“I love my country- I love my people-I love the manner in which we live, and think myself and warriors brave. Spare me then, my father; let me enjoy my country, and I will trade skins with your people...We have plenty of buffalo, beaver, deer and other wild animals- we have an abundance of horses- we have everything we want- we have plenty of land, if you will keep your people off of it…”

Chief Sharitarish on Changes in Indian Life (1822)

The following three questions refer to the excerpts above

1. Which of the following best reflects attitudes toward Native Americans during the early colonial period?a. conflict over resources led to conflict between European colonists and American Indiansb. consistent and prolonged periods of enslavement for American Indians in southern coloniesc. mutual respect and cross-adaptation of religious, philosophical and political systems d. colonists refused to supply American Indians with alcohol, weapons or monetary rewards to decrease

the destructiveness of intertribal warfare

2. Which of the following best represents the sentiments of white Americans living on the frontier?a. a tendency to champion expansion efforts, while resistance by American Indians led to war and

increased federal controlb. absolute rejection of the federal government’s attempts to assert authority over state governmentsc. despondency over the over cultivation of land in the southeast, leading to a exodus to the northeastd. marked increase in tension between the rich and poor as the gap widened in urban industrial centers

3. The acquisition and control of western lands ultimately led toa. a contest over the extension of slavery into the western territories b. a legacy of societies and agencies that endeavored to make society and individuals more securec. a dominate corporate ethic in the United States offering alternate visions of good society through

utopianismd. the complete demise of the factory system and a rise to the agrarian republic

The following four questions refer to the excerpts above

4. The view of the picture above reflects which of the following developments in the first half of the 19th century? a. A global market and communications revolution, influenced by technological innovationsb. A period marked by an economic recession, high unemployment and a decline in farmingc. A significant change in government with changes in political parties marked by political stalemated. Change within society based on a “revolution of morals and manners” and “clean living and clean

thinking”

5. Which of the following Supreme Court decisions demonstrated the strongest continuity with the idea expressed in the picture?a. Decisions that established a broad view of the commerce clause when a federal steamboat license

trumped a New York state license in Gibbons vs. Ogdenb. Decisions that led to establishing judicial review that refers primarily to the adjudication of

constitutionality of statutes, especially by the Supreme Court of the United States in Marbury vs. Madison

c. Decisions that asserted ultimate Supreme Court authority over state courts in civil matters of federal law in Martin v. Hunter's Lessee

d. Decisions that upheld the right of Congress to create a Bank of the United States, ruling that it was a power implied but not enumerated by the Constitution in McCulloch v. Maryland

6. How did this picture have an influence on economic features and characteristics of the early 20th century?a. By developing new technologies contributed to improved standards of living, greater personal mobility,

and better communications systemsb. By creating a movement that led to a struggle for improved civil rights and equality in the workplacec. By forcing the government to declare a war on poverty which allowed for labor unions to become

successfuld. By creating several economic panics which led to a lower standard of living, high unemployment, and a

lack of transportation and communication systems

7. One consequence of the ideas of the picture is that when farm production increased in the Old Northwest wasa. a decline in factory building in the Northeastb. a rise in specialized business to process and transport farm productsc. a decrease in the desire to settle on lands west of the Appalachiansd. a ban on the further importation on slaves into the USA

The following five questions refer to the excerpts above

8. The painting above illustrates Andrew Jackson’s Native American policy that was expressed in the a. Indian Removal Actb. Treaty with the Cherokee Nationc. Hartford Conventiond. Northwest Territory

9. Advocates for individuals such as those shown in the image would have most likely agreed with which of the following perspectivesa. The Supreme Court decision Worcester v Georgia (1832), which stated that the laws of Georgia had no

force within the Cherokee nationb. The Supreme Court decision Johnson v Georgia (1823), which stated that that private citizens could not

purchase lands from Native Americansc. The Supreme Court decision New Jersey v Wilson (1812) which stated a legislative act declaring that

certain lands which should be purchased for the Indians should not thereafter be subject to any tax constituted.

d. The Supreme Court decision Preston v Bowder (1816) which established offices for receiving entries of claims for lands in the several counties of the state, did not authorize entries for lands within the Indian Boundary, as defined by the Treaty of the Long Island.

10. The main trend shown in the illustration was most directly associated with which of the following processes occurring in the United States at the timea. The displacement of American Indians from the Southeastb. The convergence of American Indians and Anglo culturec. The resurgence of the Protestant Great Awakeningsd. The high levels of immigration into the US

11. The ideas purported in the painting stemmed from what event?a. The Enlightenmentb. The Pequot Warc. The publishing of Common Sensed. The Missouri Compromise

12. What 16th century concept is similar to the ideals of the painting?a. maizeb. Columbian Exchangec. encomienda systemd. indenture servitude

“Much has been written and spoken in woman’s behalf, especially in America; and yet a large class of females are, and have been, destined to a state of servitude as degrading as unceasing toil can make it. I refer to the female operatives of New England--the free states of our union--the states where no colored slave can breathe the balmy air, and exist as such;--but yet there are those, a host of them, too, who are in fact nothing more nor less than slaves in every sense of the word! Slaves to a system of labor which requires them to toil from five until seven o’clock, with only one hour to attend to the wants of nature…”-“We Call On You to Deliver Us From the Tyrant’s Chain”: Lowell Women Workers Campaign for a Ten Hour

Workday (1845)

The following five questions refer to the excerpts above

13. Which of the following was the most immediate result of the above excerpt ?a. female factory workers’ wages increased and working hours shortened.b. an increasing number of women were recruited by factory operators to produce goods for distant

marketsc. a smooth transition from a domestic lifestyle to the nature of factory work.d. equal treatment of factory workers in regards to gender

14. The Lowell or Waltham system of recruiting labor was toa. enlist young women from farm families.b. recruit whole families from rural areas.c. recruit newly arrived immigrants.d. enlist young men from farm families.

Questions 15-17 refer to the following image.

The Bostonians Paying the Excise-Man, or Tarring and Feathering

15. The eighteenth-century political cartoon most directly reflects which of the following?(A) colonists’ mistreatment of the Iroquois Indians(B) British officials’ punishments of colonial smugglers(C) the bias against women in colonial America society(D) several forms of colonists’ resistance to British taxes

16. The image depicts the tarring and feathering, a ritual of public humiliation, of which one of the following?(A) a colonial American patriot(B) King George III(C) a Loyalist tax collector(D) a Native American chief

17. The background scene of Boston colonists dumping material off of a ship suggests that they were reacting to (A) the Sugar Act of 1764.(B) the Stamp Act of 1765.(C) the Tea Act of 1773.(D) the Intolerable Acts of 1774.

“A firm union will be of the utmost moment to the peace and liberty of the states, as a barrier against domestic faction and insurrection.”

-Alexander Hamilton“I am not a friend to a very energetic government. It is always oppressive. It places the governors indeed more at their ease, at the expense of the people.”

-Thomas JeffersonThe following three questions refer to the excerpts above

18. Which of the following was the most direct result of the ideas expressed in the quotes above?a. The development of the first political party system in American politicsb. Disagreements over religious denominations within the coloniesc. Failure to solve problems relating to Native American land claimsd. The creation of a national market economy

19. Which of the following was most supportive of the ideas expressed by Hamilton?a. Democratic-Republican support for the French in their conflicts with Great Britainb. The South’s insistence on remaining politically isolated from the Northc. Supreme Court decisions in the early nineteenth centuryd. The growth of the internal slave trade following the ratification of the Constitution

20. Which of the following developments most strongly contradicted the ideas expressed in Jefferson’s statement?a. State resistance to federal tariff lawsb. The federal government’s purchase of the Louisiana Territoryc. The South’s dependence on agricultural d. The failure to re-charter the national bank

Methodist Campaign Meeting, 1837 The Granger Collection, NYCThe following two questions refer to the picture above

21. Meetings like those shown in the image contributed most directly to which of the following?a. religious revivals fostering the rise of social elitism in Southern statesb. a decline in the efforts to free enslaved African Americans in both the North and the Southc. the rise of xenophobia and nativist sentiments within the United Statesd. the promotion of religious and social reforms, including abolition and women’s rights

22. The type of meetings depicted in the image most directly resulted ina. revivals open to all races leading to occasional racial unrest in the Southb. political and economic loyalties overshadowing national concernsc. anti-slavery sentiments among Southern womend. revivals leading to a increase in educational opportunities for African Americans

“This momentous question like a fire-bell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once as the knell of the Union. It is hushed, indeed, for the moment. But this is a reprieve only, not a final sentence. A geographical line, coinciding with a marked principle, moral and political, once conceived and held up to the angry passions of men, will never be obliterated; and every new irritation will mark it deeper and deeper.…But as it is, we have the wolf by the ears, and we can neither hold him, nor safely let him go. Justice is in one scale, and self-preservation in the other.”

Thomas Jefferson, Letter to John Holmes, 1820Thomas Jefferson Randolph, ed., Memoirs, Correspondence, and Private Papers of Thomas Jefferson (London:

Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, 1829), 4:332.

The following two questions refer to the excerpt above

23. The letter above was most likely written in response toa. the purchase of the Louisiana Territory from Franceb. passage of the Missouri Compromisec. efforts to promote the American Systemd. governmental attempts to force the removal of American Indians.

24. The concerns expressed in the letter above can best be understood in the context ofa. federal efforts to control American Indian populations.b. competing ideas about geographical boundaries.c. concerns over the rights and responsibilities of individual citizens.d. debates over the extension of slavery into the western territories.

“Every one acquainted with southern slaves knows that the slave rejoices in the elevation and prosperity of his master; and the heart of no one is more gladdened at the successful debut of young master or miss on the great theatre of the world than that of either the young slave who has grown up with them and shared in all their sports, and even partaken of all their delicacies—or the aged one who has looked on and watched them from birth to manhood, with the kindness and most affectionate solicitude, and has ever met from them all the kind treatment and generous sympathies of feeling, tender hearts. Judge Smith…said in an emergency he would rely upon his own slaves for his defence—he would put arms into their hands, and he had no doubt they would defend him faithfully. In the late Southampton insurrection, we know that many actually convened their slaves and armed them for defence, although slaves were here the cause of the evil which was to be repelled.”

Thomas Dew, President of the College of William and Mary, 1832William Harper, James Henry Hammond, William Gilmore Simms, and Thomas Roderick Dew, The Pro-

Slavery Argument (Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo, 1853), 457–58.The following three questions refer to the excerpt above

25. The author’s sentiments in the excerpt above can best be understood as a. supportive of the continuation of the international slave trade.b. opposition to the continued restrictions against citizenship for slaves.c. an expression of Southern pride in the institution of slavery.d. an argument for the gradual emancipation of slaves.

26. The excerpt above was most likely a response to which of the following?a. The outlawing of the international slave tradeb. The abolitionist criticism of the treatment of slaves in the South c. The creation of free African American communitiesd. The formation of a temporary national truce over the issue of slavery

27. By the eve of the Civil War, sentiments such as those expressed in the excerpt above most clearly formed the basis fora. the Southern defense of slavery as a positive good.b. Southern arguments in favor of states’ rights.c. abolitionist campaigns to end slavery in the United States.d. the Southern political theory of nullification.

“If any one proposition could command the universal assent of mankind, we might expect it would be this: that the government of the Union, though limited in its powers, is supreme within its sphere of action. This would seem to result necessarily from its nature. It is the government of all; its powers are delegated by all; it represents all, and acts for all. Though any one State may be willing to control its operations, no State is willing to allow others to control them. The nation, on those subjects on which it can act, must necessarily bind its component parts.… Although, among the enumerated powers of government, we do not find the word ‘bank’ or ‘incorporation,’ we find the great powers to lay and collect taxes; to borrow money; to regulate commerce; to declare and conduct a war; and to raise and support armies and navies…a government, intrusted with such ample powers…must also be instructed with ample means for their execution.…We are unanimously of opinion, that the law passed by the legislature of Maryland, imposing a tax on the Bank of the United States, is unconstitutional and void.”

Chief Justice John Marshall, McCullough v. Maryland, 1819

The following five questions refer to the excerpt above28. John Marshall’s decisions tended to strengthen the power of

a. the National Governmentb. state and local governmentsc. labor unionsd. trusts and monopolies

29. Which of the following groups would most likely have supported the arguments in the excerpt above?a. Federalists in the 1790sb. Democratic-Republicans in the early 1800sc. Jacksonian Democrats in the 1830s and 1840sd. States’ rights advocates in the 1850s

30. The ideas expressed in the case above can best be understood in the context of debates overa. the authority of different branches of the federal government.b. the scope of the federal government’s ability to tax.c. the relationship between the federal government and state governments.d. how to match democratic political ideals to political institutions.

31. Which of the following statements best describe the ideals of the excerpt above?a. Congress has the right to regulate interstate commerceb. Congress lacked the authority to charter a national bank.c. Sovereign states can tax the national government.d. Sovereign states can unilaterally declare government acts unconstitutional

32. Interpreting the “necessary and proper” powers clause of the Constitution to mean that the federal government has implied powers not specifically stated in the Constitution is based on the idea ofa. Loose constructionb. Strict constructionc. Compact theoryd. Puritanism

“Many years after his first election to the presidency, Thomas Jefferson commented that ‘the revolution of 1800’ was as ‘real a revolution in the principles of our government as that of 1776 was in its form.’…For him the election of 1800 was a turning point because it marked a turning back to the true republican spirit of 1776.…Within the Jeffersonian framework of assumptions and beliefs, three essential conditions were necessary to create and sustain such a republican political economy: a national government free from any taint of corruption, an unobstructed access to an ample supply of open land, and a relatively liberal international commercial order that would offer adequate foreign markets for America’s flourishing agricultural surplus.”

Drew R. McCoy, The Elusive Republic: Political Economy in Jeffersonian America (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1980).

The following three questions refer to the excerpt above

33. Which of the following best exemplified the Jeffersonian embrace of the ideals described in the excerpt above?a. The National Bank b. The Louisiana Purchasec. The Missouri Compromised. The American System

34. Which of the following antebellum-era historical developments most conflicted with the goals of Jeffersonian Republicans as outlined in the excerpt above?a. The nation’s transformation toward a more participatory democracyb. The emergence of a new national culturec. The acceleration of a national and international economyd. The growth of northern industry and regional economic specialization

35. Which of the following ideals reflect the goals Jeffersonian Republicans?a. A vast industrial nation which produced materials for the worldb. An agrarian republic in which the United States would be the “beacon” for the worldc. A religious democracy that is tolerant of all beliefsd. A totalitarian government that demonstrates military strength to other nations

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Christopher Columbus, “The Letters of Columbus toFerdinand and Isabel,” 1493

“SIR: Since I know that you will be pleased at the great victory with which Our Lord has crowned my voyage, I write this to you, from which you will learn how in thirty-three days I passed from the Canary Islands to the Indies…The harbours of the sea here are such as cannot be believed to exist unless they have been seen, and so with the rivers, many and great, and of good water, the majority of which contain gold. In the trees, fruits and plants, there is a great difference from those of Juana. In this island, there are many spices and great mines of gold and of other metals. The people of this island and of all the other islands which I have found and of which I have information, all go naked, men and women…They have no iron or steel or weapons, nor are they fitted to use them…In conclusion, to speak only of what has been accomplished on this voyage, which was so hasty, their Highnesses can see that I will give them as much gold as they may need…”

36. The excerpt from Columbus’ letter best serves as evidence of which of the following?(A) He accurately believed that he had discovered a new route to Asia from Europe and had arrived in the

Indies, off the Asian coast.(B) He accurately believed that he had discovered a new route to America from Europe and had arrived in

the Caribbean islands.(C) He mistakenly believed that he had discovered a new route to Asia from Europe and had arrived in the

Indies, off the Asian coast.(D) He mistakenly believed that he had discovered a new route to Africa from Europe and had arrived in

Madagascar, off the African coast.

37. The excerpt most directly reflects which of the following goals of Columbus’ expedition?(A) to convert the Indians to Christianity(B) to discover gold and other precious metals(C) to study the Native Americans’ culture(D) to gather botanical specimens

38. One direct long-term effect of Columbus’ voyage report was that it (A) increased the number of Indians in the Caribbean islands.(B) led to the decrease of European voyages to Asia.(C) led to the discovery of gold and silver by others in South America and greatly enriched the monarchy in

Spain.(D) led to the transformation of European weaponry and the decline of Spain as a world power.

“[I promise]…to demonstrate in the course of…my Appeal…that we Coloured People of these United States, are, the most wretched, degraded and abject set of beings that ever lived since the world began, down to the present day, and that the white Christians of America, who hold us in slavery, (or, more properly speaking, pretenders to Christianity,) treat us more cruel and barbarous than any Heathen nation did any people whom it had subjected, or reduced to the same condition.…I advance it therefore to you…as an unshaken and forever immoveable fact, that your full glory and happiness, as well as all other coloured people under Heaven, shall never be fully consummated, but with the entire emancipation of your enslaved brethren all over the world.”

David Walker, Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World, 1829David Walker, Walker's Appeal in Four Articles; Together with a Preamble, To the Coloured Citizens of the

World, but in Particular, and Very Expressly, to Those of the United States of America Written in Boston, State of Massachusetts, September 28, 1829 (Boston: Revised and Published by David Walker, 1830).

The following three questions refer to the excerpt above

39. The arguments in the excerpt above are best understood in the context ofa. the emergence of African American abolitionist movementsb. sectional tensions over the institution of slaveryc. continued restrictions on African American citizenship in Northern statesd. the growth of the internal slave trade in the United States

40. During the antebellum era, which of the following groups shared the most similar experience to that described in the excerpt above?a. European migrantsb. White womenc. American Indiansd. Abolitionists

41. Which of the following resulted from the sentiments expressed in the excerpt above?a. Growing national support among Whigs and Democrats for abolitionb. Increasing numbers of Northerners insisting that the federal government should defend slaveryc. Decreased demand from Northern factories for Southern cotton cultivated by slavesd. Increasingly bitter national debates over the institution of slavery

42. American reform efforts during the 1820s and 1830sa. Raised and addressed various issues such as alcoholism, prison life and women’s rightsb. Enjoyed the greatest support among immigrants, Catholics and poorc. Were united in the repugnance for the market revolutiond. Found greater support in the South than the North

The following three questions refer to the map above43. The expansion of the U.S. transportation network by 1837, as shown in the map above, benefitted MOST

from which of the following technological advances?a. Interchangeable partsb. Textile machineryc. The steam engined. The telegraph

44. As shown in the map above, the national system of roads and canals most closely linked which regions’ economies together?a. The North and the Southb. The East and the Midwestc. The Midwest and the Southd. The North, Midwest, and South equally

45. The opening of canals and new roads in the United States, as depicted in the map above, had the LEAST impact on which of the following?a. European immigration to the United Statesb. Westward migration of American citizensc. The market revolutiond. Regional economic specialization

“We, therefore, the people of the State of South Carolina in Convention assembled, do declare and ordain…That the several acts and parts of acts of the Congress of the United States, purporting to be laws for the imposing of duties and imposts on the importation of foreign commodities…and, more especially…[the tariff acts of 1828 and 1832]…are unauthorized by the Constitution of the United States, and violate the true meaning and intent thereof, and are null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State, its officers or citizens.…And we, the People of South Carolina…Do further Declare that we will not submit to the application of force, on the part of the Federal Government, to reduce this State to obedience; but that we will consider the passage, by Congress, of any act…to coerce the State…to be null and void, inconsistent with the longer continuance of South Carolina in the Union…”

South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification, 1832Paul Leicester Ford, The Federalist: A Commentary on the Constitution of the United States (New York: Henry

Holt, 1898).The following three questions refer to the excerpt above

46. The sentiments expressed in the excerpt above most closely parallel those expressed in the political debatesa. during the first national administrations in the 1790sb. between free speech advocates in the Peter Zenger Casec. over the cultural conflicts with American Indians during the 16th centuryd. transpiring between Loyalists and Tories during the revolutionary era

47. The excerpt above best exemplifies which of the following historical developments or processes in the first half of American history?a. The support or resistance of various American groups or individuals to the expansion of territoryb. The reemergence of a two-party political system as various constituencies and interest groups coalesced

and defined their agendasc. The assertion of Southern regional pride in slavery and the insistence of many whites in the South that

the federal government defend slaveryd. Resistance from state governments in the North and the South at different times to federal attempts to

assert authority over them

48. In which of the following areas did regional interests and perspectives have the LEAST impact on national policy?a. Tariffsb. Internal improvementsc. National bankd. American Indian policy

It is to be regretted that the rich and powerful too often bend the acts of government to their selfish purposes. Distinctions in society will always exist under every just government… In the full enjoyment of the gifts of Heaven and the fruits of superior industry, economy, and virtue, every man is equally entitled to protection by law.

“But when the laws undertake to add to these natural and just advantages artificial distinctions… to make the rich richer… the humble members of society the farmers, mechanics, and laborers… have a right to complain of the injustice of their Government

“There are no necessary evils in government… If it would confine itself to equal protection… the rich and the poor, it would be an unqualified blessing. In the act before me there seems to be a wide and unnecessary departure from these just principles.

Andrew Jackson's Veto Message Regarding the Bank of the United States 1929The following four questions refer to the excerpt above49. Based on the excerpt, which of the following groups was President Jackson trying to help?

a. Common individualsb. Landownersc. Small bankersd. War veterans

50. Which of the following groups provided the greatest support for the Jackson’s veto of the Bank?a. Manufacturersb. Nativistsc. Southernersd. Westerners

51. President Jackson’s veto of the Bank bill would contribute most significantly toa. Lower interest ratesb. A financial panicc. Increased land salesd. Clay’s political support

52. President Jackson’s veto of the Bank bill was a demonstration of how hea. allowed Congress to decide controversial issues.b. utilized the presidential powers as illustrated in the Constitution.c. demonstrated weakness in dealing with domestic issues.d. relied on the Supreme Court to settle disputes.

This transformation of the condition of the country from gloom and distress to brightness and prosperity, has been mainly the work of American legislation, fostering American industry, instead of allowing it to be controlled by foreign legislation, cherishing foreign industry. The foes of the American System, in 1824, with great boldness and confidence, predicted, 1st. The ruin of the public revenue, and the creation of a necessity to resort to direct taxation. The gentleman from South Carolina, (General Hayne,) I believe, thought that the tariff of 1824 would operate a reduction of revenue to the large amount of eight millions of dollars. 2d. The destruction of our navigation. 3d. The desolation of commercial cities. And 4th. The augmentation of the price of objects of consumption, and further decline in that of the articles of our exports. Every prediction which they made has failed--utterly failed

Henry Clay, In Defense of the American System, 183253. The system that Henry Clay describes above was designed to create

a. government ownership of the means of productionb. a foreign trade system that favored Great Britain over Francec. a national market economyd. dominance of state government over the national government

54. By 1848, which component of the American System was still used to benefit business?a. A third Bank of the United Statesb. Providing business with free raw materials from government-owned landc. A protective tariffd. The elimination of corporate taxes

55. Henry Clay's American System was principally intended to encouragea. the centralization of political power.b. military preparedness.c. territorial expansion.d. nationwide economic independence.