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Soc St-HS-US History EOC Formative Exam

Name: _________________________________________Class: _________________________________________Date: _________________________________________

1. Like Lincoln, President Andrew Johnson wanted toA. force Confederate leaders to apply for a pardon.B. restore the political status of the Southern states.C. provide land and education to all Southern refugees.D. secure the right to vote for African Americans.

2. In an effort to rebuild their prewar world, many Southern statesA. established black codes.B. encouraged African Americans to vote.C. prohibited violence against African Americans.D. elected Radical Republicans to Congress.

3. In the Dred Scott decision, the Supreme Court ruled that enslaved African AmericansA. were citizens. B. living on free soil were considered free.C. were entitled to sue in courts. D. were property.

4. The Bessemer process created strong, lightweightA. steel. B. oil.C. iron. D. coal.

5. Following the Civil War, African Americans in the SouthA. gained access to education through basic-literacy schools.B. were denied membership in the Farmers’ Alliance.C. felt betrayed by ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment.D. became fully integrated in the society of the New South.

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6. The table below provides information about the African-American population in several cities after the Civil War.

 Which condition in society was primarily responsible for the change in urban population?

A. absence of agricultural employment in Southern communitiesB. lack of political representation in Southern communitiesC. availability of job opportunities in Northern citiesD. prevalence of racial equality in Northern cities

7. The Dawes General Allotment Act of 1887A. recognized Native American tribes as independent nations.B. presented land to individual tribes.C. granted each Native American family a 160-acre farmstead.D. improved the reservation system.

8. In the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality ofA. Jim Crow laws. B. poll taxes.C. literacy tests. D. grandfather clauses.

9. The goals of which organization included providing education on new farming techniques and calling for the regulation of railroad and grain elevator rates?

A. the Chautauqua Circuit B. the Interstate Commerce CommissionC. Las Gorras Blancas D. the National Grange

10. Populism had a lasting effect onA. the structure of political parties. B. government regulation of factories.C. the style of politics in the United States. D. the organization of labor unions.

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11. The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) monitoredA. telegraph operations. B. steel mills.C. railroad operations. D. factories.

12. In the late 1800s, how did railroad monopolies create economic hardships for farmers?

A. by claiming productive land for business leaders to developB. by charging high prices to ship agricultural goods to marketC. by separating farmers from profitable markets in western citiesD. by isolating farmers from technological developments in eastern cities

13. Many social Darwinists believed that the United States would grow strong byA. using public funds to assist the poor.B. allowing its most vigorous members to rise to the top.C. regulating business practices.D. encouraging technological innovations.

14. An important result of the Haymarket Riot was that itA. led to higher wages throughout the railroad industry.B. caused extensive damage throughout Homestead, Pennsylvania.C. left employers and much of America suspicious of unions.D. drove the Pullman Palace Car Company into bankruptcy.

15. Progressives shared a belief that industrialization and urbanizationA. should be supported despite the dangers they posed.B. would not occur in the United States without their support.C. had created serious social and political problems.D. should be completely banned by legislation.

16. Imperialist nations built up their military strengthA. despite the warnings of Alfred T. Mahan.B. because manufacturers insisted that they do so.C. to expand and protect their interests around the world.D. to protect extractive economies from exploitation.

17. Socially conscious journalists who dramatized the need for reform were known asA. yellow journalists. B. social gospelists.C. novelists. D. muckrakers.

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18. The belief that life consists of competitive struggles in which only the fittest survive is known as

A. socialism. B. the Social Gospel.C. social Darwinism. D. jingoism.

19. The cartoon below depicts a social issue in United States history.

 With which social issue is this cartoon associated? 

A. the power of political machines during the Second Industrial RevolutionB. the power of big businesses during the Second Industrial RevolutionC. the influence of immigration quotas during the Gilded AgeD. the influence of suffrage reformers during the Gilded Age

20. Sensational headlines and pictures were characteristic of theA. newspapers owned by Matthew Perry.B. Yellow Press.C. newspapers owned by Gifford Pinchot.D. Great White Press.

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21. Shortly after the U.S. victory in the Spanish-American War, U.S. forcesA. surrendered Puerto Rico in the “Gentlemen’s Agreement.”B. returned control of Cuba to Spain.C. launched a guerrilla war in Panama.D. fought against an insurrection in the Philippines.

22. The diagram below provides details about United States involvement in China during the late 1800s and early 1900s.

 Which phrase completes the diagram?

A. United States Develops Interest in Chinese MarketsB. United States Makes Commitment to Free ElectionsC. United States Plans Establishment of Military BasesD. United States Supports Democracy in Chinese Communities

23. The Open Door Policy was an assertion of America’sA. interest in trade with Japan.B. desire that all western powers leave China.C. interest in trade with Europe.D. desire for free trade with China.

24. Many Americans denounced Germany for its sinking of theA. Maine. B. Lusitania.C. Titanic. D. U-boat.

25. Widespread support for the American war effort during World War I was promoted by theA. Public Education Committee. B. Committee on Public Education.C. Committee on Public Information. D. Committee for War Development.

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26. The movement of African Americans from the rural South to the industrial North in the early 1900s is known as the

A. Great Migration. B. Northern Migration.C. Underground Railroad. D. Trail of Tears.

27. President Wilson’s “peace without victory” idea formed a key part ofA. the Fourteen Points. B. the theory of self-determination.C. the Alien Act. D. the Sedition Act.

28. The newspaper headline below describes a significant event in U.S. foreign affairs.

 How did this event contribute to the United States' entry into World War I?

A. It furthered anti-government protests in the United States.B. It encouraged anti-immigration campaigns in the United States.C. It became necessary for President Wilson to propose a plan for peace.D. It became difficult for President Wilson to defend a policy of neutrality.

29. How did the end of World War I affect the economic opportunities available to women and African Americans?

A. It had little effect on either group.B. Women gained jobs, but African Americans lost them.C. It spelled the end of many economic opportunities for both groups.D. Both groups enjoyed increased opportunities after the war.

30. After World War I, what did the U.S. government hope to achieve by lending money to Germany?

A. technological and military assistance from EuropeB. political and economic stability in EuropeC. investments for United States industriesD. profits for United States banks

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31. The Harlem Renaissance was an important cultural outpouring in which African American writers

A. downplayed race and focused on inventive language.B. explored the pains and joys of being black in America.C. created the first truly American form of literature.D. denounced jazz as an un-American form of music.

32. The excerpt below was written by Langston Hughes in 1926.

 Based on the excerpt, what advice would Langston Hughes have given to young African Americans during the Harlem Renaissance?

A. He would have challenged them to further their literary training.B. He would have encouraged them to celebrate their racial identity.C. He would have suggested that they shape a tradition of passive resistance.D. He would have recommended that they promote a tradition of racial tolerance.

Use Documents A and B to answer questions 33 and 34.

Document A NICOLA SACCO: Yes, sir. I am no orator. It is not very familiar with me the English language, and as I know, as my friend has told me, my comrade Vanzetti will speak more long, so I thought to give him the chance.  I never knew, never heard, even read in history anything so cruel as this Court. After seven years prosecuting they still consider us guilty. And these gentle people here are arrayed with us in this court today. I know the sentence will be between two classes, the oppressed class and the rich class, and there will be always collision between one and the other. We fraternize the people with the books, with the literature. You persecute the people, tyrannize them and kill them. We try the education of people always. You try to put a path between us and some other nationality that hates each other. That is why I am here today on this bench, for having been of the oppressed class. Well, you are the oppressor. You know it, Judge Thayer--you know all my life, you know why I have been here, and after seven years that you have been persecuting me and my poor wife, and you still today sentence us to death. I would like to tell all my life, but what is the use? You know all about what I say before, that is, my comrade, will be talking, because he is more familiar with the language, and I will give him a chance. My comrade, the kind man to all the children, you sentenced him two times, in the Bridgewater case and the Dedham case, connected with me, and you know he is innocent.

 -From statement at sentencing, trial transcripts, the case of Sacco and Vanzetti April 1927

  

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Document B 

-Library of Congress Digital Collection, Artist Ben Shahn

33. According to the trial transcript, what did Sacco believe about court and the trial?

A. The court sought to uphold the rights of the poorer classes over the wealthy.B. The trial was an opportunity to unite people of different ethnic groups.C. The trial was an example of how the wealthy class oppressed the poor and uneducated.D. The trial proved that immigrants, even those who were unfamiliar with the language could

expect a fair trial.

34. According to the poster, how does the artist suggest that Sacco and Vanzetti might have characterized their trial?

A. as a failure because they were ultimately found guilty and executedB. that the trial and their subsequent execution provided a forum for them to address the ills of

the 1920sC. that the trial demonstrated how all men were equal in the eyes of the lawD. that even a poor shoemaker and fish peddler could gain the attention of the wealthy classes

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35. The economic good times of the 1920s became threatened byA. too much wealth being concentrated in the hands of farmers.B. a lack of credit and a steady decline in worker productivity.C. restrictions that limited how many stocks an individual could own.D. uneven distribution of wealth and growing consumer debt.

36. One of the main reasons for the 1929 stock market crash was thatA. stock prices had been too tightly controlled by the government.B. too few people had been investing in the stock market.C. investors had not been allowed to borrow money to pay for stocks.D. stock prices had risen too high because of speculation.

37. The Hawley-Smoot Tariff helped spread the depression globally becauseA. it drastically reduced the price of foreign goods.B. it caused American goods to flood European markets.C. European countries retaliated with their own protective tariffs.D. Americans responded to it by refusing to ship goods overseas.

38. The Bonus Army was a group of World War I veterans who were violently disbanded after they came to Washington, D.C. to

A. seek early payment of the money promised to them by Congress.B. demand higher pay for all workers who were veterans.C. start a soup kitchen for jobless veterans during the depression.D. march in support of President Hoover’s reelection.

39. The Federal Deposit Insurance CorporationA. was established to regulate the stock market.B. was created despite strong objections from President Roosevelt.C. insured bank deposits up to $2,500.D. ensured that Social Security payments would be made on time.

40. The Agricultural Adjustment Act raised crop prices by paying farmersA. to stop raising cattle and to start raising sheep.B. not to plant all of their land and to kill excess livestock.C. to raise only cash crops such as cotton, corn, and wheat.D. not to move to the cities and compete for scarce factory jobs.

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41. The political cartoon below depicts President Franklin Roosevelt in 1934.

Based on the cartoon, how did President Roosevelt want to ease the Great Depression?

A. by expanding the role of government in citizens' livesB. by expanding the authority of legislative representativesC. by regulating the stock purchases by individual investorsD. by restricting the spending by government on domestic projects

42. Which policy would John Maynard Keynes consider pump priming?A. regulating the stock market to restrict speculationB. raising taxes on the poor to discourage immigrationC. setting up tariffs to protect U.S. firms from foreign competitionD. funding public-works projects to put unemployed people to work

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43. According to his critics, why did President Roosevelt propose increasing the number of justices on the Supreme Court?

A. to help the Court work more efficientlyB. to increase the power of the CourtC. to help the elderly justices with their workloadD. to get more New Deal supporters on the Court

44. U.S. leaders in the 1920s hoped to keep the rest of the worldA. at war to maintain high demand for U.S. products.B. from ratifying the Kellogg-Briand Pact.C. from collecting America’s unpaid war debts.D. at arm’s length in order to avoid another war.

45. The significant changes in the manners, morals, and mindset of many women in the 1920s came to be symbolized by the

A. bootlegger. B. Teapot Dome scandal.C. flapper. D. Model T.

46. Who advocated separation of the races?A. W.E.B. Du Bois B. Booker T. WashingtonC. Marcus Garvey D. Louis Armstrong

47. What was Congress’s purpose in passing the Lend-Lease Act?A. to lease U-boats from Germany and then lend them to BritainB. to charge Britain more for U.S. weapons than Britain could affordC. to provide equal amounts of aid to Britain and GermanyD. to provide Britain with the aid it needed but could not afford

48. What is one way American women mobilized for the war effort?A. They joined the U.S. Army, Navy, and Coast Guard auxiliaries.B. They flew more than 500 combat missions in fighter planes.C. They served as Navajo Code Talkers in the war in the Pacific.D. They fought in the island-hopping campaign in the Pacific.

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49. Some 100,000 Japanese Americans were evacuated from the West Coast during World War II and made to live in internment camps

A. because they refused to serve in the U.S. military.B. but eventually were freed by the Korematsu v. United States ruling.C. because some West Coast leaders questioned their loyalty.D. because most Japanese Americans supported Japan in the war.

50. The excerpt below is from an order issues in Florida during World War II.

Why did the state of Florida issue this order?

A. to limit community social activities during the warB. to conserve scarce energy resources during the warC. to conceal coastal military operations from German spiesD. to protect coastal settlements from German submarine attacks

51. President Truman decided to use the atomic bomb against JapanA. to prolong the war. B. to save American lives.C. to test the bomb. D. to prove an ethical point.

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52. What was the goal of Hitler’s “Final Solution”?A. a military victory over the Soviets that would ensure a supply of oilB. the unification of all Germanic people into the Third ReichC. the extermination of all Jews in areas controlled by GermanyD. the elimination of all socialist and communist regimes in Europe

53. At Yalta, the “Big Three” agreed thatA. Bulgaria, Poland, and Romania would be free and hold elections.B. Germany would be divided into four occupied zones after the war.C. the Soviets would enter the war against the Japanese.D. the United States would help the Soviets build atomic weapons.

54. Shortly after World War II,A. European countries resumed their competition for colonies.B. Great Britain and the Soviet Union emerged as superpowers.C. leading Nazis were put on trial for their actions during the war.D. the countries of Eastern Europe became strong democracies.

55. What did many Americans realize about the United States as a result of World War II?A. Only a return to U.S. isolationism could prevent future conflicts.B. U.S. prosperity hinged on world peace and economic development.C. The war had badly damaged America’s position in the world.D. U.S. support for the United Nations would likely trigger a new war.

56. At Potsdam, Harry S. Truman hoped that Joseph Stalin would confirm the Soviet Union’s plan to

A. continue to control all of Germany.B. allow free elections in France and Spain.C. support Great Britain’s effort to become a U.S. satellite state.D. establish representative governments in Eastern Europe.

57. In its policy of massive retaliation, the United States warned it wouldA. meet communist threats to U.S. allies with overwhelming force.B. severely punish any attack by Greece against Turkey.C. use nuclear weapons against any allies that embraced communism.D. imprison all communists found to be living in the United States.

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58. The fear that communists were working to destroy American life created a reaction known as the

A. Red Terror. B. Red Fright.C. Red Fear. D. Red Scare.

59. What did the term McCarthyism become a catchword for?A. U.S. foreign policy during the 1950sB. extreme, reckless chargesC. a provable charge of communist activityD. the act of spying on behalf of the Soviet Union

60. How did the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Warsaw Pact intensify the Cold War?

A. by establishing military alliances based on political philosophiesB. by creating economic unions based on political bordersC. by providing funds for nuclear laboratoriesD. by identifying locations for military bases

61. What was a key provision of the GI Bill of Rights?A. the desegregation of the militaryB. the financial aid it gave to veterans who wanted to go to collegeC. the right it gave draftees to refuse military serviceD. the health-care insurance it provided to veterans’ families

62. In 1946, Winston Churchill used the term iron curtain to refer to theA. heavily fortified border between Poland and the Soviet Union.B. boundary between Western Europe and communist Eastern Europe.C. border between Eastern Europe and the communist Soviet Union.D. boundary separating Eastern Europe from East Germany.

63. What was the fundamental change in the postwar economy?A. the rapid growth of the service sectorB. the rapid growth of the manufacturing sectorC. the steady increase in the number of farmersD. the decline of jobs in the information industries

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64. The information below describes some key provisions of the 1944 GI Bill of Rights.

 Which sentence describes how post-World War II society was affected by the GI Bill of Rights?

A. Political participation became possible for a broader portion of society.B. Economic success became available for a broader portion of society.C. Farmers neglected to utilize agricultural technologies.D. Businesses failed to develop innovative products.

65. The Truman Doctrine set a new course for American foreign policy byA. promising help to nations struggling against communism.B. canceling aid to former allies in Western Europe.C. helping Japan reestablish its military strength.D. severing America’s alliance with Great Britain.

66. What organization did the Soviet Union create in response to the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization?

A. the Geneva ConventionB. the Yalta ConferenceC. the Warsaw PactD. the South East Asia Treaty Organization

67. The Korean War began whenA. Soviet forces attacked North Korea.B. North Korean forces invaded South Korea.C. U.S. forces attacked North Korea.D. Chinese forces invaded South Korea.

68. Why did President Truman fire General MacArthur?A. The general rejected South Korea’s offer of a truce.B. The general refused the president’s order to invade North Korea.C. The general invaded China without the president’s authorization.D. The general’s letter attacking the president became public.

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69. Fear of Mutual Assured Destruction kept the Soviets and AmericansA. from producing large stockpiles of nuclear weapons.B. on friendly terms throughout the entire Cold War.C. from ever using a nuclear weapon against each other.D. from ever officially admitting that they had nuclear weapons.

70. In response to the Cuban missile crisis, President KennedyA. offered to remove U.S. missiles from Great Britain.B. approved a naval quarantine of Cuba.C. ordered that the Berlin Wall be destroyed.D. sent a CIA-led force of Cuban exiles to invade Cuba.

71. In 1965, President Johnson significantly increased the number of U.S. troops in Vietnam because

A. air strikes had made it safe for ground forces to enter the war.B. communist forces continued to fight despite intense U.S. bombing.C. South Vietnamese troops were no longer willing to fight.D. he believed that the United States was close to final victory.

72. In what way was the Tet Offensive a strategic blow to the Americans?A. The South Vietnamese refused to help U.S. forces in the fighting.B. It sparked uprisings that spread throughout South Vietnam.C. The communists proved their will and ability to keep fighting.D. The North Vietnamese captured key cities in South Vietnam.

73. The United States ended its involvement in the Vietnam War becauseA. of the failings of Vietnamization and growing dissent in America.B. the North Vietnamese threatened to start using nuclear weapons.C. the U.S. defeat at My Lai proved that victory was impossible.D. U.S. losses were so high when North Vietnam captured Saigon.

74. The Vietnam War harmed the Great Society program becauseA. the U.S. military refused to administer the Great Society program.B. the War Powers Act ended the president’s role in domestic policy.C. most Americans backed the war instead of Great Society goals.D. paying for the war left less money for programs to end poverty.

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75. The high point of President Nixon’s foreign policy efforts wasA. the defeat of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty with the Soviets.B. South Vietnam’s surprise victory after the Paris Peace Accords.C. his trip to China, which led to official recognition of that country.D. bringing a “new federalism” to the U.S. government.

76. The photograph below shows President Richard Nixon on a 1972 overseas diplomatic trip.

 What was a long-term consequence of the event shown in the photograph?

A. the easing of Cold War tensionsB. the easing of Vietnam War protestsC. a commitment to preserve historical landmarksD. a commitment to continue humanitarian missions

77. The events that led to the Montgomery bus boycott were set in motionA. when Martin Luther King, Jr., called for the boycott.B. when Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus.C. before the Supreme Court handed down Brown v. Board of Education.D. after Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1957.

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78. The timeline below displays the sequence of some of the Great Society programs.

 How did President Lyndon Johnson believe these programs would change society?

A. by creating economic incentives for entrepeneurshipB. by promoting equal opportunity and reducing povertyC. by developing government agencies to monitor race relationsD. by encouraging civic participation and eliminating infectious diseases

79. A major challenge during President Carter’s administration wasA. the economic impact of a severe oil crisis.B. the reaction to his pardon of Richard Nixon.C. deflation, which ate away at people’s savings.D. his lack of respect for human rights.

80. The hostage crisis in Iran caused Americans toA. embrace the policies of Ayatollah Khomeini.B. feel more secure about U.S. strength in the Middle East.C. realize that nuclear war with the Soviets was inevitable.D. become more concerned about conflicts in the Middle East.

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81. The graph below provides information about world oil supplies in 2007.

 How has the relationship between oil reserves, production, and consumption influenced United States foreign policy?

A. The United States maintains military bases in Western European countries.B. The United States contributes humanitarian aid to Central African countries.C. The United States is committed to trade relations with Central Asian countries.D. The United States is interested in maintaining stability in Middle Eastern countries.

82. Civil rights activists targeted segregation in interstate transportationA. because they knew that the states regulated interstate transportation.B. because travel between states was subject to federal regulation.C. despite the fact that most southern whites supported their efforts.D. despite the fact that trains and buses rarely crossed state lines.

83. The statement below was made during the 1960s by Jackie Robinson, the first African American to play Major League Baseball in the United States.

 Based on this statement, how did Jackie Robinson influence the civil rights movement?

A. by encouraging social activismB. by promoting racial segregationC. by collecting political contributionsD. by organizing educational programs

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84. What was the significance of the 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education?

A. It outlawed the use of poll taxes.B. It prohibited the use of racial quotas.C. It outlawed segregation in public schools.D. It prohibited discrimination by teachers' unions.

85. Why did Lyndon Johnson’s support for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 surprise many Americans?

A. He had forcefully opposed the efforts of the freedom riders.B. He had supported the Birmingham jailing of Martin Luther King, Jr.C. He had earlier threatened to veto the bill.D. He was a southerner with an unimpressive record on race issues.

86. What did the Twenty-fourth Amendment to the Constitution prohibit?A. segregation B. discriminationC. poll taxes D. reading tests at polls

87. What was the goal of the Bay of Pigs invasion?A. to overthrow Nikita Khrushchev B. to destroy Soviet missiles in CubaC. to overthrow Fidel Castro D. to free Fulgencio Batista

88. The re-energized conservative movement of the 1980s was led byA. Barry Goldwater. B. Milton Friedman.C. Lyndon B. Johnson. D. Ronald Reagan.

89. Supply-side economics rests on the theory that if taxes are reduced,A. people will horde their money, slowing down the economy.B. the role and size of the federal government will expand.C. people will have more incentive to work and more money to spend.D. the federal government will collect less money in taxes.

90. What was the Strategic Defense Initiative?A. a program to use laser technology to defend America against missilesB. a series of military actions to root out communism in Central AmericaC. a coalition of nations who volunteered to police the Middle EastD. a plan to defend Eastern Europe in the event of a Soviet attack

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91. The New Right believed that federal welfare programsA. lowered taxes and strengthened the traditional family.B. promoted economic growth and individual choice.C. were key to ending stagflation and homelessness.D. rewarded lack of effort and worsened poverty.

92. The map below provides information about population in the United States.

 Based on the information on the map, which issue has become important in local political campaigns?

A. establishing free trade in southeastern statesB. retracing voting districts in northeastern statesC. teaching language courses in northwestern statesD. debating immigration policies in southwestern states

93. The Roe v. Wade Supreme Court decisionA. assured women the right to legal abortions.B. legalized government vouchers for private schools.C. forbade religious teaching in schools.D. outlawed profanity on television and radio.

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94. In 1992, the United States signed NAFTA, an agreement toA. outlaw U.S. trade with Libya, Iran, and Iraq.B. impose heavy tariffs on goods imported from China.C. increase trade between the United States and the European Union.D. improve trade between the United States, Canada, and Mexico.

95. What increased in the post–Cold War world?A. famine outbreaks in Europe B. violent regional conflictsC. faith in communism D. peace in Somalia and Haiti

96. The terrorist attack of September 11, 2001, led toA. economic sanctions against Saudi Arabia.B. the United States severing relations with Israel.C. a major shift in American foreign policy.D. a decrease in the federal budget deficit.

97. What is the largest minority group in the United States?A. African Americans B. AsiansC. American Indians D. Latinos

98. What factors are straining Social Security?A. Americans are living longer and retiring earlier.B. Americans are living longer and retiring later.C. Americans are working fewer hours and earning less.D. Americans are changing jobs more often and working more hours.

99. What is a major benefit of globalization?A. It has led to the even distribution of wealth around the world.B. It has enabled every nation to become an industrial power.C. It has made more products and services available to more people.D. It has decreased the number of multinational corporations.

100. In the 1920s, which United States action furthered the goal of international peace?

A. signing a pact to outlaw armed conflictB. advocating a policy to promote isolationismC. holding a conference to renounce imperialismD. joining a league to secure military cooperation

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