Subject Pronouns EQ: How are subject pronouns used in Spanish?
Web view · 2016-05-24SUBJECT PRONOUNS: These word can be used as the SUBJECT or can...
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FINAL EXAM GRAMMAR NOTES Español I- Callahan
1.1 MASCULINE vs. FEMININE All nouns in Spanish have GENDER
EXCEPTIONS:el día the day la clase the classel mapa the map la mano the handel agua the water
MAKING NOUNS PLURAL If a noun ends in a VOWEL ADD -S (ex.) el libro los librosIf a noun ends in a CONSONANT ADD -ES (ex.) la lección las lecciones
**Use the MASCULINE PLURAL to refer to a group that includes both males and females.
un muchacho + una muchacha = unos muchachos
LOS ARTÍCULOSDefinite Articles “THE”= el, la, los, lasIndefinite Articles “A/AN”= un, una, unos, unas
**Articles MUST agree in number and gender with the nouns they modifyla computadora unos libros
1.2 NUMBERS 0-30
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FINAL EXAM GRAMMAR NOTES Español I- Callahan
**UNO (and numbers ending in –UNO) have more than one form: drop the –o on the masculine form if the noun that comes after it is masculine:
un lápiz veintiún lapices use a feminine form if the NOUN that comes after it is feminine:
una chica veintiuna chicas
1.3 PRESENT TENSE OF SER
SUBJECT PRONOUNS: These word can be used as the SUBJECT or can REPLACE the subject of your sentence:
There is more than one way to say “YOU” in Spanish:tú and usted—> YOU vosotros and ustedes—> YOU ALL
** TÚ and VOSOTROS/AS are INFORMAL (friends and family) **Vosotros is only used in SPAIN**• USTED and USTEDES are FORMAL (someone you don’t know very well or to whom you want to show
respect.)
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FINAL EXAM GRAMMAR NOTES Español I- Callahan
“SER” is used for:1. Permanent characteristics/ traits 2. Express the origin or nationality of someone/something3. Talk about someone’s profession4. Time
1.4 TELLING TIMETo ask what time it is, say: ¿Qué hora es? To say “it is” when telling time, use: Es la una./ Son las ..(dos, tres, cuatro).
To ask what time something is going to take place, say: ¿A qué hora…?To state what time something takes place, use: A la una./ A las …(dos, tres, cuatro).
2.1 PRESENT TENSE OF AR VERBS:To conjugate a verb in the present tense:
1.) Start with the infinitive : CANTAR2.) Take off the ending (-AR): CANT <— This is called the stem! 3.) Add the present tense AR verb endings to the stem.
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FINAL EXAM GRAMMAR NOTES Español I- Callahan
EL VERBO GUSTAR: It is NOT conjugated like the regular AR verbs. Let’s take a look:
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FINAL EXAM GRAMMAR NOTES Español I- Callahan
2.2 FORMING QUESTIONS IN SPANISH
There are 3 ways to form a yes/no question in Spanish:
1.) Simply raised the intonation of your voice at the end of a statement: Juan trabaja en la escuela.
EX: ¿Juan trabaja en la escuela?
2.) Add the tags ¿NO? or ¿verdad? to the end of a statement. Juan trabaja en la escuela.
EX: Juan trabaja en la escuela, ¿no?
3.) Switch the SUBJECT and the VERB order. Juan trabaja en la escuela. S. V.
EX: ¿Trabaja Juan en la escuela? V. S.
When you are looking for other information rather than just a YES/NO answer, use an interrogative:
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FINAL EXAM GRAMMAR NOTES Español I- Callahan
At times, answering a question in Spanish will require a change of the verb (because the subject of the answer is different than the subject of the question. Follow these guidelines when answering questions:
If the question is in the …. form…
The answer will be in the … form.
If the question is in the …. form…
The answer will be in the … form.
YO TÚ/UD NOSOTROS VOSOTROS/UDS.TÚ YO VOSOTROS
NOSOTROS
ÉL/ELLA ÉL/ELLA ELLOS/ELLAS ELLOS/ELLASUD.
YO UDS.
NOSOTROS
2.3 PRESENT TENSE of ESTAR
ESTAR – to be
Estoy I am Estamos We areEstás You are Estáis Y’all areEstá He/She/You
areEstán They/You all are
“ESTAR” is used to:1. Location2. Temporary conditions3. Emotion/ Health
** REMEMBER: HOW YOU FEEL AND WHERE YOU ARE, ALWAYS USE THE VERB ESTAR!**
ESTAR is often used with prepositions to describe the location of a person or an object:
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FINAL EXAM GRAMMAR NOTES Español I- Callahan
2.4 Los Números 31+
Para expresar un número más de 30:
30- Treinta40- Cuarenta50- Cincuenta y uno, y dos, y tres, etc…60- Sesenta70-Setenta80- Ochenta90-Noventa100- Cien/ciento
** Use cien (100) if the number is exactly 100. (EX: Tengo cien primas.)** If it is over 100, use ciento (EX: Tengo ciento veinte primos.)
3.1 DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES
** Adjectives must agree in GENDER and NUMBER with the noun the modify! EX: La muchacha es bonita. (all fem./ pl.)
El bolígrafo es amarillo. (all masc./s.)Los alumnos son inteligentes. (all masc./pl.)
** Adjectives are placed after the noun the modify!
200 Doscientos300 Trescientos400 Cuatrocientos500 Quinientos600 Seiscientos700 Setecientos800 Ochocientos900 Novecientos1,000 mil2,000 Dos mil5,000 cinco mil100,000 cien mil500,000 quinientos mil1,000,000
un millón (de)
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FINAL EXAM GRAMMAR NOTES Español I- Callahan
EX: the white t-shirt some yellow bananas
La camiseta blanca Unas bananas amarillas
3.2 POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
** Possessive adjectives, like all other adjectives agree with the noun that they modify. They agree with WHAT is being possessed (not with who possesses it.)
EX: Luisa es la nieta de Fran y Susana. Es su nieta. (Singular because nieta is singular.) Luisa y Sara son las nietas de Fran. Son sus nietas (Plural because nietas is plural.)
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
Mi/Mis my Nuestro/a/os/as
Our
Tu/Tus your Vuestro/a/os/as
Y’’all’s
Su/Sus his/her/your su/sus their/your
3.3 ER/IR VERBSTo conjugate an ER/IR verb in the present tense:
1.) Start with the infinitive : BEBER2.) Take off the ending (-ER/ -IR): BEB <— This is called the stem! 3.) Add the present tense ER/ IR verb endings to the stem.
VERBOS ER VERBOS IR
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FINAL EXAM GRAMMAR NOTES Español I- Callahan
3.4 TENER/ VENIR
TENER: to have(e-ie SCV with irregular YO form)
VENIR: to come(e-ie SCV with irregular YO form)
Tengo Tenemos Vengo VenimosTienes Tenéis Vienes VenísTiene Tienen Viene Vienen
4.1 El Verbo IR
Typically used with the word: A (to)
A + EL ALUse: IR + A + INFINITIVE to say what you are going to do.
EX: Yo voy al museo. I am going to the museum.
Yo voy a ir al museo. I am going to go to the museum.
IR: to go(irregular verb)
Voy Vamosvas vaisva van
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FINAL EXAM GRAMMAR NOTES Español I- Callahan
4.2 VERBOS de BOTA (STEM CHANGING VERBS) (O-UE, E-IE)
O-UE
Verbos AR Verbos ER Verbos IRAlmorzarContarCostarEncontrarJugar (U-UE)+ al ***MostrarRecordar
PoderVolver
MorirDormir
E-IE
Verbos AR Verbos ER Verbos IRCerrarComenzarEmpezarPensarMerendar
EntenderPerderQuerer (+ inf)Tener**
Preferir (+ inf)Venir **
Contar (O-UE)
**Verbos de cambio radical NO tienen cambian de raíz en las formas NOSOTROS/VOSOTROS
** Con el verbo JUGAR, tenemos que usar la palabra A antes del deporte a que jugamos
** Como mucho de los deportivos son masculinos (la mayoría), A+EL = ALEX: Yo juego al fútbol. / Mis amigos juegan al hockey.
4.3 VERBOS de BOTA (STEM CHANGING VERBS) (E-I)
Verbos IR
Yo cuento
Tú cuentas
Nosotros contamosVosotros costáis
Él/ella Ud. cuenta Ellos/as cuestan
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FINAL EXAM GRAMMAR NOTES Español I- Callahan Conseguir*_______________ Pedir _________________Decir*__________________ Servir_________________Repetir________________ Seguir*_________________
4.4 YO CHANGERSHere are some verbs you know with irregular YO forms:
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FINAL EXAM GRAMMAR NOTES Español I- Callahan