Grade 2 Foundations Timeline

Common Core Standards

Foundational Skills:

Phonics and Word Recognition:RF.2.3 Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words.

RF.2.3.A Distinguish long and short vowels when reading regularly spelled one-syllable words.

RF.2.3.B Know spelling-sound correspondences for additional common vowel teams.

RF.2.3.C Decode regularly spelled two-syllable words with long vowels.

RF.2.3.D Decode words with common prefixes and suffixes.

RF.2.3.E Identify words with inconsistent but common spelling-sound correspondences.

RF.2.3.F Recognize and read grade-appropriate irregularly spelled words.

Language Skills:

Conventions:

L.2.2.C Use an apostrophe to form contractions and frequently occurring possessives.

L.2.2.D Generalize learned spelling patterns when writing words (e.g., cage → badge; boy → boil).

L.2.1.B Form and use frequently occurring irregular plural nouns (e.g., feet, children, teeth, mice, fish).

Vocabulary:

L.2.4.B Determine the meaning of the new word formed when a known prefix is added to a known word (e.g., happy/unhappy, tell/retell).

L.2.4.C Use a known root word as a clue to the meaning of an unknown word with the same root (e.g., addition, additional).

L.2.4.D Use knowledge of the meaning of individual words to predict the meaning of compound words (e.g., birdhouse, lighthouse, housefly; bookshelf,

notebook, bookmark).

Unit Week Spelling Patterns

Phonics Skills Benchmark InstructionalWords

Benchmark SpellingWords

High-FrequencyWords

Word Study Read

1 1 Short vowels:a,e,i,o,u

Initial Blends:gr, dr, fl, br, st, sp, cl, cr

Final Blends:ft, lt, mp, nd, nt, sk, sp, st

Digraphs:ch, sh, th, wh, ph, tch, dge

Recognize, decode, and write words with short vowels containing blends and digraphs.

Short a:cat, sad, manShort e:red, get, legShort i:big, hit, pig, rip, lipShort o:hop, lot, boxShort u:sun, nut, funInitial Blends:flip, grab, step, drop, brick, stop, spin, clap, flag, drip, crop, crisp, slip, flop, stemFinal Blends:left, help, belt, lamp, sand, ant, ask, crisp, bestDigraphs:that, what, when, graph, thick, Steph, match, ship, chop, badge, think

box, chest, flag, him, jump, run, shop, stand, this, wet

a, and, are, big, can, come, for, go, has, I

“Our Flag,” pg.14

1 2 1- and 2-syllable words with long and short vowels

Recognize, decode, and write 1-2 syllable words.

Closed and Open Syllables:*Breaking words apart by syllables to help decode and spell

1-syllable words:no, map, cat, ten, rip, box, sun, so, me, nap, pan, zig, zag2-syllable words:napkin, silent, cabin, kitten, frozen, panic, picnic, publish, mitten, kitchen, bonus, plastic, magnet, secret, even, human, silo, solo, yo-yo, upset, until, exit, sudden, basic, moment, pilot, insect, absent, button,dentist, humid, music, photo, tennis, open, item, sunset, sunup,

dentist, go, hi, napkin, no, open, problem, she, silent, we

have, is, jump, my, one, put, the, want, what, you

“Class President: An Interview,” pg. 26

Initial 3-Letter Blends: scr, str, spl(TG pg. 61)

pumpkin, zigzag, zero, planet

strip, scrap, scrub, split, splash, strap

1 3 Long /a/:a, ai, ea, ay

Recognize, decode, and write words with long /a/.

ai:rain, pain, paint, main, plain, brain, chain, snail, train, mail, grain, stain, raining, painting, railway, remain, sail, sailing, painful, railway, faint, fainteda:baby, bacon, basic, fableea:great, steak, breakay:play, day, gray, tray, lay, may, ray, subway, today, stay, stray, say, saying, way, railway, Sunday

break, chain, day, great, mail, paint, play, rain, say, stay

he, like, little, no, of, saw, this, to, we, with

“Here Comes the Mail,” pg. 38

2 1 Long /o/:o, oa, ow, oe

Recognize, decode, and write words with long /o/.

o:gold, hold, cold, scold, told, going, bold, retold, holding, go, goldfishoa:float, goat, boat, toast, road, load, loan, loaf, soap, roast, coach, floating, throat, coat, coating, rowboat, reloadow:crow, bowl, grow, glow, blown, grown, show, slow, snow, blow, throw, tow, willow, below, yellow, pillow, low, lower, snowball, row, rowboatoe:doe, Joe, hoe, woe, toe,

both, bowl, cold, float, going, grow, loaf, roast, soap, throw

about, because, here, look, me, play, said, see, she, try

“Willow and Toad,” pg. 14

toenail

2 2 Long /e/:e, e_e, ee, ea, y, ey, ie

Plural Nouns-s, -es(TG pg. 181)

Recognize, decode, and write words with long /e/.

Identify word families containing the long /e/ sound, such as -ee, -ean, and -een.(TG pg. 194)

e:we, she, hee_e:these, Pete, Eveee:feet, feed, keep, seed, sweep, sleep, steep, sheep, sheet, tree, need, queen, speed, treetop, sleeping, seeea:read, seat, each, tea, heat, teach, beat, neat, clean, leaf, bean, peanut, pea, seashell, reread, repeat, reach, meaty:funny, silly, happy, funny, luckyey:key, monkey, honeyie:field, brief, piece, chief

seeds, peaches, beaches, beans, boxes, dishes

clean, funny, happy, key, leaf, need, piece, queen, read, tree

after, before, call, do, earth, father, give, her, know, large

“Jack and the Bean Tree,” Pg. 26

2 3 Long /i/:i, ie, y, igh

Recognize, decode, and write words with long /i/.

i:child, wild, kind, kinder, wilder,ie:pie, die, cries, tried, tie, tied,y:fly, cry, try, sky, shy, dry, reply, myself, spy, crying, flyingigh:night, fight, light, bright, right, might, flight, fright, bright, sunlight, daylight, brightly, frighten, delight, tight,

bright, child, cried, dry, high, kind, light, night, sky, tried

many, near, off, people, right, good,, that, two, under, very

“”Why Sun and Moon Live in the Sky,” pg. 38

lightbulb

3 1 Long /u/:ew, ue, u, u_e

Recognize, decode, and write words with long /u/.

ew:few, pew, fewer,ue:fuel, argue, rescue, value, refuel,u:unit, menu, music, January, human,u_e:use, cute, huge, cube, muse, mule, reuse,

cube, cute, few, fuel, huge, January, menu, music, rescue, use

again, below, carry, does, eight, find, laugh, house, mother, school

“The Deserts of Utah,” pg. 14

3 2 r-controlled vowel: aar

Inflectional Endings: -ed, -ing(TG pg. 61)

Recognize, decode, and write words with the r-controlled vowel a. /ar/

ar:ark, arm, art, car, jar, far, bar, tar, arch, cart, start, farm, yard, card, harm, bark, chart, hard, star, barn, park, yarn, part, sharp, start, smart, shark, spark, garden, marching, smarter, artist, barnyard, party, starlight

barked, started, farmed, picked, called, heated, leaked, sailed, seated

car, farm, garden, hard, large, march, shark, smart, star, yard

move, never, once, round, small, their, too, walk, where, year

“An Ocean Visit,” pg. 26

3 3 r-controlled vowels: e,i,uer, ir, ur

Recognize, decode, and write words with r-controlled vowels e, i, and u./ur/, /er/, /ir/

er:her, fern, verb, jerk, nerve, winterir:girl, dirt, shirt, third, first, skirt, squirt, thirst, bird, blackbird, twirl, twirling, thirsty, dirty, birth, birthday, chirp, chirpingur:turn, burn, hurt, fur, nurse, purse, return, turkey, Kurt, disturb, burning, sunburn,

bird, burn, girl, her, hurt, never, nurse, shirt, third, winter

all, away, better, by, change, done, even, found, learn, only

“Kurt’s Big Trip,” pg. 38

hurting, turning, curl, curling

4 1 r-controlled vowel: oor, oar, ore

Recognize, decode, and write words with r-controlled vowel o. /or/

or:corn, port, short, born, fork, horse, porch, sports, storm, for, cork, torn, worn, sort, sport, horn, pork, horns, report, popcorn, perform, snowstorm, sorting, record, brainstorm, seaportoar:oar, roar, oars, soarore:more, store, wore, score, tore, sore, shore, before, explore, ignore, shoreline, anymore,

before, born, fork, horn, more, oars, roar, sports, store, wore

long, now, our some them, through, upon, was, when, work

“How Deer Got Its Horns,” pg. 14

4 2 r-controlled vowels:ear, eer, ere

Contractions(TG pg.181)

Recognize, decode, and write words with r-controlled vowels ear, eer,ere. /ir/

ear:year, fear, ear, dear, gear, near, clear, rear, hear, ears, hearing, fearful, nearer, clearest, yearlyeer:deer, cheer, steer, cheeringere:here,

is not, isn’t he is, he’s, do not, don’t, could not, couldn’t, will not, won’t, she is, she’s, it is, it’s, let us, let’s

cheer, clear, deer, ears, fear, hear here, near, steer, year

always, any, blue, buy, city, draw, four, great, how, live

“City Mouse and Country Mouse,” pg. 26

4 3 r-controlled vowels:air, are, ear, ere

Recognize, decode, and write words with r-controlled vowels air, are, ear, ere. /ar/

air:chair, fair, air, hair, stairs, pair, unfair, upstairs, hairless, airplane, hairy, repair, stairwayare:care, rare, share, square, share, scare, stare, bare, beware, compare, prepare, careful, mare, nightmareear:bear, wear, pear, swear, underwear, wearingere:there, where

bear, care, chair, hair, pear, share, square, stairs, wear, where

another, boy, could, every, far, from, hurt, out, over, these

“Goldilocks and the Three Bears,” pg. 38

5 1 Vowel -Consonant-e (V-C-e)

Consonant-le (C-le)

Recognize, decode, and write words withVowel -Consonant-e syllable pattern

Recognize, decode, and write words with Consonant + le syllable pattern

V-C-e:tape, make, remake, side, inside, hope, hopeless, explode, invite, complete, take, mistake, alone, boneless, erase, sidewalk, inflate, baseball, useful, compete, describe, escape, unmade, ninety

C-le:fable, table, purple, wiggle, pebble, apple, puzzle, able, title, bubble, rattle, little, marble, simple, jungle, jiggle, giggle, middle, uncle, title, turtle, sizzle, needle, maple, female, jumble, tumble

apple, baseball,hope, inside, little, mistake, purple, shape, table, useful

answer, brown, country, start, then, there, wash, went, who, your

“Kid Inventors,” pg. 10

5 2 Vowel Teams:oi and oy

Inflectional Endings -es: (change y to i)(TG pg.61)

Recognize, decode, and write words with oi and oyVowel Teams. /oi/

oi:boil, moist, foil coin, join, noise, voice, point, soil, choice, spoil, joint, coin, joining, boiling, pointing, rejoice, broiloy:boy, joy, toy, soy, enjoy, joyful, loyal, royal, destroy, cowboy

baby-babies, fly-flies, puppy-puppies, penny-pennies, family-families

boil, boy, coin, enjoy, join, joyful, noise, point, toy, voice

above, began, different, enough, few, grow, they, were, which, why

“The Curious Boy,” pg. 22

5 3 Vowel Teams:ou and ow

Recognize, decode, and write words with ou and ow Vowel Teams. /ou/

ou:loud, pound, cloud, found, out, round, couch, count, sound, mouth, south, ouch, scout, house, proud, ground, mouse, counting, cloudless, louder, about, shouting, sprout, countdown, without, lighthouse, background, pronounceow:down, clown, town, now, brown, crown, frown, how, drown, owl, cow, howl, crowd, powder, crowded, frowning, tower downtown, countdown, nightgown, somehow

brown, count, cow, house, mouth, now, out, owl, round, town

follow, girl, head, idea, kind, leave, might, next, often, paper

“Robots,” pg. 34

6 1 Vowel Teams: oo, ui, ew, ue, u, ou, oe

Recognize, decode, and write words with ui, oo, ew, ue, ou, and oe Vowel Teams.Long /oo/

oo:moon, hoop, shoot, broom, tooth, food, goose, spoon, soon, too, booth, boot, noon, mood, fool, tool, loose, room, zoo, rooftop, scooter, moonlight, shampoo,

blue, fruit, grew, July, new, shoe, soon, too, true, truth

point, river, second, song, think, three, until, watch, white, young

“Mercury and the Ax,” pg. 14

toothless, shooting, moose, goose, toothbrush, loose, reboot, broomstick, hoot, hooting, noontime, bedroom, spoonfului:fruit, suitew:new, chew, news, grew, flew, blewue:blue, glue, clue, true, unglueu:July, truth, ruby, duty, tunaou:soup, groupoe:shoe, canoe

6 2 Vowel Teams: oo, ou

Homophones (TG pg. 181)

Recognize, decode, and write words with oo and ou Vowel Teams.Short /oo/

oo:book, look, shook, foot, cook, wood, took, brook, crook, hood, hoof, hook, took, good, stood, wooden, bookcase, bookshelf, cookie, football, goodbye, looking, notebook, rookie, unhookou:could, should, would,

to/ too/ two;ate/eight; be/bee; blew/blue; cent/sent; deer/deer; hear/here; hole/whole; one/won; right/write; see/sea; son/sun; there/they’re/their; threw/through; wood/would

book, cook, could, foot, good, look, shook, should, stood, would

add, between, close, example, food, group, hear, home left, mountain

“The Many Tales of Red Riding Hood,” pg. 26

6 3 Vowel Teams: al, aw, au, (w)a

Recognize, decode, and write words with al, aw, au, and wa Vowel Teams.Long /o/

al:talk, ball, salt, small, walk, chalk, stalk, call, mall, stall, tall, wall, snowball, smaller, talking, fall, falling, smaller, salty, ballgame, baseballaw:straw, pawn, saw, yawn, crawl, draw, drawn, paw, flaw, hawk, jaw, lawn, jigsaw,

ball, draw, fault, launch, salt, small, straw, talk, tall, walk

music, night, old, picture, sentence, spell, thought, together, while, world

“No Small Trick,” pg. 38

drawing, lawyer, withdraw, raw,au:vault, launch, fault, sauce, caught, Paul, taught, August, daughter, laundry, because, cause, dinosaur(w)a:water, wash, wasp

7 1 Compound Words:long vowels, short vowels, vowel teams, blends, digraphs

Silent letters:wr, kn, gn (TG pg. 21)

Recognize, decode, and write compound words containing the following:long vowels, short vowels, vowel teams, blends,and digraphs.

(Language Skill: Use knowledge of the meaning of individual words to predict the meaning of compound words.)

Silent letters:wr /r/, kn /n/, gn /n/

Compound words:bookshelf, lunchroom, backseat, campground, earthquake, hairbrush, shoestring, treetop, bathtub, bathroom, bedroom, birthday, cowboy, doorknob, moonlight, railroad, seashell, starfish, toothbrush, countdown, grapevine, nighttime, someone, underground, handshake, hometown, newspaper, rowboat, washcloth

Silent letters:answer, design,gnat, gnaw, knee, knew, knight, knit, knock, knob, knot, sword, wrap, wreck, wrench, wrinkle, wrist, wrong, wroteCompound words with silent letters:doorknob, knapsack, wristwatch

bathroom, birthday, cowboy, doorknob, moonlight, railroad, seashell, snowball, starfish, toothbrush

air, along, begin, children, important, letter, open, own, sound, talk

“Dear Diary,” pg. 10

7 2 Inflectional Endings with Spelling Changes:Suffixes -ed, -ing

Recognize, decode, and write verbs with inflectional endings with spelling changes.-ed, -ing

(Language Skill: Use root words, prefixes, and suffixes to determine the meaning of words)

-plan, planned, planning, -race, raced, racing,-bake, baked, baking,-tap, tapped, tapping,-tape, taped, taping-hop, hopping, hopped,-hope, hoped, hoping-smile, smiled, smiling,-place, placed, placing-wave, waved, waving-bike, biked, biking-rake raked, raking,-stop, stopped, stopping,-rewrap, rewrapped, rewrapping,-uncap, uncapped, uncapping,-hate, hated, hating,-admit, admitted, admitting,-grin, grinned, grinning,-score, scored, scoring,-vote, voted, voting,-joke, joked, joking,-save, saved, saving,-like, liked, liking,-hug, hugged, hugging,-shop, shopped, shopping,-rob, robbed, robbing,-jog, jogged, jogging-rope, roped, roping,-use, used, using,-close, closed, closing-trade, trading,traded-rename, renamed, renaming,-unzip, unzipped, unzipping-reuse, reused,reusing,-dislike, disliked, disliking,-let, letting, (let)-make, making, (made)-sit, sitting, (sat)-bite, biting, (bit)-spin, spinning, (spun)-swim, swimming, (swam)

hopped, liked, making, raked, running, sitting, smiled, swimming, taking, using

almost, animal, around, body, color, eye, form, high, light, story

“Grandpa’s Treasure Chest,” pg. 22

-take, taking, (took)

7 3 Related Root Words:Prefixes (re-, un-) Suffixes (-er, -ly, -ful, -y, -es, -s, -less, -ing, -en, -tion, -ed , -able)

Identify root words.

Recognize, decode, and write words with related root words containing common prefixes and suffixes.

(Language Skill: Use root words, prefixes, and suffixes to determine the meaning of words)

reader, reread, worker, rework, additional, friendly, friendship, helper, helpful, reheat, heater, sandstorm, sandy, speeches, speechless, rewrite, writer, freezing, refreeze, frozen, forgetful, forgotten, forgetting, helpful, helpless, subtracting, subtraction, refill, filler, mover, remove, rework, worker, rewash, washer, players, replay, ruler, ruled, unhappy, happiness, eruption, erupted, attraction, attracted, collection, collected, digested, digestion, ejection, ejected, suggested, suggestion, breakable, breaker, drinker, drinkable, enjoyed, enjoyable, fixable fixed,lovable, loved, readable, reader, washer, washable

add, addition, forgetful, forgot, forgotten, move, movers, moving, work, worked

across, become, complete, during, happened, hundred, problem, study, toward, wind

“A New Discovery,” pg. 34

8 1 Irregular Plural Nouns

Recognize, decode, and write irregular plural nouns.

men, feet, deer, children, geese, fish, women, sheep, mice, teeth, deer, shelves, loaves, wives, moose, knives, wolves,people, snowmen, townspeople, workmen, housewives, toothbrushes, lives

children, feet, fish, lives, men, people, sheep, shelves, teeth, women

against, certain, door, early, field, heard, knew, listen, morning, several

“The Big Blizzard,” pg. 14

8 2 Suffixes:-er, -or

Recognize, decode, and write words with the suffixes-er, and -or.

-er:teacher, writer, farmer, reader, painter, surfer, older, longer, carver, worker,

actor, baker, dancer, doctor, farmer, inventor, sailor, teacher,

area, ever, hours, measure, notice, order, piece, short, today, true

“My Beach,” pg. 26

Possessives(TG pg. 200)

(Language Skill: Use root words, prefixes, and suffixes to determine the meaning of words)

learner, baker, swimmer, diver, speller, runner, housecleaner, bricklayer, manager, dancer, builder, helper

-or:sailor, actor, inventor, editor, sculptor, director, governor, visitor, doctor

dog’s, cat’s, Mom’s, friend’s, Bob’s, book’s

visitor, writer

8 3 Comparatives: Suffixes-er ,-est

Contractions:‘ll, ‘ve, ‘m(TG pg. 219)

Recognize, decode, and write comparatives with the suffixes-er, and -est.

(Language Skill: Use root words, prefixes, and suffixes to determine the meaning of words)

-er:deeper, faster, quicker, bigger, larger, sadder, thicker, wider, brighter, happier, clearer, fewer, higher, hotter, closer, later, fatter, slower, newer, colder taller, nearer, safer, thicker, greener, thinner

-est:fastest, safest, darkest, nicest, hottest, smallest, warmest, biggest, wettest, coldest, happiest, clearest, fewest, highest, softest, hottest, closest, latest, fattest, newest, tallest, slowest, kindest, shortest, reddest, finest

I’ll, I’ve, I’m, we’ll, she’ll, we’ve, they’ve, they’ll, you’ll, you’ve

colder, coldest, faster, fastest, newer, newest, slower, slowest, taller, tallest

covered, cried, figure, horse, money, products, questions, since, usually, voice

“Zoos: Yes or No,” pg. 38

9 1 Suffixes:-ly, -y

Recognize, decode, and write words with the suffixes -ly and -y.

(Language Skill: Use root words, prefixes, and suffixes to determine the meaning of words)

-ly:sadly, happily, badly, nightly, slowly, perfectly, sleepily, friendly, likely, barely, softly, hungrily, sharply, nearly, carefully, strongly, lightly, quickly, hardly, finally, suddenly, greatly, nicely, carelessly, correctly, perfectly, instantly, mostly, rarely, closely, quietly, largely, unlikely, usually, beautifully

-y:lucky, grassy, hairy, sleepy, pushy, mosey, messy, rainy, tricky, funny, stormy, needy, itchy, jumpy, leafy, picky, rusty, thirsty, sticky, scratchy, squeaky, bloody, needy

friendly, funny, happy, likely, lucky, messy, neatly, quickly, rainy, slowly

able, behind, carefully, common, easy, fact, remember, sure, vowel, whole

“A Baker’s Dozen,” pg. 14

9 2 Schwa:a

Recognize, decode, and write words with the schwa sound. (pronounced “uh”)

asleep, ago, alone, alike, around, apart, across, again, away, above, ahead, about, along, agree, afraid, afloat, amount, amaze, amazing, aloud, awake, award, awarded, awareness, aware, amusement, alongside, amused, annoyed, annoying, abandon,

about, above, again, ago, ahead, alike, alone, along, awake, away

ago, government, half, machine, pair, quickly, scientist, thousand, understood, wait

“Let’s Make Peanut Butter,” pg. 26

9 3 Silent letters: kn, wr, gn, mb

Recognize, decode, and write words with silent letters.kn /n/wr /r/gn /n/mb /m/

kn:knife, knob, knee, knock, knew, knit, knight, knack, doorknob, knapsack, knowing, know, knuckle, knocking, kneecap, knowledge, knockout, kneeling

climb, comb, gnat, knife, knock, know, sign, thumb, write, wrong

among,building, circle, decided, finally, heavy, include, nothing, special, wheel

“Our Class Knows!,” pg. 38

wr:write, wrap, wreck, wrench, wrote, wrong, wrist, wristwatch, wrapper, wrestle, writer, wristband, wriggle, wreckage, writtengn:sign, gnat, gnaw, design, gnash, resignmb:thumb, comb, limb, lamb, climb, crumb, dumb, climber, crumbles, plumber

10 1 Possessives:‘s, s’

Recognize, decode, and write possessive nouns, including an apostrophe.

Singular Nouns:dog’s, Mom’s, cat’s, house’s, room’s, cow’s, tree’s, desk’s, Tom’s, Dad’s, boy’s, girl’s, barn’s, toy’s, school’s, Bob’s, Dale’s, world’s, lemon’s, apple’s, today’s, computer’s, bottle’s, wagon’s, snowman’s, watermelon’s

Plural Nouns:dogs’, boys’, boxes’, bees’, leaves’, cars’, frogs’, teachers’, doctors’, classes’, rabbits’, trucks’, knives’, wolves’, children’s, mice’s, men’s, sheep’s, people’s, teachers’, horses’, babies’ members’, ladies’, buildings’

boys’, cats’, childrens’, classes’, doctors’, dogs’, houses’, mom’s, sun’s, tree’s

brought, contain, front, gave, inches, material, noun, ocean, strong, verb

“Informational Science,” pg. 14

10 2 Prefixes:un-, re-, dis-

Recognize, decode, and write words with the prefixes un-, re-, and dis-.

(Language Skill: Use root words, prefixes, and

un-:unhappy, unpack, unlock, unhurt, unsafe, unroll, undo, unstick, unable, unafraid, unfriendly, unaware, uneasy,re-:reheat, rebuild, reread, reuse, reopen, replay, relearn, rewrite, rediscover,

disagree, dislike, distrust, reheat, reread, reuse, unhappy, unlock, unpack, unsafe

built, correct, inside, island, language, oh, person, street, system, warm

“Sand Becomes Glass,” pg. 26

suffixes to determine the meaning of words)

removing, reappear, rewashed, rewrappeddis-:dislike, distrust, disagree, displease, disappointed, disappear

10 3 Suffixes:-less, -ful

Recognize, decode, and write words with the suffixes-less and -ful.

(Language Skill: Use root words, prefixes, and suffixes to determine the meaning of words)

-less:sleepless, hopeless, fearless, lifeless, endless, useless, careless, pointless, painless, spotless, timeless, speechless, priceless, restless, starless, breathless, colorless, sleepless, thoughtless, meaningless, cloudless, weightless, powerless-ful:helpful, hopeful, spoonful,cheerful, playful, useful, truthful, careful, painful, helpful, spoonful, colorful, harmful, fistful, skillful, beautiful, forgetful, peaceful, wonderful, successful, meaningful, forceful, healthful, respectful

careful, colorful, fearless, helpful, painless, priceless, speechless, spoonful, spotless, useful

clear, dark, explain, force, minutes, object, plane, power, produce, surface

“Beautiful Ice Cities,” pg. 38