Decolonization of Africa

WHII.14b

Main Ideas The charter of the United Nations guaranteed colonial populations the right to self-

determination. Independence movements in Africa successfully challenged European imperialism.

Textbook Referencep. 560-561, 578-582, 609-611

African Geography

DirectionsLabel the following on the map:

Algeria Ghana South Africa Kenya Egypt Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Suez Canal

Then shade the countries according to this key:

Former Belgian colonies (light green) Former British colonies (yellow) Former French colonies (red)Former American colony (purple) Former Portuguese colony (blue) Former Spanish colony (purple)

Independence Movements Begin

The charter of the ___________ ___________, the world peacekeeping organization created after World War II, recognizes the right of all peoples to _______-____________________, which means being ruled by a government of

your own making.

This concept encouraged African nations to fight for their _______________ from

European domination.

After World War II, nations across Africa began to rebel against colonial rule. Some of the struggles were _______________, resulting in independence with little to no bloodshed. This was the case in many West African nations.

Other African independence struggles were quite ___________________, as colonial powers resisted giving up control by using deadly force against protesters.

African independence movements embraced native African culture and heritage as a force

unite them in their struggle for freedom. _________________ ideas encouraged

struggle against foreign oppression, while the concept of ____-________________ meant that all Africans should work together for

peace, justice and progress.

Africans resented the fact that imperial rule exploited Africa’s natural resources such as:

___________________ __________________

______________________

African independence struggles were caught up in the superpower rivalry between the United

States and the Soviet Union during the _______ ________. Because the colonial

forces who dominated Africa in the 1800s and 1900s were capitalist nations, some African leaders turned to _________________ as an

alternative economic philosophy.

Between 1955 and 1975, most African nations succeeded in gaining their independence. As a result, these European powers lost control over their African possessions:

____________________ _________________

__________________ ___________________

Independence in West AfricaAfter World War II, the British began making preparations to grant independence to their colonies in West Africa. In some of these countries, independence came peacefully.

In the Gold Coast, __________ ____________ became the leader of the independence movement. His movement was largely non-_____________, organizing peaceful strikes and boycotts to put pressure on the British colonial authorities.

In 1957, the Gold Coast became the first West African country to gain its independence, changing its name to __________.

Independence movements in West Africa inspired a sense of ____-____________, seeking to unite all Africans in the struggle for freedom.

Independence in Kenya

The leader of the Kenyan independence movement was __________ _________________, who spent more than 10 years in a British-run prison. When Kenya finally gained its independence in 1963, he became its first president.

The Kenyan movement for independence became much more violent than the struggle in Ghana. The most powerful rebel group was made up of guerilla fighters who called themselves the _____-______s.

Independence in AlgeriaFrom 1954-1962, Algeria fought a war for its independence from ____________. The war was a brutal one, with both sides accused of _____ crimes and violations of __________ rights. Algeria finally gained its independence in 1962.

The Struggle in South Africa

South Africa gained its independence from Britain in 1931, but its struggles had only just begun.

South Africa had long been divided along racial lines, but in 1948, the ________ supremacist National Party came to power and instituted a policy called _________________, or complete separation of the races.

Black South Africans founded the A____________ N________________ C______________ in 1912 to begin their fight for civil rights. The ANC organized strikes, boycotts, and acts of sabotage to bring down the system of apartheid. The ANC’s most effective leader was _____________ ______________, who was imprisoned for more than 25 years.

Presidents of South Africa

In 1989, __ __ __ __________ was elected president of South Africa. In 1990, responding to the protest of black activists as well as international pressure, he legalized the A___________ N_____________ C_____________ and released ___________ _______________ from prison, then began negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa.

In the first multiracial elections in 1994, ____________ ______________ was elected as South Africa’s first black president. He helped set up a Commission on Truth and ________________ to help heal the wounds caused by racial violence.

AIDS Infection Rates

South Africa has continued to struggle with serious social problems, including high unemployment and crime rates.

The biggest health crisis has been the spread of HIV/A_____________ I____________ D_____________ S___________, which has infected 18% of the adult population of South Africa.

Graphic Organizer #1Directions

Describe using the five senses (sight, smell, touch, taste, hearing) what an African independence protester would have experienced in his/her struggle against European colonialism.

Graphic Organizer #2

Graphic Organizer #3

Racial Discrimination Policies

Southern United States

South Africa

Policy:________________________

Policy:________________________

African Americans faced voting obstacles like poll taxes and literacy tests

African Americans were treated as second-class citizens

Public facilities such as schools and swimming pools were separated on the basis

of race

Black Africans could not vote

Black Africans were not considered citizens

Public facilities such as schools and swimming pools were separated on the basis

of race

GhanaLeader: _____________________

Year of Independence: ________

KenyaLeader:

______________________Year of Independence:

_________

AlgeriaLeader:

________________________Year of Independence:

____________

South AfricaLeader: ____________________Year of first black president:

_________

African Independence

Movements

Political CartoonsCartoon 1

Cartoon 2

Carto on 3