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United States History and Geography SS0904Becoming a World Power Lesson 1

Excerpts From George Washington’s AddressUnited States - September 17, 1796

Observe good faith and justice towards all Nations; cultivate peace and harmony

with all. . . .

In the execution of such a plan, nothing is more essential, than that permanent,

inveterate antipathies against particular Nations, and passionate attachments for

others, should be excluded; and that, in place of them, just and amicable feelings

towards all should be cultivated. The Nation, which indulges towards another an

habitual hatred, or an habitual fondness, is in some degree a slave. It is a slave to

its animosity or to its affection, either of which is sufficient to lead it astray from its

duty and its interest. Antipathy in one nation against another disposes each more

readily to offer insult and injury, to lay hold of slight causes of umbrage, and to be

haughty and intractable, when accidental or trifling occasions of dispute occur.

Hence frequent collisions, obstinate, envenomed, and bloody contests. The Nation,

prompted by ill-will and resentment, sometimes impels to war the Government,

contrary to the best calculations of policy. The Government sometimes participates

in the national propensity, and adopts through passion what reason would reject; at

other times, it makes the animosity of the nation subservient to projects of hostility

instigated by pride, ambition, and other sinister and pernicious motives. The peace

often, sometimes perhaps the liberty, of Nations has been the victim.

So likewise, a passionate attachment of one Nation for another produces a variety

of evils. Sympathy for the favorite Nation, facilitating the illusion of an imaginary

common interest, in cases where no real common interest exists, and infusing into

one the enmities of the other, betrays the former into a participation in the quarrels

and wars of the latter, without adequate inducement or justification. It leads also to

concessions to the favorite Nation of privileges denied to others, which is apt

doubly to injure the Nation making the concessions; by unnecessarily parting with

what ought to have been retained; and by exciting jealousy, ill-will, and a

disposition to retaliate, in the parties from whom equal privileges are withheld. And

it gives to ambitious, corrupted, or deluded citizens, (who devote themselves to the

favorite nation,) facility to betray or sacrifice the interests of their own country , . . .

Michigan Citizenship Collaborative Curriculum of 29www.micitizenshipcurriculum.org March 14, 2011

http://www.micitizenshipcurriculum.org/


. . . Such an attachment of a small or weak, towards a great and powerful nation,

dooms the former to be the satellite of the latter. . .

The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, is, in extending our

commercial relations, to have with them as little political connexion as possible. So

far as we have already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good

faith. Here let us stop. . . .

It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the

foreign world; so far, I mean, as we are now at liberty to do it; for let me not be

understood as capable of patronizing infidelity to existing engagements. I hold the

maxim no less applicable to public than to private affairs, that honesty is always the

best policy. I repeat it, therefore, let those engagements be observed in their

genuine sense. But, in my opinion, it is unnecessary and would be unwise to

extend them.

Taking care always to keep ourselves, by suitable establishments, on a

respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to temporary alliances for

extraordinary emergencies.

Harmony, liberal intercourse with all nations, are recommended by policy,

humanity, and interest. But even our commercial policy should hold an equal and

impartial hand; neither seeking nor granting exclusive favors or preferences;

consulting the natural course of things; diffusing and diversifying by gentle means

the streams of commerce, but forcing nothing; establishing, with powers so

disposed, in order to give trade a stable course, to define the rights of our

merchants, and to enable the government to support them, conventional rules of

intercourse, the best that present circumstances and mutual opinion will permit, but

temporary, and liable to be from time to time abandoned or varied, as experience

and circumstances shall dictate; constantly keeping in view, . . . .

Source: George Washington’s Farewell Address. Archiving Early America. 7 October 2009 <http://www.earlyamerica.com/earlyamerica/milestones/farewell/text.html>.



http://www.earlyamerica.com/earlyamerica/milestones/farewell/text.html


Examining Foreign Policy Positions

Issue/Event Description Evaluation from Class Discussion

Foreign Policy Issues Leading to War of 1812

Monroe Doctrine as a Foreign Policy Statement

American Justifications for the Mexican War

Lincoln’s Approach to Trent Affair

The Decision to Annex Hawaii




Websites for Foreign Policy Decisions

War of 1812 Causes of the War of 1812. Niagara Falls Museum. 7 October 2009 <http://niagarafallsmuseums.blogspot.com/2008/02/causes-of-war-of-1812.html >

War of 1812. Thematic Pathfinders for All Ages. 42 Explore. 7 October 2009 <http://www.42explore2.com/1812war.htm>.

Monroe Doctrine Monroe Doctrine. U.S. Department of State. 7 October 2009 <http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/jd/16321.htm>.

James Monroe. 7 October 2009 <http://www.monroedoctrine.net/>.

Mexican WarUS Mexican War. Prelude to War. 7 October 2009 <http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/prelude/md_an_ideal_or_a_justification.html>.

The Mexican War. The Lone Star Internet. 7 October 2009 <http://www.lone-star.net/mall/texasinfo/mexicow.htm>

Trent Affair The Trent Affair, 1861. U.S. Department of State. 7 October 2009 <http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/cw/92452.htm>.

The Trent Affair. Library of Congress. 7 October 2009 <http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/today/nov08.html>

Annexation of Hawaii Annexation of Hawaii, 1898. U.S. Department of State. 7 October 2009 <http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/gp/17661.htm>.

Teaching With Documents: The 1897 Petition Against the Annexation of Hawaii. National Archives and Records Administration. 7 October 2009 <http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/hawaii-petition/>.



http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/hawaii-petition/

http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/gp/17661.htm

http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/today/nov08.html

http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/cw/92452.htm

http://www.lone-star.net/mall/texasinfo/mexicow.htm

http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/prelude/md_an_ideal_or_a_justification.html

http://www.monroedoctrine.net/

http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/jd/16321.htm

http://www.42explore2.com/1812war.htm

http://niagarafallsmuseums.blogspot.com/2008/02/causes-of-war-of-1812.html


Foreign Policy Views

Exclusively Expansionistic

Growing Sense of US Potential

Clear Sense of National Limitations

Reckless/Unrealistic Sense of Foreign Policy

Reassessing Meaning of America’s Core Values




Examining Foreign Policy Positions Reference Guide

Issue/Event Description Evaluation from Class Discussion

War of 1812

Americans were angered by impressments of American sailors and suspected arming and encouragement of Indians on America’s northwest frontier by the British. Earlier attempts by American administrations at neutrality and economic embargo had failed. Madison, encouraged by the “war hawks” faction to confront the British and possibly conquer Canada in the process, finally asked Congress for a declaration of war.

Reckless/Unrealistic Sense of Foreign Policy

Americans had legitimate grievances but the declaration of war was reckless given the might of the British Empire and the divisions within the United States concerning the decision to go to war. The hope to conquer Canada was naïve, self-serving, and hopelessly unrealistic.

Monroe Doctrine

The British Empire actually approached the United States hoping to get America to help prevent Spain from regaining control of its former colonies. Britain was trading with the new Latin American states more profitably now that those states were independent. The Monroe Administration saw a chance to not only help keep Spain out, but also make a bolder statement than Britain wanted and establish a precedent for warning all “outsiders” to forget about establishing colonies in the western hemisphere.

Growing Sense of US Potential

This foreign policy decision illustrates a growing sense by the United States of its potential on the world stage or, at least, in its own backyard.

Mexican War

The rapidly expanding American nation was becoming increasingly aware of its muscle. “Manifest Destiny” had captured the imagination of many and posited that America’s fate was to be an ocean to ocean nation. American citizens had already seized the Mexican province of Texas. The United States had annexed that territory as its own. The exact border of Texas was disputed with Mexico so the US sent a military force to back up and protect its claim. There was a clash with the Mexican military and war was shortly thereafter declared against Mexico.

Exclusively Expansionistic

The Mexican War was one that was plain and simply pursued for territorial gain. Mexico’s behavior toward the US was not particularly provocative or threatening.




Examining Foreign Policy Positions Reference Guide(continued)

Trent Affair

While the US was involved in the Civil War, the Confederate States sought European allies. Pursuing this goal, southern commissioners headed for Europe on board the British ship Trent. The ship was seized by a Union vessel and the commissioners taken as prisoners to Boston for incarceration. Britain protested this US action. One of its ships had been illegally seized in international waters. The Lincoln administration was pressed by public opinion and some politicians to confront the British directly and not release the captives or apologize for interfering with British ships. Lincoln resisted the pressure to be “tough” saying that “one war at a time” was sufficient.

Clear Sense of National Limitations

Lincoln’s response was a very wise one. The north had its hands full with the attempt to subdue the south and reunite the nation. One war was in fact enough.

Annexation of Hawaii

Some US citizens had acquired business interests in the Hawaiian Islands in the mid 19th century. The American owners of those interests wanted Hawaii to be annexed by the US despite the fact that most native born Hawaiians opposed this. During the early 1890s debate raged in America over whether it was in the United States’ interest to annex Hawaii or if such a policy was ethical in light of America’s core values. The struggle was between those traditionalists who felt that America should not obtain overseas possessions and those who felt that the United States needed to expand its influence into the international arena both for self-protection and to bring to poor and bereft nations the most shining and inspirational example on earth.

Reassessing Meaning of America’s Core Values

Hawaii was eventually annexed by the United States in 1898. Nonetheless the process involved clearly demonstrated that the traditionalists such as President Cleveland, Samuel Gompers, and Thomas B. Reed were gravely concerned about the impact the acquisition attained by the internationalists such as Theodore Roosevelt, Alfred T. Mahan, and President Benjamin Harrison would have on the core values of American society.




Timed Reading (ACT Prep)

At the end of the nineteenth century, American imperialism and journalistic dynamism came together to create one of the darkest moments in the history of American journalism. The United States raced onto the global stage as a world power, eager both to flex its muscles and to expand its geographic and economic boundaries. Journalism bounded forward as well, driven by a desire to reach the surging population and by technological innovations that improved how news was pursued and packaged -- the typewriter, telephone, half-tone engraving, and automated press among them.

The changing news business attracted entrepreneurs who saw journalism as an exciting frontier worthy of their creative talents. Two publishing visionaries in particular dominated the era and ultimately changed the profession, as well as the world: Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst. Beginning in 1878, Joseph Pulitzer pioneered a new style of newspaper. This new approach targeted the masses of American humanity who previously had been ignored by the comparatively staid sheets of the older order. According to Pulitzer’s revolutionary concept, newspapers should be cheap, should be written clearly and concisely, and should actively crusade in the community interest.

Pulitzer’s innovative enterprise was not, however, without controversy. Many erudite New Yorkers denounced the World as cheap and vulgar. They accused Pulitzer of introducing multicolumn illustrations and dramatic headlines-such as “Baptized in Blood” and “A Child Flayed Alive: A Brutal Negro Whips His Nephew to Death”-merely to shock readers. Pulitzer defended the techniques as essential to attracting more people to buy his newspaper and, therefore, read his progressive editorials.

William Randolph Hearst, who idolized Pulitzer, worked briefly on the World and then persuaded his wealthy father to let him edit the San Francisco Examiner, a financially failing newspaper the elder Hearst had purchased to support his political career. With Pulitzer as his model and his father’s deep pockets at his disposal, Hearst hired the best staff money could buy and undertook ambitious and progressive crusades, including campaigns to lower city water rates and end the Southern Pacific Railroad’s dominance of the Republican state political machine.

Hearst, like Pulitzer, appealed to the masses, telling his reporters: “Don’t write a single line [a workingman] can’t understand and wouldn’t read.” Hearst hammered at injustice while highlighting murder and scandal. Hearst was also a showman who set out to entertain and startle his readers every day. And when the actual news of the day was too dull, Hearst created stupefying events. He paid a young couple to be married in a hot-air balloon and hired hunters to go into the mountains to trap a grizzly bear and bring it to San Francisco-while writing exclusive stories for the Examiner. Readers became so eager to see what Hearst would come up with next that the publisher kept the city at a carnival pitch. He loved it, saying, “Putting out a newspaper without promotion is like winking at a girl in the dark-well-intentioned but ineffective.”


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After they revolutionized journalism, their bitter rivalry gave birth to the double-barreled brand of sensationalism known as yellow journalism. Its toxic formula-one part news to two parts hype-was devised to fuel the infamous Hearst-Pulitzer circulation war. In an effort to boost circulation, Hearst began championing the cause of Cuban rebels. Hearst treated the Cuban rebels as courageous freedom fights struggling against Spanish oppressors.

To champion the Cuban cause, Hearst painted an alarming portrait of Spanish brutality. Journal readers found the accounts compelling, even though the stories could not be verified. Although Joseph Pulitzer initially opposed American involvement in Cuba he began to support it because of the opportunity it provided to increase circulation of his newspaper. Although Pulitzer’s paper, The World, did not manufacture stories with the abandon the Journal did, Pulitzer also sent correspondents to Cuba and published sensationalized reports. One announced, “Old men and little boys were cut down and their bodies fed to the dogs.” The World editorial page demanded that the American government take immediate action: “No man’s life is safe. American citizens are imprisoned or slain without cause. Blood on the roadsides, blood in the field, blood on the doorsteps, blood, blood, blood! Not a word from Washington! Not a sign from the president! The lurid coverage reaped the benefits the dueling newspapers wanted. The World’s and Journal’s circulation figures and resources far surpassed those of any other newspaper in the country, and so hundreds of small papers reprinted the World and Journal stories – hyperbole and all.

As Hearst’s campaign intensified and Pulitzer joined in, the Cuban crusade led to a level of irresponsible and unethical behavior that redefined the limits of the shameful acts the news media can commit-from distortion and the staging of events to disinformation and the systematic manufacturing of news. The grotesque sensationalism that Hearst and Pulitzer practiced, especially their coverage of the 1898 explosion of the battleship U.S.S. Maine, created a high-pitched and bumptious jingoism and a national hunger for war. That public frenzy ultimately pushed the president of the United States to abandon his antiwar policy and thrust America into a war with Spain that, in a less hysterical climate, may have been avoided.

Adapted from Streitmatter, Rodger. Mighter than the Sword: How the News Media Have Shaped American History. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 68-81.


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Questions for Timed Reading (ACT Prep)

1. In line 6 the word “innovations” most nearly means:a. experimentsb. instrumentsc. habitsd. changes

2. In lines 8 to 15 the author claims that Pulitzer’s approach to journalism stressed all of the following except: f. cheap newspapersg. clear writingh. traditional values j. community interest

3. In lines 16 to 21 the author states that Pulitzer defended his sensationalist methods by claiming that:a. they were ethical in principleb. more people would read his progressive editorials c. more people would become aesthetically awared. violent crime would be reduced

4. The author’s primary aim in the first paragraph is to:

f. set the historical context

g. make an historical argument

h. raise questions about a period of history

j. criticize prevailing historical accounts

5. In lines 29 to 38 it is stated that Hearst sometimes:

a. ignored newsworthy eventsb. promoted the artsc. created news events d. ignored his readers interests




6. The author claims that Hearst’s support for Cuban liberation was motivated by:f. his preoccupation with Yellow Journalismg. his need for individualismh. antipathy for Joseph Pulitzerj. a desire to sell more newspapers

7. In line 13 the word “staid” most nearly means:a. unimaginative b. idlec. thoughtfuld. artistic

8. In lines 45 to 49 the author asserts that Pulitzer wanted America to become involved in Cuba because he:f. was appalled by Spanish atrocitiesg. believed Heart’s accounts of the Revolutionh. wanted to increase his newspaper’s circulation j. believed in the cause of liberty

9. In lines 60 to 68 the author argues that Hearst and Pulitzer helped to:a. create imperialism in the United Statesb. promote responsible journalismc. push America into war with Spain d. define and promote popular culture

10. In line 65 the word “jingoism” most nearly means:f. earnestnessg. belligerence h. policyj. technique




ACT Reading Prep Answer Guide1. d

2. h

3. b

4. f

5. c

6. j

7. a

8. h

9. c

10. g




Enlargement of Paul Revere's Engraving of the Boston Massacre

Enlargement of Paul Revere’s Engraving of the Boston Massacre. Archiving Early America. 7 October 2009 <http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/winter96/enlargement.html>.



http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/winter96/enlargement.html


The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.




A Look at the Press


New York TimesArticle



DESTRUCTION OF THE WAR SHIP MAINE WAS THE WORK OF AN ENEMYAssistant Secretary Roosevelt Convinced the Explosion of the War Ship Was Not an Accident.

The Journal Offers $50,000 Reward for the Conviction of the Criminals Who Sent 258 American Sailors to

Their Death. Naval Officers Unanimous That the Ship Was Destroyed on Purpose.

NAVAL OFFICERS THINK THE MAINE WAS DESTROYED BY A SPANISH MINE.

George Eugene Bryson, the Journal’s special correspondent at Havana, cables that it is the secret opinion of many Spaniards in the Cuban capital, that the Maine was destroyed and 258 men killed by means of marine mine or fixed torpeda. This is the opinion of several American naval authorities. The Spaniards, it is believed, arranged to have the Maine anchored over one of the harbor mines. Wires connected the mines with a... magazine, and it is thought the explosion was caused by sending an electric current through the wire. If this can be proven, the brutal nature of the Spaniards will be shown by the fact that they waited to spring the mine after all the men had retired for the night. The Maltese cross in the picture shows where the mine may have been fired.

Mine or a Sunken Torpedo Believed to Have Been the Weapon Used Against the American Man-Of-War---Officer and Men tell Thrilling Stories of Being Blown into the Air Amid a Mass of Shattered Steel and Exploding Shells—Survivors Brought to Key West Scou[t] the Idea of Accident—Spanish Officials Protest Too Much---Our Cabinet orders a Searching Inquiry—Journal Sends Divers to Havana to Report Upon the Condition of the Wreck. Was the Vessel Anchored Over a Mine?

Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt says he is convinced that the destruction of the Maine in Havana Harbor was not an accident. The Journal offers a reward of $50,000 for exclusive evidence that will convict the person, persons or government criminally responsible for the [destruction] of the American battleship and the death of 258 of its crew.

The suspicion that the Maine was deliberately blown up grows stronger every hour. Not a single fact to the contrary has been produced....

Source: Spanish- American War. Historical Thinking Matters. 7 October 2009 <http://historicalthinkingmatters.org/spanishamericanwar/0/inquiry/intro/>.As printed in New York Journal and Advertiser, February 17, 1898.



http://historicalthinkingmatters.org/spanishamericanwar/0/inquiry/intro/


MAINE’S HULL WILL DECIDE

Divers to Find Whether the Force of the Explosion Was from the Exterior or Interior.

SHE WAS AFLOAT FOR AN HOUR

Spontaneous Combustion in Coal Bunkers a Frequent Peril to the Magazines of Warships – Hard to Blow Up

the Magazine.

WASHINGTON, Feb. 16 – After a day of intense excitement at the Navy Department and elsewhere, growing

out of the destruction of the battleship Maine in Havana Harbor last night, the situation at sundown, after the

exchange of a number of cablegrams between Washington and Havana, can be summed up in the words of

Secretary Long, who when asked as he was about to depart for the day whether he had reason to suspect

that the disaster was the work of the enemy, replied: “I do not. In that I am influenced by the fact that Capt.

Sigsbee has not yet reported to the Navy Department on the cause. He is evidently waiting to write a full

report. So long as he does not express himself, I certainly cannot. I should think from the indications,

however, that there was an accident – that the magazine exploded. How that came about I do not know. For

the present, at least, no other warship will be sent to Havana.”

Capt. Schuley, who has had experience with such large and complicated machines of war as the New York,

did not entertain the idea that the ship had been destroyed by design. He had found that with frequent and

very careful inspection fire would sometimes be generated in the coal bunkers, and he told of such a fire on

board of the New York close to the magazine, and so hot that the heat had blistered the steel partition

between the fire and the ammunition before the bunkers and magazine were flooded. He was not prepared

to believe that the Spanish or Cubans in Havana were supplied with either the information or the appliances

necessary to enable them to make so complete a work of demolition, while the Maine was under guard…

Source: Spanish-American War. Historical Thinking Matters. 7 Oct. 2009 <http://historicalthinkingmatters.org/spanishamericanwar/0/inquiry/intro/resources/10/> from The New York Times, Feb. 17, 1898.



http://historicalthinkingmatters.org/spanishamericanwar/0/inquiry/intro/resources/10/


Examining the Source1. Sourcing Strategy : This is the practice of identifying important

characteristics of the document and the context in which it was written so that you can examine it critically. To think about the author and the document’s creation, historians ask questions such as: Who wrote it? When? Why did they write it? This helps to establish the time and place in which the primary source was created. It also helps to identify the author’s motivation and biases. Remember – All sources are written from a particular point of view!

a. TYPE OF DOCUMENT (Check one):

___ Newspaper ___ Letter ___ Patent ___ Memorandum

___ Map___ Telegram ___ Press release ___ Report

___ Advertisement ___ Congressional record ___ Census report ___ Other

b. DATE(S) OF DOCUMENT: ___________________________________________________________________________c. AUTHOR (OR CREATOR) OF THE DOCUMENT: ___________________________________________________________________________

d. POSITION (TITLE): ___________________________________________________________________________ e. FOR WHAT AUDIENCE WAS THE DOCUMENT WRITTEN?___________________________________________________________________________

2. Contextualizing Strategy: This requires the reader to situate the primary source in the time and place of its creation. This allows one to put the source in “context.”

a. Where was this created?

b. What was happening there at that time?

c. What else was happening in the region, country or the world?




3. Close Reading: This requires the reader to carefully read the document and consider exactly what it is saying and the particular words and phrases used, even when they might be unfamiliar to you.

a. List three things the author said that you think are important:

b. Why do you think this document was written?

c. What evidence in the document helps you know why it was written? Quote from the document.

d. Write a question to the author that is left unanswered by the document:

4. Corroboration Strategy : This is the practice of using multiple sources to compare where they agree and disagree about a particular event. It is through the use of multiple sources of evidence that historians draw conclusions about what happened in the past.

a. Which piece of evidence was most convincing (textbook, Journal, Times)? Why?

b. Which piece of evidence was least convincing? Why?

c. According to your own interpretation of the sources, what happened?




The Spanish-American WarCauses

Cuban Revolution

Yellow Press

Sinking of the USS Maine

US Desires to Expand

Consequences

Influence of Media on Foreign Policy

US acquires overseas possessions (Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines)

Platt Amendment

Increased Support for Central American Canal

Changing Perception of the U.S. by Europe and Japan





Outline M

ap of the World



World Map




In the Text (What?) The Open Door Policy In My Head (So What?)China was in political and economic disarray as the end of the 19th century approached. The giant was not recognized as a sovereign nation by the United States and Europe who were busy elbowing one another for trading privileges and plotting how the country could be partitioned. The imperial nations sought influence and control in China. The United States took Far Eastern matters more seriously after the Spanish-American War, when they came into possession of the Philippines. In the fall of 1898, President McKinley stated his desire for the creation of an "open door" that would allow all trading nations access to the Chinese market.The Open Door policy sought equal trading rights for all nations in all parts of China and for recognition of Chinese territorial integrity (meaning that the country should not be carved up). The impact of such a policy would be to put all of the imperial nations on an equal footing and minimize the power of those nations already operating in China. No nation formally agreed to Open Door policy. After the United States announced that agreement had been reached, Russia and Japan voiced displeasure. On the surface, it appeared that the United States had advanced a reform viewpoint, but the truth was otherwise. The U.S. had no sphere of influence in China, but had long maintained an active trade there. If other nations were to partition China, the United States would likely be excluded from future commercial activities. In short, the US was simply trying to protect the prospects of American businessmen and investors.

http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h908.html>



http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h908.html


Presidential Approaches to Foreign Policy

PresidentDescription of the President’s Approach

Major Instances or Events

Successful or Unsuccessful?

Roosevelt

Taft

Wilson




Presidential Approaches to Foreign PolicyTeacher Reference Guide

President Description of the President’s Approach

Major Instances or Events

Successful or Unsuccessful?

Roosevelt

Big Stick or Gunboat Diplomacy.

Roosevelt was quick to use the Navy and Marine Corps to maintain order and rationality as he perceived them.

Promotion of a revolution in the Colombian province of Panama. US wanted to build a canal there. Issued the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine which right of the United States to intervene to stabilize the economic affairs of small states in the Caribbean and Central America if they were unable to pay their international debts. Intervention in Cuba under the Platt Amendment.

The canal was built and “order” of a sort maintained. US power greatly increased but chronic problems in Latin America remained and resentment for the United States increased.

Taft

Dollar Diplomacy.

Taft thought that it was better and more effective to employ economic means to maintain order in “our hemisphere”.

Intervention in Nicaragua 1909. American bankers direct Honduran economic affairs to prevent British control.

“Order” of a sort was maintained but “dollars” were ultimately no more successful than “gunboats” in solving problems.

Wilson

Moral Diplomacy.

Wilson considered himself a pacifist; hence “gunboats were theoretically out. “Dollars” too were suspect. The best way to maintain order was through “moral example”.

Intervention in Haiti and Mexico. America enters the First World War during Wilson’s second term.

Despite Wilson’s noble intent to avoid violence and manipulation he appeared hypocritical to many citizens of Latin American nations and to the rest of the world as well.




The Change in Manifest Destiny

Old Manifest Destiny New Manifest Destiny

Who promoted the idea and

who benefited from it?

Goals

Where did expansion

occur?

Influencing Factors

Issues related to race




The Change in Manifest DestinyTeacher Reference Sheet

Old Manifest Destiny New Manifest Destiny

Who promoted the idea and

who benefited from it?

Primarily agricultural interests Primarily industrial interests

Goals

Acquisition of: New territories New lands for settlement

and farming

Acquisition of: New territories Raw materials Markets for surplus goods

Access to coaling stations and bases for navy and merchant ships

Where did expansion

occur?In North America Outside North America

Influencing Factors

Often influenced by sectional concerns

Influenced by desire for geographic expansion

Usually influenced by patriotic and nationalist concerns

Issues related to race

Racial issues often resulted in the forced migration of non-

whites

Racial issues often encouraged expansion (the "White Man’s

Burden" and Social Darwinism).On the other hand, concern about

how non-whites could be incorporated as citizens led to anti-

imperialistic views

Paternalistic attitudes

Adapted from Course Supplements for American History 225. Georgetown College. 26 January 2009 <http://spider.georgetowncollege.edu/HTALLANT/courses/his225/manifest.htm>.



http://spider.georgetowncollege.edu/HTALLANT/courses/his225/manifest.htm

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