TAMAQUA AREA HIGH SCHOOL

LEHIGH CARBON COMMUNITY COLLEGE

DUAL ENROLLMENT COURSE OUTLINE

BIO 163 - ANATOMY AND P HYS IOLOGY I

Division/Department: SciencesCredit Hours: 4

Lecture Hours: 3Laboratory Hours: 3

Other: 0Prerequisite(s): Biology assessment test required. It is strongly

suggested that students not passing the assessment test take (and pass with a C or better) BIO 105, or have passed a college-level biology course.

Corequisite(s): None.

Course Description

Provides students, primarily in health-related programs, with an in-depth understanding of the anatomy and physiology of complex living organisms, including humans. Biological principles, as well as the structural and functional relationships among several organ systems, are discussed. (Considerable dissection is required.)

Course Objecti ves

1. Demonstrate insight into the normal anatomy and physiology of complex vertebrates, especially the human.

2. Describe how the various parts of the body are structurally and functionally related to one another.

3. Demonstrate the necessity of complexity within living organisms.4. Demonstrate a knowledge-base essential for advanced study.5. Develop specific laboratory skills including dissection.6. Demonstrate fluency and literacy in anatomical and physiological terminology.7. Employ the scientific method to analyze and interpret physiological test results.

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Course Content – BIO 163 - lecture

The student should be able to:

1. Organization of the Bodya. Discuss the relationship between the terms "anatomy" and "physiology."b. Describe the structural and functional characteristics necessary for the

maintenance of life, including the levels of organization of living things.c. Identify and be able to use the following concepts related to body structure:

directional vocabulary, anatomical planes, regions, and positions.d. Define homeostasis, explaining requirements and operation of homeostatic

systems, with examples.

2. Tissuea. Identify the four basic types of tissues in the body.b. Describe the physiological characteristics of epithelial tissue.

(1) Classify epithelial tissue into several types, including: stratified squamous, transitional, simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified columnar.

(2) Describe the general function of epithelial tissue, including protection, secretion, absorption, diffusion, and filtration.

(3) Describe the structure, function, and distribution of glandular epithelium. c. Describe the physiological characteristics of connective tissue.

(1) Classify connective tissue according to type, including the structural features of at least the following: areolar, adipose, reticular, dense regular, dense irregular, cartilage (3 types), bone, blood.

(2) Identify fibers and cell types found in each connective tissue. d. Characterize the three types of muscle, including properties of each.e. Identify, in general terms, the primary components of nerve tissue and describe

their functions.f. Describe the structure and function of the various types of membranes,

including mucous, serous, synovial, and cutaneous membranes.

3. Integumentary Systema. Describe the structure and function of the layers of the integument, including

dermis, epidermis and hypodermis.b. Describe the structure, growth and function of the hair and nails.c. Describe the structure and function of the skin glands and their products.

4. Skeletal Systema. Describe the functions of the skeletal system.b. Illustrate and identify the gross anatomical structure of the long bone.c. Describe the microscopic components of bone and cartilage, and discuss the

dynamic nature of bone (bone remodeling).d. Discuss hormones that affect bone structure.e. Describe the formation and growth of the skeleton from embryonic development

through adult structure.

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5. Jointsa. Describe and give examples of the structural and functional types of joints,

including locations and movements of each.b. Describe functions of ancillary joint structures such as ligaments, bursae, joint

capsules, etc.

6. Muscle Systema. Describe the energy sources involved in muscle contraction.b. Illustrate and label the microscopic structural components of muscle cells.c. Describe the functions of the microscopic and molecular structures of muscle

tissue including components involved in the mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction.

d. Identify the general functions of muscles.e. Explain factors influencing force, velocity, and duration of muscle contraction. f. Describe the microscopic structure of smooth muscle.g. Discuss the mechanisms and characteristics or smooth muscle contraction. h. Describe the physiology of the neuromuscular junction.i. Discuss the concept of "motor unit" and its relationship to strength and precision

of contraction.

7. Nervous System--Generala. Describe the structure and function of the various neuroglia and neurons. b. Explain the electrical properties of the resting neuron.c. Define "action potential" and differentiate between various electrical potentials

in neurons, such as resting, graded, action, postsynaptic. d. Describe the synapse and its functional mechanisms.e. Differentiate between Excitatory Post Synaptic Potentials (EPSP) and Inhibitory

Post Synaptic Potentials (IPSP) and their effects.f. Classify neurotransmitters according to chemical composition and function. g. Explain the basic concepts of neural integration, including organization of

neurons, types of circuits, and neural processing.h. Define and be able to use the terms: white matter, gray matter, nerve, tract,

ganglion, nucleus.

8. Central Nervous Systema. Describe and characterize functions of the following regions of the brain:

cerebrum, cerebellum, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, limbic system, reticular formation.

b. Discuss the mechanisms for protecting brain tissue, including the meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood-brain barrier.

c. Know the functions of pathways to, from, and within the cerebrum, the roles of the basal ganglia, and the localization of the cerebral areas relative to their roles.

d. Understand the gross anatomy and physiology of the spinal cord including its connections with brain and spinal nerves.

e. Describe the general organization of the somatosensory system.f. Characterize motor integration, including levels of motor control.g. Discuss higher mental functions, including: brain wave patterns, sleep cycles,

consciousness, memory, and language.

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9. Peripheral Nervous Systema. Characterize the structure and classification of nerves and associated ganglia. b. Describe the regeneration of nerve fibers.c. Know the distribution of the spinal nerves.d. Describe a reflex arc and spinal reflexes, distinguishing between reflexes and

voluntary movements.e. Classify sensory receptors and stimuli detected by each.

10. Autonomic Nervous Systema. Describe and interrelate the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. b. Discuss the relationship of the ANS to the endocrine system.c. Compare and contrast the parasympathetic and sympathetic ANS divisions,

including functions, neurotransmitters, and receptors. d. Discuss control of the autonomic nervous system.

11. Special Sensesa. Discuss the concepts of sense reception and transmission, sense receptors and

sense organs.b. List and give functions of the special senses (olfaction, gustation, vision,

hearing, equilibrium).c. Describe the structure and function of the taste buds.d. Describe the structure and function of olfactory receptors.e. Characterize activation of olfactory receptors, and include a description of the

olfactory pathway.f. Give a functional overview of light and optics.g. Describe the photoreceptors on the retina, visual pathway to brain, and visual

processing.h Discuss sound and the mechanisms of hearing.i. Discuss the mechanisms of equilibrium and orientation.

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Course Content – Bio 163L - lab

The student should be able to:

1L. Organization of the Bodya. Discuss the relationship between the terms "anatomy" and "physiology."b. Identify and be able to use the following concepts related to body structure:

directional vocabulary, anatomical planes, regions, and positions.

2L. Tissuea. Identify the four basic types of tissues in the body.b. Describe the anatomical characteristics of epithelial tissue.

(1) Classify epithelial tissue into several types, including: stratified squamous, transitional, simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified columnar.

.c. Describe the anatomical characteristics of connective tissue.

(1) Classify connective tissue according to type, including the structural features of at least the following: areolar, adipose, reticular, dense regular, dense irregular, cartilage (3 types), bone, blood.

(2) Identify fibers and cell types found in each connective tissue.d. Characterize the three types of muscle, including microscopic properties of

each.e. Identify all tissue subgroups listed above, and nervous tissue, using the

microscope.

3L. Integumentary Systema. Identify skin layers and related structures using microscope and models.

4L. Skeletal Systema. Illustrate and identify the gross anatomical structure of the long bone.b. Identify the bones and bone markings from skeletal models, diagrams, and other

resource materials.c. Identify and discuss variations between male and female skeletons.

5L. Muscle Systema. Identify origins, insertions and actions of muscles presented in class.

(See APPENDIX. Human and other models may be used, but use of the cat as the primary dissection and testing specimen is expected.)

b. Demonstrate the relationship between muscles and their antagonists.

6L. Nervous System--Generala. Describe the structure and function of the neuron.b. Define and be able to use the terms: white matter, gray matter, nerve, tract,

ganglion, nucleus.

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7L. Central Nervous Systema. Describe and characterize functions of the following regions of the

brain: cerebrum, cerebellum, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, limbic system, reticular formation.

b. Identify the meninges and ventricles of the brain.c. Understand the gross anatomy of the spinal cord including its connections

with brain and spinal nerves.d. Identify major structural and functional brain features using human models

and dissection of sheep brains.

8L. Peripheral Nervous Systema. List names, numbers and functions of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves. b. Know the distribution of the spinal nerves.c. Identify features of nerve and spinal cord models.

9L. Special Sensesa. Describe the structure of the ear.b. Identify and label features of the vertebrate eye using human eye

models and dissected eye specimens.

Teaching and Grading P rocedures

Teaching will be a combination of lecture and lab. The lecture portion may include a traditional lecture format and/or small group sessions in which students discuss topics and reinforce concepts from lectures or some other appropriately organized approach.

The laboratory portion of this course includes a comprehensive histology component as well as extensive dissections, the cat being the major model. In addition, human models, sheep brains, and eye specimens are used. Lab tests are non-cumulative practical exams, using dissected specimens and models. Multiple choice questions, matching questions, essay questions and word banks are not appropriate for practical exams. Exam questions should accurately reflect thescope of material covered in the required lab manual. Practical exam scores should constitute a decisive majority of the lab grade.

Lecture procedures, topic coverage depth, and grading of students should reflect the depth of coverage presented in the approved textbook for the course. Use of text examples, personal examples, chapter summaries, cross sections of study questions in both text and accompanying study guide, and cross sections of test bank questions are all appropriate means of assessing depth of text coverage.

The following topics represent the course sequence:

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- Core concepts of anatomy and physiology- Organization of living organisms- Tissues- Integumentary System- Skeletal System- Muscular System- Nervous System

The lecture component of the course accounts for 60 percent of the final grade; the lab component, therefore, accounts for 40 percent of the grade. Extra credit assignments for individual students are not allowed.

Tex tbooks and Materials

Current editions of the following textbooks, or their equivalent, are standard for BIO 163, and are available in the LCCC bookstore:

Marieb, Elaine and Hoehn, Katja. Hum a n An a to m y a nd P h y sio l o g y . Pearson/Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company. (lecture text)

Michael G. Wood. L a bor a tory Man ua l for An a to m y & P h y sio l o g y I & II , LCCC compilation. Pearson/Benjamin/Cummings, Inc. (lab manual)

Students are expected to provide their own gloves.

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A-1

APPENDIX

Human Muscles to IdentifyNote to instructors: You may compare the ones typed in italics between the human models and the cats. Note difference in size, shape, angle, precise name, and if they are divided into separate parts.

HEADMuscle Head model #on little

torso model

#on bigtorso model

Origin Insertion Action

Orbicularis oris 23 11 Various facial muscles, maxilla, mandible, septum of nose

Lips Closes lips

Orbicularis oculi 19 7 Nasal portion of frontal bone,frontal process of maxilla, medial palpebral ligament

Eyelids Blinking, squinting

Temporalis Left side ofmodel

14 Temporal fossa Coronoid process of mandible Elevates jaw, retracts mandible

Masseter Right side ofmodel

27 Zygomatic arch Angle and ramus of mandible Elevates jaw, clenches teeth

NECK (Anterior)Muscle Head model #on little

torso model

#on bigtorso model

Origin Insertion Action

Sternocleidomastoid Right side ofmodel

28 68 Manubrium & medial end ofclavicle

Mastoid process of temporalbone

Rotation or flexion of head

Sternohyoid 29 39 Manubrium and clavicle Hyoid Pulls hyoid downDigastric 27

(under chin)

Posterior belly-mastoid process, anterior belly-inner surface of mandible

Fibrous loop on hyoid bone Raises hyoid, assists in lowering mandible

NECK (Posterior)

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Muscle Head model #on littletorso model

#on bigtorso model

Origin Insertion Action

Trapezius 34 1 Occipital bone, ligamentumnuchae, spinous processes ofC7 and all thoracic vertebrae

Clavicle, spine of scapula andacromion process of scapula

Adducts scapula, hyperextendshead

Levator scapulae 36 1st to 4th cervical vertebrae Superior angle of scapula Extends head backward andflexes laterally, elevates scapula

Splenius group 35 Ligamentum nuchae, 7th

cervical & 1st three thoracic vertebrae

Occipital bone and mastoid process

Extension and rotation of head

TRUNK AND SHOULDER (Anterior)Muscle # on little torso

model# on bigtorso model

Origin Insertion Action

Pectoralis major 51 21 Clavicle, sternum, costal cartilage Between greater & lesser tuberclesof humerus

Adduction, flexion, and medialrotation of humerus

Pectoralis minor 52 24 Ribs 3, 4, & 5 Coracoid process of scapula Depresses shoulder by drawingscapula downward

Deltoid (anterior,middle, posterior)

50 Clavicle, acromion process andspine of scapula

Deltoid tuberosity of humerus Whole muscle abducts humerus; Inpart, may flex, rotate, extend humerus

Serratus anterior 54 1st to 9th ribs Anterior medial border of scapula Pulls scapula downward, forward,inward

External intercostals(11 pairs)

26 Inferior borders of ribs Superior borders of ribs Elevates ribs (aids in inspiration)

Internal intercostals(11 pairs)

53 27 Superior borders of ribs Inferior borders of ribs Depresses ribs (aids in expiration)

Diaphragm 44 Inferior border of rib and sternum,costal cartilages of last six ribs and lumbar vertebrae

Central tendon Inspiration, increases verticaldimensions of thorax, increases intra-abdominal pressure

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TRUNK AND SHOULDER (Posterior)Muscle # on little torso

model# on bigtorso model

Origin Insertion Action

Latissimus Dorsi 63 2 Lower 6 thoracic vertebrae, lumbar and sacral vertebrae, iliac crest, lower ribs

Greater tubercle of humerus Extends, adducts, medially rotates humerus

Infraspinatus 60 Infraspinous fossa of scapula Greater tubercle of humerus Rotates humerus laterally

Teres major 61 Inferior angle of scapula Crest of lesser tubercle of humerus Adducts, extends, rotates humerusmedially

Teres minor 69 Lateral border of scapula Lowest portion of greater tubercleof humerus

Rotates humerus laterally, weaklyadducts it

Supraspinatus Abovespine of scapula

Supraspinous fossa Greater tubercle of humerus Abduction of humerus

Rhomboideus major 59 4 Spinous processes of 1st to 5th

thoracic vertebraeMedial border of scapula. Adducts scapula

Rhomboideus minor Just above #59 5 Ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of 7th cervical, 1st

thoracic vertebrae

Upper part of medial border ofscapula ( root of scapular spine)

Adducts scapula

Subscapularis 1 Subscapular fossa Lesser tubercle of humerus Medially rotates humerus and holdshead of humerus in glenoid cavity

ABDOMINAL MUSCLES

A-4

Muscle # on little torsomodel

# on bigtorso model

Origin Insertion Action

Rectus abdominis 56 39 Pubic bone Xiphoid process, costal cartilagesof ribs 6, 7 & 8

Compresses abdominal viscera,flexes vertebral column

External oblique 55 36 Lower eight ribs Linea alba Compresses abdominal viscera,flexes vertebral column

Internal oblique 57 40 Inguinal ligament, iliac crest,thoracolumbar fascia

Lower 3 ribs, xiphoid process, lineaalba, pubis

Compresses abdominal viscera,flexes vertebral column

Transversusabdominis

143 42 Inguinal ligament, iliac crest, costalcartilages of lower 6 ribs, thoracolumbar fascia

Linea alba, pubis Compresses abdominal viscera,flexes vertebral column

PELVIC MUSCLESMuscle # on big

torso model (inside)

Origin Insertion Action

Quadratus lumborum 166 Iliolumbar ligament, iliac crest Last rib, transverse processes oflower 4 lumbar vertebrae

Aids in extending trunk

Psoas major 165 Lumbar vertebrae Lesser trochanter of femur Flexion of femur and vertebralcolumn

Iliacus 167 Iliac fossa Lesser trochanter of femur Flex femur

UPPER LIMB (Movements of Brachium and Antebrachium)

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Muscle # on little torsomodel

# on bigtorso model

# onarm model

Origin Insertion Action

Coracobrachialis 72 9 Coracoid process of scapula Medial surface of humerus Flexion and adduction of humerus

Biceps brachii 71 7 9 Short (medial) head: coracoidprocess of scapula long (lateral) head: supraglenoid tubercle of scapula

Radial tuberosity Flexes and supinates forearm

Brachialis 73 8 10 Lower half of humerus Coronoid process of ulna Flexes forearm

Brachioradialis 82 13 20 above lateral epicondyle ofhumerus

lateral surface of radius abovestyloid process

flexes forearm

Triceps brachii 70 10, 11,12

11 Long head: scapula; lateralhead: posterior surface of humerus; medial head: posterior surface of humerus

Olecranon process of ulna Extends forearm

UPPER LIMB (Hand Movements- Supination and Pronation)Muscle # on little torso

model# on armModel

Origin Insertion Action

Supinator 86 25 lateral epicondyle of humerus,below radial notch of ulna

lateral upper 1/3 of radius supinates forearm

Pronator teres 74 12 medial epicondyle of humerus middle lateral surface of radius pronates forearm

UPPER LIMB (Hand Movements- Flexion of Hand)

A-6

Muscle # on little torsomodel

# on armModel

Origin Insertion Action

Flexor carpiradialis

75 13 Medial epicondyle of humerus 2nd & 3rd metacarpals Flexes wrist, assists in pronating,abducting hand

Flexor carpi ulnaris 77 15 Medial epicondyle of humerus,olecranon process of ulna

Pisiform, hamate, 5th metacarpal Flexes wrist, assist in adducting hand

Palmaris longus 76 14 Medial epicondyle of humerus Palmar aponeurosis Flexes wrist

UPPER LIMB (Hand Movements- Flexion of Digits)Muscle # on little torso

model# onbig torso model

# onarm model

Origin Insertion Action

Flexor digitorum superficialis

85 (under 74-76)

20 24 Humerus, ulna, radius Middle phalanges of digits 2-5 Flexes middle and proximal phalanges of digits 2-5

Flexor pollicislongus

22 41 Radius, ulna, interosseusmembrane

Distal phalanx 1 Flexes thumb

UPPER LIMB (Hand Movements- Extends Wrist and Hand)Muscle # on little torso

model# on armmodel

Origin Insertion Action

Extensor carpiradialis longus

81 19 Humerus 2nd metacarpal Extends wrist, abducts hand

Extensor carpiradialis brevis

80 18 Humerus 3rd metacarpal Extends wrist, abducts hand

Extensor carpiulnaris

78 16 Lateral epicondyle of humerus 5th metacarpal Extends wrist

Extensor digitorum 79 17 Lateral epicondyle of humerus Proximal and middle phalanges ofdigits 2-5

Extension of digits 2-5

UPPER LIMB (Hand Movements- Extends and Abducts Digits)

A-7

Muscle # on little torsomodel

# on armModel

Origin Insertion ActionExtensor pollicislongus

21 (onlytendon is visible)

Ulna and radius Distal phalanx of thumb Extends thumb

Extensor pollicisbrevis

83 22 Radius Proximal phalanx of thumb Extends thumb

Abductor pollicis longus

84 23 Interosseus membrane Trapezium and 1st metacarpal Abduct thumb

Abductor pollicisbrevis

90 29 flexor retinaculum and tubercles ofscaphoid and trapezium

proximal phalanx of thumb abducts thumb

LOWER LIMB (Thigh Movements)Muscle # on little torso

model# on legmodel

Origin Insertion ActionGluteus maximus 101 3 ilium, sacrum, coccyx iliotibial tract, posterior femur extension, outward rotation of femur

Gluteus medius 102 4 Ilium Greater trochanter of femur Abduction, medial rotation of femur

Piriformis Sacrum Greater trochanter of femur Lateral rotation of femur

Tensor fasciaelatae

108 9 anterior superior iliac spine lateral condyle of tibia abducts and flexes thigh

Adductor longus 115 13 Pubis linea aspera of femur flexes and medially rotates femur

Adductor magnus 117 14 Pubis and ischium Gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera Adducts and extends thigh

LOWER LIMB (Thigh and Lower Leg Movements)

A-8

Muscle # on little torsomodel

# on legmodel

Origin Insertion ActionHamstring: Bicepsfemoris

120 18 long head: ischial tuberosityshort head: linea aspera of femur

head of fibula, lateral condyle oftibia

Collective action (Hamstrings): flexlower leg, extends thigh

Hamstring:Semitendinosus

118 16 ischial tuberosity tibia Collective action (Hamstrings): flexlower leg, extends thigh

Hamstring: Semimembranosus

119 17 ischial tuberosity medial condyle of tibia Collective action (Hamstrings): flex lower leg, extends thigh

QuadricepsFemoris: Rectus femoris

11011a

anterior inferior iliac spine,superior rim of acetabulum

patella, tibial tuberosity collective action (quadriceps):extension of lower leg. Independently flexes femur

QuadricepsFemoris: Vastus lateralis

112 11c linea aspera lateral condyle of tibia, iliotibialtract

collective action (quadriceps):extension of lower leg

QuadricepsFemoris: Vastus medialis

113 11b linea aspera patella collective action (quadriceps):extension of lower leg

QuadricepsFemoris: Vastus intermedius

111 11d anterior and lateral surface of femur patella collective action (quadriceps):extension of lower leg

Sartorius 109 10 anterior superior iliac spine medial surface of tibia flex and medially rotate thighGracilis 116 15 pubic bone medial surface of tibia adducts, flexes, rotates thigh

medially

LOWER LIMB (Lower Leg and Foot Movements)

A-9

Muscle # on little torsomodel

# on legmodel

Origin Insertion ActionTriceps surae:Gastrocnemius

126 24a, b medial and lateral condyles offemur (2 heads)

posterior surface of calcaneus plantar flexion

Triceps surae:Soleus

127 24c heads of fibula and tibia posterior surface of calcaneus plantar flexion

Tibialis anterior 121 19 Lateral condyle and upper 2/3 oftibia

Medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsal Dorsiflexion,Inverts foot

Tibialis posterior 129 28 Tibia, fibula, interosseus membrane Navicular, cuneiforms, cuboid, 2nd,3rd

4th metatarsals

plantar flexion

Fibularis longus(=Peroneus longus)

124 22 Head and upper surface of fibula 1st metatarsal plantar flexion, everts foot

Fibularis brevis(=Peroneus brevis)

125 23 Lower lateral surface of fibula 5th metatarsal plantar flexion

Flexor digitorumlongus

130 27 lower posterior surface of tibia distal phalanges of digits 2-5 flexes distal phalanges of 2-5

Flexor hallucislongus

131 29 Lower posterior fibula Distal phalanx of first toe Flexion of first toe

Extensor digitorumlongus

122 21 Upper anterior fibula Middle and distal phalanges ofdigits 2-5

Extension of toes, dorsiflexion

Extensor hallucislongus

123 20(under21)

Fibula, interosseus membrane Distal phalanx of 1st toe Extends 1st toe, dorsiflexion