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Version 1.0May 2013

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APUSH Mnemonic Devices - Rationale

As many of you know, a mnemonic is an instructional strategy designed to help students improve their memory of important information. This technique connects new learning to prior knowledge through the use of visual and/or phonetic cues. The basic types of mnemonic strategies of chunk, combine, or use graphics for memory enhancement. Their particular use is in developing better ways to encode information so that it will be much easier to retrieve. Research has demonstrated that the way students encode information can facilitate recall. Keep in mind mnemonics can be modified to fit a variety of APUSH course content.

The mnemonic strategies presented in this package are not to be seen as a quick fix for a lack of preparation on your part. You covered approximately 200 years of history—class notes and readings should have helped you organize the information, clarify points of importance, and help you recall connections made in class. This collection of mnemonic strategies should be seen as an efficient way to review and recall key events and individuals as you make your final push for National Exam mastery. Good Luck!!

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New Light Colleges of the Great Awakening

Hamilton’s financial Plan

The Pinckney Treaty (1795)

Washington’s Farewell Address (1796)

Fun with numbers – Louisiana Purchase

Key Amendments to the Constitution

Henry Clay’s American System

The Marshall Court (1801-1835)

Jacksonian Democracy

The Market Revolution (1815 to 1860)

The Border States during the Civil War

Fun with Numbers - William Lloyd Garrison and the Liberator

Causes of the Civil War

Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896)

Gilded Age Presidents (1876 to 1901)

Alfred T. Mahan

Fun with Numbers – New Immigration/quotas

Fun with numbers – WW II Enlistment

Eisenhower’s Farewell Address

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Results of the First Great Awakening (1739-1744)The creation of “New Light” colleges

Puritanism had declined by the 1730s, and people were upset about the decline in religious piety. The Great Awakening was a sudden outbreak of religious fervor that swept through the colonies. Led by George Whitefield (most of the gatherings were in fields)

One of the first events to unify the colonies. Split denominations thus increasing competitiveness of American churches. Brought religion to many who had lost touch with it. Undermined the older clergy. Encouraged a new wave of missionary work among the Indians and slaves

An easy way to remember the new light colleges is PRINCE RUTGER D. BROWN They Are Princeton – Rutgers –Dartmouth - Brown FYI - The Great Awakening had a strong democratic component as people People increasingly had more choice over religion (a highly American trait)  

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Hamilton’s Financial Plan (1791)

B.E.F.A.T (1791)Hamilton's financial plan: BANK of the U.S., EXCISE tax (remember Whiskey?); FUNDING at Par; ASSUMPTION of state debts; TARIFF

Why the need for a plan? DEBT!!!!

The Bank of the United States – Hamilton submitted a recommending the chartering of a national bank that would be capitalized at $10 million and would mainly be funded by private investors. The bank would circulate currency and collect and lend $ to the Treasury. But the big question was – did the Constitution allow the creation of the Bank? The debate over the Bank led to the formation of political parties as the Jeffersonian Democrats challenged the Constitutionality of the bank.

An excise tax (a tax on domestic goods) led to a frontier protest from Whiskey farmers in Western Pennsylvania. Washington sent 12,000 troops to put down the rebellion in the first exercise of federal power. A nice case study when comparing domestic rebellion under the Articles of Confederation (Shay’s Rebellion) and the Federal Constitution

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Funding at Par - In the Report on Public Credit (1790) – Hamilton proposed that Congress assume state debts, combine them w/the national debt, and redistribute the burden of the debt equally throughout the states. He also wanted to issue new government securities covering unpaid interest

Assumption – Hamilton proposed the Federal government assume all the state debt. James Madison, objected to the Assumption Bill because it gave the central government too much power and Virginia already paid their debt. He objected to the new securities b/c he felt it was ripping off the original holders. In the end the passage of the Assumption Bill was exchanged in a series of compromises for the location of the capital in the south [on the Potomac].

Tariffs – Hamilton proposed a tariff (tax on imported goods) to generate revenue to pay down the national debt. The tariff would be the major source of revenue for the Federal government until 1913 with the passage of the Federal income tax (Sixteenth Amemendment)

Loose Constructionists. Strict Constructionists

HAMILTON said in his Defense of the

Constitutionality of the Bank (Feb. 1791): the

Congress has all the powers it is not specifically

denied so if it doesn’t say you can’t you can! POV

of the loose constructionists.

MADISON (also Jefferson and Randolph) said: no

way, if the Constitution doesn’t say you can, you

can’t. Besides, the elastic clause only allows

for necessary bills, and this is NOT necessary. POV

of the strict constructionists.

   

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The Pinckney Treaty (1795)Students often confuse the Jay Treaty (1794) and Pinckney Treaty (1795). An easy way to differentiate between the two is to identify the MISS PINCKNEY TREATY because of relation to navigation rights on the MISSissippi River

The Pinckney Treaty provisions: (Spanish concessions) The US was granted free navigation of the Mississippi River to the U.S. including right of deposit at the port city of New Orleans. This yielded large area north of Florida that had been in dispute for over a decade. The 31st parallel recognized as legal border between U.S. and Spanish Florida. Ratified by Senate in 1796.

FYI – the Jay Treaty (1794)

Treaty/Date Nations ProvisionsJay Treaty1794

United States/England

Britain withdrew from forts in Great Lakes Arbitration of Revolutionary debtsPayment for American shipping lossesU.S. gains improved trading status with Britain

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Washington’s Farewell Address (1796)The cornerstone of American Foreign Policy

In his farewell address Washington warned against evils of political parties and the danger of permanent foreign alliances (like treaty with France). Isolationism became dominant U.S. foreign policy for next 100 years. We departed for this advice…

1898 – The Spanish American and War

1917 – Attempted isolation during World War I. The Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles and the U.S. did not join the League of Nations/

1945 – At the conclusion of World War II the United States joined the United Nations (1945) ending the

$tay Away from Foreign Entanglements. The “$” in this mnemionc is a dollar sign because Washington encouraged commercial ties to build the economy

FYI - REVIEW OF WASHINGTON’s PRECEDENTS

#1 President relied on and consulted regularly with his cabinet#2 Chief executive gained the right to choose his own cabinet -- This custom grew out of Congress' respect for Washington#3 Presidential cabinet used to promote domestic programs (Hamilton)#4 Two-term office for president #5 After Jay resigned, Washington went outside the Supreme Court to select a new Chief Justice

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Fun with numbers – Louisiana Purchase (1803)The power of 15

Thomas Jefferson was 3rd President of the United States. He favored limited central government. He was chief drafter of the Declaration of Independence; approved of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and promoted ideals of republicanism. He sent out the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore this territory.

The Purchase was finalized in 1803 (18-03 = 15); Jefferson authorized $15 million dollars for the purchase and it ultimately added 15 new states to the United States of America.

The Civil War AmendmentsSlaves Can vote!!

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13 (S) Slaves Slavery is abolished!14 (C) Can Former slaves are now Citizens15 (V) Vote Voting rights for African American males

Progressive Era AmendmentsIncome Tax and Prohibition

16 Income TaX Si X teen = Ta X 18, 21 Prohibition Prohibition ( at 18 you can’t legally

drink, but at 21 you legally can)

More fun with Amendment #’s

22 The 2 term president

Ratified in 1951 after FDR was elected to four terms

Henry Clay’s American System A plan strengthen and unify the nation

The American System was a plan to strengthen and unify the nation, the American System was advanced by the Whig Party and a number of leading

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politicians including Henry Clay John Calhoun and John Quincy Adams . The System was a new form of

This mneomic is somewhat regional. We have an engineering school in the Capital District of New York State established in 1824 – R.P.I. Engineers build things – exactly what Henry Clay wanted to do!!

Re-chartering of the BankTo stabilize the currency and rein in risky state and local banks .

Protective Tariff Support for a high tariff to protect American industries and generate revenue for the federal government

Infrastructure Improvements (such as the Erie Canal) which would knit the nation together and be financed by the tariff and land sales revenues

Other examples of transportation improvements….

The Marshall Court (1801-1835)C.S. I. Marshall

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During his thirty-four years as chief justice (still a record in the Court’s history), John Marshall transformed the Court’s position within the constitutional system and fought a vigorous and skilled battle to uphold federal authority over interstate commerce and in relations between the federal government and the states. The Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall (one of Adam's finest Midnight appointments) used the bench to promote a strong central government C ONTRACTS (Dartmouth vs. Woodward) a landmark decision dealing with the application of the Contract Clause of the Constitution. The case arose when the president of Dartmouth College was deposed by its trustees, leading to the New Hampshire legislature attempting to force the college to become a public institution and thereby place the ability to appoint trustees in the hands of the governor. The Supreme Court upheld the sanctity of the original charter of the college, which pre-dated the creation of the State.

S UPREMACY (McCulloch vs. Maryland)John W. McCullough, cashier of the Baltimore branch of the Bank of the United States, was sued by Maryland because he refused to pay a tax levied on the bank by the state legislature. The case is notable because, in deciding it in favor of the bank, Chief Justice John Marshall interpreted the powers of Congress broadly. The Constitution did not specifically grant Congress the right to create a bank, but a bank was a reasonable way for Congress to exercise powers enumerated in the document. “Let the end be legitimate,” Marshall declared, “and all means which are appropriate … are constitutional.” Since the bank was constitutional and since the Constitution was the supreme law, the state tax on the bank was unconstitutional because “the power to tax involves the power to destroy.”

I NTERSTATE Commerce (Gibbons vs. Ogden)Thomas Gibbons and Aaron Ogden were rival ferryboat operators. Ogden had been granted the exclusive right to operate a ferry between New York City and New Jersey by New York State, but Gibbons set up a competing line. When Ogden sued, the Supreme Court decided that the New York law was unconstitutional because it interfered with interstate commerce, a prerogative of the federal government. By defining commerce as “intercourse” (and not merely as the movement of goods), the Court laid the basis for the later federal regulation of navigation, radio, and television, and other forms of transportation and communication.

The Age of JacksonThe Jacksonian C.U.S.P (1828)

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The election of Andrew Jackson in 1828 initiates a new and more democratic era in American political and social history. A "cusp" can be defined as a point of transition (as from one historical period to the next). The age of the common man

CAUCUS system is replaced by conventions UNIVERSAL (white male) SUFFRAGE POPULAR elections

#1. "King Caucus" ( closed door meeting of congressional party leaders) – Jeffersonian members of Congress met in caucus to nominate presidential and vice-presidential candidates. This will be replaced by national nominating conventions

#2 Universal male suffrage – New western states had liberal voter qualifications and the trend towards universal male suffrage took hold elsewhere

#3 Popular elections (and Presidential campaigning) By 1832, in most states, voters, rather than the state’s legislators chose a state’s slate of presidential electors.

The Market Revolution (1815 to 1860)iTRIP

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What's the Yankee peddler peddling? How does this image represent the Market Revolution? The northern states by the Antebellum Period, the market was booming. The market society

has commercial, consumerist mentalities, and its belief--eventually, its faith in, its defense of--free labor for the common man.

inventions (1800, 306 patents; 1860, 28,000 patents) - Samuel F. B. Morse (telegraph, 1849) Elias Howe (sewing machine, 1846; perfected by Singer); John Deere (steel plow, 1837);Cyrus McCormick (mechanical mower-reaper, 1830s) t ransportation revolution : spreading networks of turnpikes, roads, canals, and railroads National or Cumberland Road (1811, completed in 1852) ; o Erie Canal (1825, 364 miles—Albany to Buffalo); The steamboat; Robert Fulton I mmigration : 1840 to 1860, 4.2 million immigrants (mostly Irish 1845-46 [potato blight], 1.5 million); four out of five settled in the Northeast P opulation Explosion : 5.3 million in 1800 increases to more than 23 million in 1850; urban population quadruples from 1800 to 1840. By 1852-53, Boston and New York had 50% foreign-born populations. One of every two people in New York City in 1852 was born outside the United States. The Northern cities, seats of market culture, commercialism, manufacturing, were immigrant cities.  

The Border states during the Civil WarThe importance of Miss Mary Del Tucky

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The border states, Missouri Maryland, Delaware, and Kentucky - although committed to slavery chose to stay in the Union, They didn't secede and become part of the Confederacy. If they did it might have prolonged the Civil War by a few years. If Maryland joined the South it would have meant that Washington D.C., which was the U.S. capital, would have been surrounded by Confederate territory.

It would have been much harder to defend. President Lincoln was careful not to do anything to offend those border states. Even when he issued the Emancipation Proclamation on Sept 22, 1862. It declared that all slaves in states in rebellion against the U.S. would be freed. It did not include the slave states that were the border states.

William Lloyd Garrison and the Liberator (1831-1865)

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1, 820 issues published in 34 years

In 1831, William Garrison began publication of an abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator, an event that marks the beginning of an abolitionist movement. The uncompromising Garrison advocated immediate abolition of slavery in every state and territory without compensating the slave owners.

In 1833, Garrison and other abolitionists found the American Antislavery Society. He argued for "no Union with slaveholders" until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves.

1820 is an important year in the great slave debate in the United states and Garrison publishes 1, 820 issues of The Liberator

Causes of the Civil War

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Significance of 1820? 1850? 1857? 1859? 1860

C Candidate Lincoln

A Abolition

U Upper Industry

S States Rights

E Expansion of Slavery?

Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896)Separate but Equal?

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Remember that the PLESSY case

Sanctioned Segregation

PLESSY v. FERGUSON

(1896).

Homer Adolph Plessy, a light-skinned Louisiana black man, was arrested for sitting in a railroad car reserved by Louisiana law for whites. In a New Orleans court his lawyers argued that the law was unconstitutional, but Judge John H. Ferguson ruled against them, on the ground that the railroad had provided separate but equally good cars for blacks, as the law required. This line of reasoning was upheld by the Supreme Court. The case is remembered today mainly for the dissent of Justice John Marshall Harlan. “Our Constitution is color-blind,” Harlan wrote. “The arbitrary separation of citizens, on the basis of race … is a badge of servitude wholly inconsistent with civil freedom.”

BROWN v. BOARD OF

EDUCATION OF TOPEKA (1954)

). This is the famous school-desegregation case in which the Court unanimously overturned Plessy v. Ferguson. “In the field of public education,” Chief Justice Earl Warren stated, “the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place.”

Gilded Age Presidents (1876 to 1901)They took a back seat the Industrial giants and a powerful Congress

Hey Garfield Are Cats Helping Clean Mouse Traps?

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Hayes - Garfield- Arthur - Cleveland -Harrison - Cleveland -  McKinley - Teddy Roosevelt

Alfred T. MahanMy America has a Navy!!

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The development of a new steel navy also focused attention overseas. Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan’s book of 1890, The Influence of Sea Power upon History , 1660–1783 , argued that control of the sea was the key to world dominance. (One of the most influential public policy books ever published) Mahan analyzed the role a Navy played in history. He determined the US needed to look beyond its borders and have a strong Navy to protect its economic interests. Nice summary of Mahan's Influence (7 minutes) Read by the English, Germans, and Japanese, as well as by his fellow Americans, Mahan helped stimulate the naval race among the great powers that gained momentum around the turn of the century. This books impacts intellectuals and elites concerned about expansion and economic development

Two fun ways to remember Mahan.. the first is to connect the letters of his last name to the central message of his book. The second is to take his initials

ATM ( think cash and money) and connect that to the need for a navy to protect commercial interests in our growing empire

My America Has A Navy

A.T.M

Fun with Numbers – New ImmigrationImmigrations Acts of 1921 and 1924

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Movement and Migration ReactionNEW IMMIGRATION 1880-1924 (Third wave of immigration) There is a shift in where Immigrants come from. These new immigrants arrived from southern and eastern Europe. 1890 Eastern Europe different religion – Catholic and Jewish = tension with Protestants

Literacy Test Act (1917) Passed over Wilson’s VetoImmigrants had to be able to read and write a language to get in Didn’t have to be English 1921 Emergency Quota Act, and May 26, 1921, Johnson–Reed Immigration Act—for the first time the United States limited the admission of (mostly) European persons based on their nationality and the proportion of people of such nationality among all foreign-born persons in the United States (quotas). In 1924 the maximum was 3 percent of those born outside of the United States present in 1910.

The trial of immigrant anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti highlighted to the world just how nativist and anti immigrant that America had become.

More fun with numbers… the number of immigrants that came to the United States between 1901 and 1914? 13 million 14-1 = 13

Fun with numbers – World War II Enlistment

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Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7th 1941Eventually 16 million enlisted in the armed services

1+6 =7

World War I 1917-1919  World War II 1941-1945Selective Service Act (1917)10 Million men registered, 3 million served

Selective Service and Training Act ( September 1940) 5 million volunteered., over 10 million drafted

War Industries Board (WIB) Encourages mass production and efficiency; increased production by 20%

War Production Board (WPB)converted companies to wartime production; organized collection of scrap metals, iron, tin, paper etc.

Fuel Administration -Monitored coal supplies, rationed gasoline and heating oil

Office of Price Administration (OPA Posters) Set up rationing of essential goods for the military

Committee on Public Information (CPI)Propaganda agency that sold the war to the American people - paintings, posters, cartoons, and "four minute men" speeches

Propaganda Hollywood movies, musicals, plays, and magazines (Life, Look, and Time) inform Americans about the war

Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD. Enlisted scientists in the war effort. Develop

Eisenhower’s Farewell Address (1961)

 

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“Mic and Ike”

Eisenhower’s "Farewell Address" (1961) : warned Americans of the dangerousgrowth of the military-industrial-complex. (Vast, interwoven military establishment and arms industry). Power was enormous (largely in National Security Council) and had potential to effect democracy itself. "In the councils of government we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence...by the military-industrial-complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist. We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic processes.”