Free at Last?Issue 1 - Immigration

1. Define immigration. The movement of people into a country

2. What was the American population in 1800s and 1920

2 million to 100 million

3. What is the constitution? A document created when America became independent from Britain stating how the country would be ran, and what rights the people had.

4. What was/is the American dream?

The idea that anyone, no matter their background, could leave their home country and start a better life.

5. Explain the difference between the melting pot and salad bowl theories.

The melting pot theory states that after people from different cultures mixed, their children after a few generations would be “American”. The salad bowl theory states that though all the people are living in America, they are not themselves “American”.

6. When you immigrated into America, where would you be processed?

Ellis Island

7. What is a ghetto? A ghetto is an area of city or town that is of generally lower quality than that of the rest of the surrounding place and is dominated by one ethnic group.

8. What is the difference between a push and pull reason?

A pull reason is a positive attribute of America and a push reason is a negative about the country they are coming from

9. What does WASP stand for? White Anglo Saxon Protestant

10. What does Anglo-Saxon Northern Europe (e.g.

mean? Scandanavia, Britain, Germany)

11. Why did the WASPs believe that they had a right to the resources in America?

The old immigrants believed that since they had defeated the “red Indians”, it was their right to settle the rest of America.

12. Although the Irish were amongst the first immigrant groups to America, why were they not wasps?

The majority of Irish immigrants were Catholic, not protestant.

13. 4 examples of countries the new immigrants came from.

Russia, Italy, Chinese, Poland

14. 3 examples of push reasons that pushed immigrants out of their homelands.

Unemployment, Poverty, Jewish persecution in Poland and Russia

15. 4 things that stood in the way of immigrants achieving the American dream.

Racism, Poverty, Language Barrier, Slums

16. What does the inscription on the base of the statue of liberty say?

No matter your background, you are welcome in America. (I lift my lamp beside the golden door)

17. 3 things that would have happened to immigrants on Ellis Island

Medical inspection with the outcome written on their back. Those deemed mentally unfit would be returned home. Asked questions about origin and if they had a job to go to. Many immigrants had their names “Anglicised”.

18. In which cities did the Irish become involved in policing?

New York and Boston

19. What was Tammany Hall? A charitable organisation with the intent of helping immigrants when they first arrived with housing, jobs etc. It became very wealthy and politically powerful, later infamous for its corruption, bribery and control of politicians, policemen and judges.

20. Six reasons why attitudes to immigration started to

Red scare, competition for jobs, worries that

change. immigrants would bring over crime and organised gang violence, racism, WW1, Dillingham Commission

21. What type of tests did the Dillingham commission recommend immigrants should take?

Literacy tests.

22. From which country did Americans fear communism would spread?

Russia

23. Why was this? Because Russia went under a communist revolution in 1917

24. What helped to spread fears about the political beliefs of immigrants?

Films

25. What is anarchism? No government, no laws, everything in the control of the people.

26. How were fears of communism and anarchism made worse?

Bombings took place at Wall Street, the Attorney General’s house. Letter bombs were sent to some politicians and government officials.

27. Why is the trial of Sacco and Vanzetti so important?

The American population during the 1920s were more than willing to sentence two men to death on grounds of race and political beliefs than for the crimes they supposedly committed.

28. What was the first major law to restrict immigration to the USA?

The Chinese exclusion of 1882. There was later a blanket ban in 1902.

29. How did the first world war effect attitudes towards immigrants?

Tension between immigrants from Germany and Austria and America was fighting against them from 1917.

30. The dates of the two immigration acts.

1921 and 1924.

31. In the 1921 act, how was immigration restricted?

3% of each nationality allowed in based on census

data from 191032. In the 1924 act, they changed

this to figures from which date?

1890

33. What is the significance of this?

This made the numbers for the newer groups of immigrants much smaller, meaning less would be able to immigrate each year.

34. There was also a total cap of what put on immigration?

150,000

Issue 2 – Separate but Equal

1. When was slavery ended in America?

1865

2. What did the 14th amendment of the US constitution state?

Full civil liberties, freedom and equality (for all) 1868

3. What did the 15th amendment to the US constitution state?

No person in the USA could have their right to vote taken away from them just because of their colour or race. 1870

4. In the American civil war, which side wanted to keep slavery?

The south.

5. What were the Jim Crow laws?

Segregated black and white people.

6. Examples of places where black and white Americans were separated.

Transport, Toilets and drinking fountains, Cinemas, Schools, Hospitals, Barbers, Parks, Graveyards, Marriage, Pools and Beaches.

7. Where does the name Jim Crow come from?

An over-exaggerated stage performance meant to represent a stereo-typical black person.

8. 6 ways in which black Americas were prevented from registering to vote?

KKK intimidation, Literacy tests, poor schooling, the Grandfather clause, poll taxes and impossible questions (E.g. How many bubbles are in a bar of soap?)

9. What was the year of the Supreme Court decision?: Separate but Equal

1896

10. What was the name of the man that protested?

Homer Plessey

11. What was his protest? He sat in the white carriage on a train.

12. In which court did his case end up?

The Supreme Court

13. What did Plessey argue? That it was a breaking of his 14th amendment right.

14. What was the Supreme Court’s decision?

The “Separate but Equal” decision says that as long as the facilities provided for both blacks and whites are the same, it is ok that they are separated. This legalised all forms of segregation.

15. What does KKK stand for? Ku Klux Klan16. The dates of the three phases

of the Klan.1860s (after civil war), 1915/1920s (in response to the “immigration threat”) and 1950/60s (in response to the civil rights campaigns)

17. Apart from black Americans, who else were the Klan opposed to?

Jews, Catholics and Divorced Women

18. Two ways in which the KKK tried to scare superstitious black Americans?

KKK members were ghosts of Civil War soldiers, white hoods and robes.

19. What was the name of the 1915 KKK movie?

“The Birth of a Nation”

20. What was the symbol that the clan were active on a given night?

A burning cross.

21. The KKK was known as “The Invisible _____”

Empire

22. What did the Klansmen do to their victims?

Kidnapped, whipped, mutilated, murdered and/or lynching

23. In what year did the KKK march in Washington?

1925

24. Why was it hard to stop the Klan?

A lot of the police, judges, and politicians would have been Klansmen themselves.

Lots of corruption (blackmail/bribery of the above)

25. What were the dates of the great migration?

1910-1940

26. The great migration is the movement of black people from where to where?

The south of America to the north.

27. How did the black population of the north increase from 1910 to 1940?

1910 – 10% of the black population lived in the north, 1940 – 22% of the black population. (The black population of the north more than doubled.)

28. 3 examples of cities in the north that black Americans moved to.

Detroit, Chicago, East St. Louis

29. Which industry in Detroit attracted many black migrants?

Cars (or Pittsburgh for the steel industry)

30. 3 push reasons that pushed blacks from the south during the great migration.

KKK violence, sharecropping, flooding of the Mississippi in the 1920s

31. What two things were black migrants and poor white Americans competing for in the northern cities?

Jobs and housing

32. Year of the East St. Louis riot. 191733. Year of the Chicago riots. 191934. Summarise the causes of the

East St. Louis riots.Strike replaced by black workers.

35. Summarise the cause of the Chicago riots.

Eugene Williams drowned and police didn’t arrest the perpetrator.

36. A positive impact of the great migration.

Black music, art and culture (E.g. Harlem renaissance in NY and Mow town music in Detroit)

37. Why was there even more migration to the north during the 1940s?

Due to migration from Europe being cut off because of the second world war companies called for more black migrants to come north.

38. In what year was the Detroit riot?

1943

39. In what year was the Harlem 1943

riot?40. Which civil rights movement

was formed in 1942CoRE (Congress of Racial Equality)

41. Which other civil rights group saw its membership increase by X9 (50,000 to 45,000).

NAACP

42. Who were the Tuskegee airmen?

A black bomber escort unit during WW2

43. What freedoms did black American service men experience abroad that they didn’t have at home?

Treated more equally in Europe (E.g. freedom to drink anywhere with anyone)

44. What is the Double V campaign?

Victory abroad (against the axis), victory at home (for civil rights)

45. Two ways in which the campaign was publicised.

Double V celebrity supporters and Double V baseball games.

46. Who was A. Phillip Randolph? Civil rights campaigner that threatened a march on Washington during WW2

47. What were his three demands?

No more segregation in government jobs, no more segregation in the armed forces and government support to end segregation in all jobs.

48. Roosevelt agreed to one of them, what was the name of executive order?

Executive order 8802

49. Which one of Randolph’s demands were agreed to in the order?

No more segregation in government jobs.

50. When did segregation in the armed forces continue until?

1950s

Section 3 – Civil Rights Campaigns (1945 – 1965): Part 1

1. The names and dates of the three key cases in the desegregation of education.

Brown v. Topeka 1954, Little Rock 1957, James Meredith 1962 (University of Mississippi Law School)

2. How old was Linda Brown? 83. Who supported Linda

Brown’s case?NAACP

4. Was the court case solely No, it was the combination

about Linda Brown? of multiple cases. Linda’s surname came first.

5. In what year did they win their case?

1954

6. Which court did the case go to?

The Supreme Court

7. Which previous decision did the supreme court overturn?

Separate but Equal

8. Explain if this decision was/wasn’t immediately effective.

By the end of 1956, there was still not one black child in a white school in the south.

9. Why was this case important and significant?

It was the first in a series of court cases in the civil rights movement.

10. In what year was Emmett Till murdered?

1955

11. How old was he? 1412. Where was he from? Chicago13. Where was he visiting his

relatives?Mississippi

14. What is the name of the woman he supposedly wolf whistled?

Carolyn Bryant

15. What was he alleged to have said to her?

“Bye baby.”

16. Who murdered Emmett Till? Rob Bryant and his half-brother.

17. How was Emmett Till murdered?

Beaten and bruised, eye gouged out and barbed wire and an engine round his neck.

18. What was the only way that Emmett Till could be recognised?

A ring with his name inscribed on it.

19. What did Mamie Till insist should be done with her son’s body?

Placed in an open casket for his funeral.

20. Why did she do this? To serve as an example of racist beatings.

21. What happened to the two men that carried out the murder?

They were caught, tried, found innocent and because of “Double Jeopardy”, could not be tried again so sold their story to the papers.

22. Two reasons why the murder of Emmett Till was important to the Civil Rights Movement.

TV in people’s homes and the trial was shown on television. Raises awareness of black Americans in the north.

23. The year of the bus boycott. 195524. City of the bus boycott. Montgomery, Alabama25. Name of the woman at the

centre of the case.Rosa Parks

26. What was her crime? Refusing to move after the sign signifying the black area of the bus was moved backwards to allow more area for white passengers.

27. Which organisation was Rosa Parks a member of?

NAACP

28. Was this a spontaneous protest?

No, challenging the law. Yes, the boycott.

29. On what date in 1955 was Rosa Parks arrested?

1st of December

30. How long did the bus boycott last?

381 days

31. Why was the bus boycott so effective in terms of its effect on the bus companies?

Black people in Montgomery made up ~70% of bus passengers, causing the companies a large economic loss. (Economic Power)

32. Two types of people that assisted black boycotters in getting to work.

Taxi Drivers (reduced fares) and Car Poolers

33. What was the outcome of the bus boycott?

Desegregation of Montgomery buses by the supreme court which ruled it “unconstitutional”.

34. Apart from economic power, 3 reasons why the bus boycott was an important protest?

Collective action (“united we are stronger”), showed the effectiveness of a peaceful protest and it was Martin Luther King Jr.’s first protest.

35. What was the name of the organisation that MLK created after the bus boycott?

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

36. What was Martin Luther King’s job?

Baptist Minister

37. Who inspired Martin Luther King?

Ghandi

38. What kind of laws did Martin Luther King say you should not obey?

“Evil laws”

39. In which state is Little Rock? Arkansas40. Which organised supported

the integration of this school?

NAACP

41. How many students were sent to the school?

9

42. Why were these students selected?

They were all A grade students.

43. Which one of the students didn’t get the message not to go into school on the first day?

Elizabeth Eckford

44. What was the name of the racist governor of Arkansas?

Orval Faubus

45. Which troops did he order to prevent the black students from getting into the school?

Arkansas National Guard

46. Which president intervened to support the Little Rock 9?

Dwight Eisenhower

47. What did he do? Sent paratroopers to defend the pupils on their way to and from school and set them to patrol the corridors to stop the pupils from being attacked.

48. What did Eisenhower also order the national guard to do?

To protect the Little Rock 9.

49. How was James Meredith supported in attending Mississippi law school?

Escorted to and from campus.

50. Who was he escorted and protected by?

Federal marshals and prison guards.

51. What happened on the day that he first attended?

He was confronted by a mob of 2000 which broke out into a riot, killing two journalists.

52. Which president supported James Meredith?

John F. Kennedy

53. What did he do? Sent in 1600 troops to defend Meredith.

54. Years of the sit-ins. 1960 and 1961.55. What was the name of the

group that organised this?Student Non-violent Co-ordinating Committee (“Snick”)

56. Name of the city in the south where the first sit-in occurred?

Greensboro, North Carolina

57. In which store was this sit-in? Woolworths (Targeted because it was a national chain)

58. What did the protesters do? Attempted to order lunch at the whites-only counter, were refused service and remained seated to the end of the day.

59. What happened the next day?

Returned the next day with more protesters.

60. What was the response of the protesters to the violence that they faced?

They didn’t respond as they had been trained in non-violence.

61. How many protesters did the sit-ins eventually involve?

700,000 by the end of the year.

62. In what other types of places were there sit-ins?

Swimming pools, cinemas, restaurants, parks etc.

63. What was the result of the sit-ins (as far as Woolworths was concerned)?

An end to segregated/whites-only counters.

64. What is this another example of?

Economic Power

65. What did the supreme court decide in 1960 as a direct result of the sit-ins?

No more segregation in public places?

66. What was the aim of the freedoms riders?

To see if the supreme court ruling in 1960 had taken effect.

67. Year of the freedom rides. 196168. Organisation that arranged

the freedom rides.CoRE (and partly SNCC)

69. Where did the route plan to take them from and to?

Washington to New Orleans

70. What did they plan to do along the way?

Black people were to go into white restrooms and vice versa.

71. What was the name of the place where the KKK firebombed the bus?

Anniston

72. How did Martin Luther King get involved with this protest?

He spoke to support them but advised them to stop as the threat of violence rises.

73. How did president Kennedy support the freedom riders?

Sent an investigator that was beaten unconscious then he sent federal troops to protect the students.

74. What action was taken against interstate bus companies?

The US government ended segregation in airports, rail and bus stations.

75. Why were the freedom rides such an effective protest?

Protesters never resorted to violence; a lot was televised, cold war, the organisation of young people, black and white, collective action.

Section 3 – Civil Rights Campaigns (1945 – 1965): Part 1

1. The month and the year of the Birmingham, Alabama protest.

May 1963

2. What was one of the tactics of MLK and the SCLC?

“Fill the jail” or “Jail no Bail”

3. Why was Birmingham chosen for the protest?

The most racist and segregated city in America,High record of police brutality and the KKK were well known for firebombing (“Bomingham”)

4. What was the name of the Chief of Police in Birmingham?

Eugene “Bull” Connor

5. What was the name of the racist governor in Alabama?

George Wallace

6. Who were the two leaders of the protest?

MLK and Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth

7. What was King and Shuttlesworth arrested for before the protest even began?

They were arrested for planning to break an order not to march.

8. What did MLK do when he was in prison?

Wrote a letter to the papers: “The Letter from Birmingham Jail”

9. What did the “C” in “Project C” stand for?

Confrontation

10. Who did MLK decide to use in the front of his march?

Black Birmingham school children

11. What was the date of the first day of the march?

2 may

12. How long did the march last? Day 1: Arrest of over 900 school childrenDay 2: Fire hoses, dogs and billy clubsDay 3: Police and firemen refusing to use the methods of day 2 againDay 4: Businesses in Birmingham offer a deal (desegregate in 90 days)

13. What were five reasons that the protest so effective?

Television coverage, young age of protestors, brutality, collective action and pressure on business.

14. 3 criticisms that were made of MLK about the protest.

Putting the protestor’s lives at risk, increased racial tension in Birmingham and the following riot at Gaston Motel

15. What 3 actions did Kennedy take?

Makes a public statement supporting the campaigners, 3000 federal troops to Birmingham, ordered an end to segregation.

16. Month and year of the march on Washington

August 1963

17. What did Kennedy promise before the march?

A new civil rights law to end segregation (promised in June 11th).

18. Who had previously suggested a march on Washington?

A Phillip Randolph

19. How many people attended the march?

200,000

20. Where in Washington did the protestors gather?

The Lincoln Memorial

21. What was the significance of the gathering at this location?

Licoln had freed the slaves almost 100 years earlier.

22. How many television networks broadcast the march?

4

23. 4 reasons why the march on Washington was so effective.

Peaceful, large attendance, it was organised by multiple civil rights groups, media attention/celebrity supporters.

24. What blow did the civil rights movement suffer in November 1963?

The assassination of JFK

25. Who was the new president? Lydon B. Johnson26. How did he follow through

with Kennedy’s promise to help the civil rights movement?

Passed the 1964 civil rights act.

27. What 2 things did the 1964 civil rights act do?

No more segregation in all public places and businesses employing more than 25 people, allowed the government to prosecute state governments that did not desegregate.

28. 2 main criticisms of the civil rights act?

Nothing to tackle the problem of voting rights, didn’t challenge racist opinions.

29. The year of the protest at Selma, Alabama.

1965

30. Why were voting rights so important to black Americans?

They were the majority in some southern states and would have more than enough power to elect a black representative.

31. Why was Selma chosen as the focus for this protest?

It had the lowest ratio of black voters registered to black population (1 in 50).

32. What was the plan for this march?

Selma to Montgomery (same place as the bus boycott)

33. What did MLK purposefully do before the march?

Got himself arrested.

34. Why was this impactful? He had just gotten a Nobel Peace Prize and Time person of the year.

35. When was the first attempt at a march?

7th of March (Bloody Sunday)

36. What happened to the protestors?

Tear gas, confronted by police on horseback.

37. What happened on the 9th of “Turnaround Tuesday”:

March? MLK led a group of protestors to the same bridge where police attacked them, knelt down and prayed and turned the other way and marched back.

38. When did the 3rd attempt at the march happen?

21st of March

39. How many people were present at the end of the march?

25,000

40. What was the result of the Selma march?

The 1965 voting rights act: Removed literacy tests and poll tax from the vote registry process.

41. Was the voting rights act effective?

Yes: Alabama 66 black voters registered to 250,000

Section 4 – Black Radicalism

1. Which organisation was Stokely Carmichael leader of?

SNCC

2. How did he change the name of the SNCC?

He changed the N from Non-violent to National

3. Why was this significant? It showed the moving away from non-violence.

4. Which slogan did Stokely Carmichael create?

“Black Power”

5. 3 things that Stokely Carmichael said that black people should do?

Take control of your own future, not co-operate with white people and fight back when attacked.

6. Where did MLK’s message not really resonate?

The northern cities.

7. What organisation was Malcom X the national spokes-person for?

The Nation of Islam?

8. Who was the founder of the Nation of Islam?

Elijah Muhammad

9. What sort of society did the nation of Islam advocate?

One that was completely separate from white society.

10. What was the name that Malcom X was born with?

Little

11. Why did he change it to X? Little was his slave name.12. When and why did he

convert to Islam?Converted when he was in prison and was inspired by his brother, who had also converted, and the teachings of the religion.

13. How did Malcom X refer to white people?

“White Devils”

14. What did Malcom X argue non-violence was another word for?

Defenceless

15. When was he assassinated? 196516. Who was responsible for his

assassination?The three gunmen were from the nation of Islam and killed him because of a disagreement with Elijah Muhammad. They had possible ties with the FBI

17. What was the proper name of the Black Panther?

The Black Panther Party for Self-Defence

18. What year was it formed? 196619. What were the panthers

willing to use to achieve their goals?

Violence

20. Who did the Panthers see as the enemy of black people?

White police

21. How did the black panthers police the police?

If they heard of an arrest, they would go to where the arrest was happening, and would stand and watch, armed. Making sure arrests were fair.

22. 7 things which they demanded.

Full employment, suitable housing, trial by black juries, the release of black political prisoners, black people didn’t have to serve military service, better education and an end to police brutality.

23. What was the name of the two leaders of the black panthers?

Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale

24. 3 identifying factors of a member of the black panthers.

Black leather jacket, black beret and a weapon.

25. Which government The FBI

organisation was paranoid about, and closely monitored the black panthers.

26. 5 positive things that the panthers organised for black communities.

Breakfast clubs for children, free health clinics, school support groups, free clothes for the poor and campaigns to stop drugs and crime in black areas.

27. How many members did the panthers have at their height?

2000

28. By 1969, how many black panther members were dead and in prison?

27 dead and 700 in prison.

29. By when did the black panthers cease to exist?

The mid-1970s

30. Which war was the USA fighting in the 1970s?

The Vietnam War.

31. Why were black Americans more likely to be conscripted in this war?

You were allowed to pass your conscription if you were in university/college or were in a certain occupation and since black people had a very high unemployment rate and low standards of education, they were more likely to be viable.

32. 3 things that the FBI did to disrupt the panthers and other black radical movements.

Spied on them, raids on their offices, disrupted community programs.

33. 5 problems that black Americans living in ghettos faced?

Unemployment, low-paid and unskilled employment, blocked from moving out of the ghettos by white estate agents, poor-quality housing and high rent, crime, drugs and gangs.

34. How did people feel about MLK and his campaign?

Felt that his campaign was only relevant to the south and didn’t tackle the problems they faced.

35. What year was the Watts riot?

1965

36. What was the percent of the 98% and 0%

population that was black and the percentage of the police force that was black.

37. 3 reasons why did race riots almost always happen in the summer?

More easily-aggrivated due to heat, longer days meaning higher likely-hood of encounters, no AC so more likely to be out on the streets.

38. What was the event that sparked off the Watts riot?

A drunk driving black man was arrested, resisted arrest, causing a fight between him and the police that escalated.

39. The death count, no. of arrests and no. of injured of the riot

34 dead, 900 jailed and 4000 injured.

40. How long did the riot last? 6 days?41. What was used to restore

calm after the riots?14,000 troops

42. In what year was the Chicago riot?

1966

43. What problem had MLK gone to Chicago to help people with?

The housing crisis.

44. What event sparked of the Chicago riot?

Black youths attacked a fire hydrant to open it and cool off.

45. What did the mayor of Chicago describe the riot as?

A small confrontation between black youths and the police.

46. What would support MLK’s assertion that it was a riot?

The escalation in violence and looting the day after.

47. How many more race riots were there in 1966?

43

48. Where was the worst one in 1966?

Detroit

49. What was the name of the commission the president made to investigate the causes of the riots?

The Kerner Comission

50. How did the Kerner commission disagree with president Johnson?

The root cause of the riots was poverty caused by a white society with no desire to help black people.

51. What percentage of black population did the Kerner

40%

commission find to be living in poverty?

52. The date of MLK’s assassination.

4 April 1968

53. Where was he assassinated? Memphis, Tennessee54. In how many cities was there

violence after his death?168

55. How many troops did it take to restore order?

70,000

56. In what year was the Olympic protest?

1968

57. What were the names of the two protestors?

John Carlos, Tommie Smith

58. How did they protest? They raised their hands in a black power salute and refused to look at the American flag.