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Transcript of sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong,...
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Chapter 18 Glaciers and Glaciation
Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology 18.1
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Multiple-Choice Questions1)
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The ________ is not the name of a Pleistocene glacial episode in North America. A)
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Dakotan B)
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Kansan C)
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Illinoian D)
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Nebraskan Answer :
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A
2)
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The ________ was the most recent Pleistocene glacial episode in North America. A)
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Dakotan B)
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Kansan C)
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Indianan D)
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Wisconsinan Answer :
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D
3)
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________ is one of the two, major flow mechanism in a glacier. A)
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Basal slip B)
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Crevassal slip C)
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Frost heaving D)
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Morainal sliding Answer :
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A
4)
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Where is the world's largest ice sheet located today? A)
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Greenland B)
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Russia, Siberia C)
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Iceland D)
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Antarctica Answer :
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D
5)
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Approximately how long ago did the last of the great North American ice sheets melt? A)
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1500 yrs B)
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1.5 million yrs C)
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15,000 yrs D)
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150,000 yrs Answer :
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C
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6)
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________ has/have speeds comparable to those of a flowing alpine glacier. A)
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Soil creep B)
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Streams C)
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Mudflows D)
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Basaltic lava flows Answer :
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A
7)
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The bottom or downward tip of a crevasse marks the ________. A)
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boundary between parts of the glacier moving by basal sliding and crevassal slip B)
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boundary between the basal sliding and external flowage zones C)
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bottom of the basal sliding zone D)
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top of the internal deformation and flowage zone Answer :
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D
8)
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Which one of the following applies to a valley glacier that lengthens (extends its terminus downslope) over a period of many years?
A)
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Wastage exceeds accumulation. B)
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Accumulation exceeds wastage. C)
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Accumulation and wastage are about equal. D)
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none of the above Answer :
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B
9)
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Abrasion and plucking generally involve what part of a glacier? A)
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the internal, flowage zone B)
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the snout zone C)
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the surface, brittle zone D)
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the basal, sliding zone Answer :
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D
10)
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A ________ cross-valley profile is typical of canyons and valleys eroded and deepened by alpine or valley glaciers.
A)
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U B)
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Y C)
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V D)
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S Answer :
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A
11)
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________ are erosional features produced by valley/alpine glaciers. A)
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Moraines B)
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Cirques C)
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Eskers D)
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Drumlins Answer :
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B
12)
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A(n) ________ is a depositional feature composed of till and only associated with continental glaciation, not with alpine glaciers.
A)
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till B)
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outwash C)
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solid rock D)
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outwash deposit Answer :
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C
Match the feature with the appropriate material.
A. till B. outwash C. solid rock
13)
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________ moraine Answer :
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A
14)
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________ erratic Answer :
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C
15)
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________ cirque Answer :
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C
16)
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________ esker Answer :
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B
17)
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________ horn Answer :
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C
18)
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________ drumlin Answer :
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A
19)
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________ first developed the theory that small variations in the Earth-Sun distance were responsible for short term, climatic oscillations (1000 to 100,000 years).
A)
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H. Goering B)
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H. Marcee C)
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G. Zukhov D)
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M. Milankovitch Answer :
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D
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20)
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The great, Southern Hemisphere glaciation that affected parts of Africa, South America, India, Australia, and Antarctica occurred ________.
A)
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in late Paleozoic time B)
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in late Proterozoic time C)
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in early Cenozoic time D)
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in middle Mesozoic time Answer :
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A
21)
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Which of the following glacial features would typically be found in close proximity? A)
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cirque and terminal moraine B)
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outwash plain and horn C)
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hanging valley and truncated spur D)
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drumlin and fiord Answer :
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C
22)
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A(n) ________ represents a former meltwater channel or tunnel in glacial ice that was filled with sand and gravel.
A)
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esker B)
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yazoo ridge C)
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valley plain D)
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kettle Answer :
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A
23)
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What type of moraine would be most useful for tracing diamond-bearing kimberlite fragments directly to their bedrock source area?
A)
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terminal, valley or alpine glacier B)
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terminal, continental ice sheet C)
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recessional, continental ice sheet D)
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lateral, valley or alpine glacier Answer :
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D
24)
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Which one of the following samples and experimental measurements would provide the most information about the Earth's climate over the last 100,000 years or so?
A)
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cores from sea ice in the Arctic Ocean; NaCl content B)
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sediment cores from a terminal moraine in Ohio; sand-to-clay ratio C)
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sediment cores from a Pleistocene loess deposit in the state of Mississippi; Si content D)
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cores from the Greenland ice sheet; ratios of the oxygen isotopes (0-18/0-16) Answer :
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D
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25)
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________ is the best explanation for a glacial surge. A)
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The climate cools suddenly and a retreating glacier begins to advance B)
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Heavy snowfalls resulting in avalanches in the zone of accumulation C)
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Melting at the base of the glacier resulting in increased rates of basal slip D)
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Crevasses opening suddenly near the snout of a glacier Answer :
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C
26)
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All of the following descriptions apply to stratified drift (not glacial till) except for ________. A)
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deposited directly from melting ice B)
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sand and gravel beds C)
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deposits are often layered and well-sorted D)
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deposited by glacial meltwater streams Answer :
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B
27)
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A(n) ________ is similar in appearance to a sinkhole of a karst area. A)
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moraine B)
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esker C)
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cirque D)
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kettle Answer :
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D
28)
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Which one of the following prominent landforms, located from the Wasatch Range, UT, westward to the Sierra Nevada, CA, formed during the Pleistocene glacial episodes?
A)
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terminal moraines of continental ice sheets that moved south from Canada B)
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old shorelines of large, pluvial lakes C)
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erosional features produced by continental glaciation D)
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subaerial deltas submerged by the post-glacial rise in sea level Answer :
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B
29)
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A fiord is ________. A)
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a stream valley, deepened by glacial erosion, that floods as sea level rises B)
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a glacier-cut valley that is dammed by an end moraine and a large lake is formed C)
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a glacier-cut valley which sinks below sea level due to glacial rebound after the ice melts D)
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a large, kettle-pocked moraine left as an island when sea level rises following melting of the ice
Answer :
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A
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30)
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Which process occurs where a glacier enters the sea? A)
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kaming B)
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calving C)
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surging D)
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drowning Answer :
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B
31)
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The ________ of the geologic time scale represents the time of the most recent "Ice Age." A)
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Pleistocene era B)
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Pliocene epoch C)
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Pleistocene epoch D)
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Pliocene era Answer :
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C
32)
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Which of the following is the correct listing of the North American glacial stages from older to younger?
A)
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Indianan, Kansan, Nebraskan, Ohioan B)
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Kansan, Illinoian, Iowan, Dakotan C)
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Nebraskan, Indianan, Illinoian, Wisconsinan D)
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Nebraskan, Kansan, Illinoian, Wisconsinan Answer :
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D
33)
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Which one of the following statements concerning glaciers is not true? A)
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Ice sheets are larger than ice caps. B)
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Piedmont glaciers form on lowlands at the base of mountainous terrain. C)
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The volume of water tied up in the Antarctic ice sheet is about the same as the total discharge of the Amazon River in one year.
D)
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Long, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the United States, Canada, and Europe at one or more times during the past two million years.
Answer :
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D
34)
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A ________ is an erosional feature specifically produced by alpine glaciation. A)
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lateral moraine B)
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drumlin C)
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crevasse spur D)
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U-shaped valley Answer :
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D
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35)
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A(n) ________ is likely to host a waterfall or steep rapids today. A)
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outwash plain B)
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hanging valley C)
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striated drumlin D)
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horn peak Answer :
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B
36)
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A ________ is a glacier-cut valley that partly flooded as sea level rose. A)
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till crevasse B)
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fiord C)
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hanging cirque D)
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kettle trough Answer :
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B
37)
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A drumlin is a ________. A)
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smooth, tapering ridge of till; formed and shaped beneath a continental ice sheet B)
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bowl-shaped depression eroded largely by frost action and glacial plucking C)
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till mound of outwash deposited by meltwater streams at the snout of a glacier D)
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smooth, striated, bedrock ridge shaped and polished by a glacier Answer :
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A
38)
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________ are both deposited by meltwater streams. A)
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Terminal moraines and cirques B)
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Outwash plains and valley trains C)
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Valley moraines and ice sheet trains D)
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Recessional kettles and erratics Answer :
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B
39)
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Where is the world's second largest continental ice sheet? A)
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Iceland B)
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Greenland C)
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Antarctica D)
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Siberian Russia Answer :
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B
40)
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How do icebergs in the North Atlantic Ocean originate? A)
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by calving of large piedmont glaciers in Greenland B)
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as large masses of sea ice that float northward from Antarctica C)
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as masses of sea ice that float southward from the Arctic Ocean D)
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as calved blocks of glacial ice that float northward from Antarctica Answer :
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A
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41)
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Which of the following best describes the term glacial drift? A)
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floating of icebergs southward from the north polar seas B)
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slow, plastic flow movement in the brittle zone of a glacier C)
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the sedimentary materials outwash and till D)
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the slow, southward advance of the continental ice sheets over Canada and North America during the Pleistocene
Answer :
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C
42)
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Which one of the following statements concerning glacial deposits is not true? A)
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Till is deposited directly from the ice; outwash is deposited by meltwater streams. B)
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Glacial erratics are blocks of rock that are too large for the glacier to move. C)
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Tills are poorly sorted and the fragments are mostly angular. D)
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Outwash is mainly stratified sand and gravel. Answer :
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B
43)
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What type of moraine is formed by the merging of two lateral moraines at a junction of two valley glaciers?
A)
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medial B)
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recessional C)
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ground D)
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kettle Answer :
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A
44)
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A ________ forms when stagnant, glacial ice melts after being buried by drift. A)
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tarn B)
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kettle C)
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drumlin D)
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pluvial delta Answer :
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B
45)
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Which one of the following could not have significantly affected climatic variations and advances and retreats of ice sheets during the Pleistocene epoch?
A)
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movements of Earth's tectonic plates B)
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variations in the Sun's energy output C)
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precession of Earth's orbit D)
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wobbling of Earth's rotational axis Answer :
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A
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46)
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________ was a very large, pluvial lake in Utah during the Pleistocene Epoch. A)
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Lake Caspian B)
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Lake Aral C)
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Lake Mead D)
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Lake Bonneville Answer :
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D
47)
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A ________ would logically be situated next to a large end moraine or terminal moraine. A)
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cirque B)
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fiord C)
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pluvial lake D)
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outwash plain Answer :
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D
48)
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Which of the following is often associated with a cirque basin in high, mountainous terrain? A)
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loon lake B)
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kettle pond C)
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tarn lake D)
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arête pond Answer :
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C
49)
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________ is an irregular, usually thin till layer laid down by a retreating glacier. A)
![Page 275: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/275.jpg)
Terminal moraine B)
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Outwash blanket C)
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Kame sheet D)
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Ground moraine Answer :
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D
50)
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All of the following are thought to possibly contribute to the formation of glaciers except for ________.
A)
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eccentricity B)
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precession C)
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comets D)
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plate tectonics Answer :
![Page 285: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/285.jpg)
C
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18.2
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Word Analysis QuestionsExamine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option which does not fit the pattern.
1)
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A) drumlin B) cirque C) esker D) moraine Answer :
![Page 289: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/289.jpg)
cirque
2)
![Page 290: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/290.jpg)
A) horn B) arête C) lateral moraine D) drumlin Answer :
![Page 291: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/291.jpg)
drumlin
3)
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A) calving B) zone of accumulation C) melting D) zone of wastage Answer :
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zone of accumulation
4)
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A) truncated spur B) glacial trough C) hanging valley D) pater noster lake Answer :
![Page 295: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/295.jpg)
pater noster lake
5)
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A) drumlin B) kame C) kettle D) esker Answer :
![Page 297: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/297.jpg)
drumlin
18.3
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True/False Questions1)
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When a glacier is retreating, the upstream ice is still moving forward toward the downstream terminus of the glacier.
Answer :
![Page 300: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/300.jpg)
TRUE
2)
![Page 301: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/301.jpg)
Crevasses are short, narrow cracks in the plastic flow zone of a glacier that alternately open and close as the ice flows along.
Answer :
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FALSE
3)
![Page 303: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/303.jpg)
The downstream end or snout of a glacier advances over periods of time during which ablation exceeds accumulation.
Answer :
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FALSE
4)
![Page 305: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/305.jpg)
Till is an unsorted sediment deposited directly from the melting glacial ice; stream action is not involved.
Answer :
![Page 306: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/306.jpg)
TRUE
![Page 307: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/307.jpg)
5)
![Page 308: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/308.jpg)
The recessional moraine is the largest of many terminal moraines laid down by a retreating glacier.
Answer :
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FALSE
6)
![Page 310: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/310.jpg)
Melting and evaporation are two forms of ablative calving. Answer :
![Page 311: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/311.jpg)
FALSE
7)
![Page 312: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/312.jpg)
Fiords are glacier-cut valleys that flooded as sea level rose in post-glacial times. Answer :
![Page 313: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/313.jpg)
TRUE
8)
![Page 314: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/314.jpg)
A cirque represents an erosional feature formed in what was an important accumulation zone for snow and ice at the upstream head of a glacier.
Answer :
![Page 315: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/315.jpg)
TRUE
9)
![Page 316: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/316.jpg)
The volume of the Antarctic ice sheet is about equal to the total volume of ice in all alpine glaciers of the world.
Answer :
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FALSE
10)
![Page 318: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/318.jpg)
The Pleistocene epoch of geological time began about 6 million years ago. Answer :
![Page 319: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/319.jpg)
FALSE
11)
![Page 320: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/320.jpg)
Because ice floats on seawater, coastal piedmont glaciers seldom erode much below the elevation of sea level at the times the glaciers are active.
Answer :
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TRUE
12)
![Page 322: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/322.jpg)
The great, Southern Hemisphere glaciation left Jurassic tills on parts of South America, India, and South Africa.
Answer :
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FALSE
13)
![Page 324: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/324.jpg)
Rapid surge movements of the Earth's tectonic plates offer a convincing explanation for the advances and retreats of the Pleistocene ice sheets.
Answer :
![Page 325: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/325.jpg)
FALSE
14)
![Page 326: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/326.jpg)
Great Salt Lake in Utah is the shrunken, salty remnant of a much larger, Pleistocene, pluvial lake called Lake Bonneville.
Answer :
![Page 327: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/327.jpg)
TRUE
15)
![Page 328: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/328.jpg)
Arête, horns, and U-shaped valleys are erosional features carved from bedrock by glaciers. Answer :
![Page 329: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/329.jpg)
TRUE
16)
![Page 330: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/330.jpg)
Sand and gravel deposited by glacial meltwater streams are known as outwash till or stratified till.
Answer :
![Page 331: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/331.jpg)
FALSE
17)
![Page 332: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/332.jpg)
In the north-central United States, much of the land north of the Ohio and Missouri Rivers was covered by one or more of the Pleistocene ice sheets.
Answer :
![Page 333: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/333.jpg)
TRUE
18)
![Page 334: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/334.jpg)
Surges in glacial movement are probably related to unusually fast rates of basal sliding. Answer :
![Page 335: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/335.jpg)
TRUE
19)
![Page 336: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/336.jpg)
Rock flour consists of silt-sized, rock and mineral particles produced by glacial abrasion. Answer :
![Page 337: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/337.jpg)
TRUE
20)
![Page 338: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/338.jpg)
Eskers and kames are deposited by meltwater streams; they are composed of stratified sand and gravel.
Answer :
![Page 339: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/339.jpg)
TRUE
21)
![Page 340: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/340.jpg)
Drumlins are believed to represent deltas built into pluvial lakes by meltwater streams. Answer :
![Page 341: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/341.jpg)
FALSE
22)
![Page 342: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/342.jpg)
Eccentricity, obliquity, and precession are three factors involved in the Milankovitch astronomical explanation of why the Pleistocene continental ice sheets alternately grew and shrank in size.
Answer :
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TRUE
18.4
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Short Answer Questions1)
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The upper 40 meters or so of a glacier is known as the zone of ________. Answer :
![Page 346: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/346.jpg)
fracture
2)
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Unusually rapid, forward movements of glaciers are called ________. Answer :
![Page 348: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/348.jpg)
surges
3)
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List the two, major mechanisms of glacial flow. Answer :
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plastic flow; basal slip
4)
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What term describes open fissures in the brittle, surface ice of a glacier? Answer :
![Page 352: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/352.jpg)
crevasse
5)
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What general term denotes wastage of a glacier? Answer :
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ablation
6)
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Bridal Veil Falls in Yosemite National Park is an example of a ________. Answer :
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hanging valley
7)
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Bowl-shaped depressions in bedrock at upstream ends of alpine glacial valleys are called ________.
Answer :
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cirque
8)
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The wobbling motion of a spinning object is known as ________. Answer :
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precession
9)
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During the Pleistocene glacial epoch, pluvial lakes were common in valley regions of what part of the United States?
Answer :
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Basin & Range
10)
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What is the name for the very large, pluvial lake that once existed in northwestern Utah? Answer :
![Page 364: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/364.jpg)
Lake Bonneville
11)
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________ are smoothly tapered, elongated hills of till shaped by an overriding, continental ice sheet.
Answer :
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Drumlins
12)
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What is the oldest, Pleistocene, glacial stage in North America? Answer :
![Page 368: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/368.jpg)
Nebraskan
13)
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A(n) ________ is a closed depression formed by melting of an ice block buried in a moraine or outwash plain.
Answer :
![Page 370: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/370.jpg)
kettle
14)
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A(n) ________ is a narrow, winding ridge composed of outwash deposited in a tunnel or channel cut into stagnant, glacial ice.
Answer :
![Page 372: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/372.jpg)
esker
15)
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Valleys deeply eroded by alpine glaciers have what characteristic, cross-valley profile? Answer :
![Page 374: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/374.jpg)
U-shaped
![Page 375: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/375.jpg)
16)
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What term denotes a glacial valley that was partly flooded as sea level rose? Answer :
![Page 377: sophiasapiens.chez.comsophiasapiens.chez.com/geologie/Introduction-to-Physica… · Web viewLong, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062600/5a79074e7f8b9a7b548c43cd/html5/thumbnails/377.jpg)
fiord
18.5
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Critical Thinking QuestionsUse complete sentences, correct spelling, and the information presented in Chapter 18 to answer the questions below
1)
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Would most features of alpine glaciation be preserved in the geologic record? Why or why not? What about continental glaciation?
2)
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Glacial ice is very effective as an agent of erosion. How would you identify glacial sediments from alluvial (stream) sediments? Also, could certain glacial sediments be mistaken for alluvium?
3)
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Briefly discuss the indirect effects of glaciation. Indicate whether such changes would occur in conjunction with glaciation or at some time later?
18.6
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Visualization Questions1)
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Label the zones of ice movement on the glacier in the diagram below.
Answer :
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See figure 18.8 in chapter 18 of Earth, 9e
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2)
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Label the zone of accumulation and the zone of wastage on the diagram below.
Answer :
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See figure 18.11 in chapter 18 of Earth, 9e
3)
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On the blanks provided below, fill in the name of the labeled features that formed as a product of alpine glaciation.
Answer :
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a) hanging valley b) arête c) horn d) tarn e) pater noster lake f) cirques
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4)
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Match the features on the illustration below to the correct answer for each one.
Answer :
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a) C b) E c) D d) A e) F f) B