways. Ventilated façade

Among the most widespread systems in terms of green vertical (in particular the inside), it provides a technical constructive assembly of panels already full of vegetation. This has the obvious advantage of ensuring the substitutability of even a single panel. The period of adjustment of plants by placing the plant is about 12 months and generally providing support substrata of the vegetation (with selected plants from nurseries) ensures uniform distribution of water and have a green surface throughout the 'year. The panels are generally made of aluminum sheet with oxidized cell structure to accommodate the plants and grooves designed to promote the flow of water. The back side of the panels is blind, then no danger of 'moisture' for the walls of the building. The modules are also fixed to the wall through a grid made of aluminum which acts as a support, and resists moisture and weathering.Between the plant and the wall is deliberately left a space (room air) to ensure ventilation and acoustic insulation. The plants are placed on a substrate irrigant polypropylene felt inside that contains a core of peat and perlite, which is a volcanic rock that retains moisture recreating the natural habitat for plant growth, a technique that , widespread in hydroponics.

• Walls simpleAre formed by self-supporting structures, adapted to green walls from outside, mostly mono facial (bifacial but also, especially in the vicinity of railway stations and highways), suitable to improve aesthetics urban, even in those cases in which this is the 'need to coat the damaged surfaces of the buildings, as well as to reduce noise. In this case the structure is straight steel uprights mounted directly on the facade, on which are installed panels-container already welded to a wire mesh directly connected to the uprights. For filling them are used very light substrates that retain the water better and to make the necessary nutrients to all the grafted plants. The dimensions of these structures is very minimal fee (13.3 cm thickness for mono-facial, 22 cm the bi-facial), which makes them easily adaptable to any type of surface and context.

The costs on the market

Between a garden and a modern green wall climbing is also a substantial difference in cost: € 100-150 per square meter the first, up to 600 € / sqm second.Another detail to consider is the maintenance and, in fact, these structures require a filtration system that can ensure a very good nutrition / irrigation. Taking a good initial selection of plants, it is estimated that only need a couple of events per year: one can calculate a cost of € 800 a year to maintain a wall 10x25 meters. Filters and tubes last up to 7 years, with solutions that scale. So the green wall can thrive for twenty or thirty years.