UNIT 41 3D MODELLING ASSIGNMENT 1 – ALAMEEN YUSUFF

TASK 1

APPLICATIONS OF 3D

MODELS: modelling is the procedure of making and emerging graphical pictures that has 3 dimensions. Blender is graphical application and a very food example of software that in placed to influence these pictures.

PRODUCT DESIGN: In creating a products 3d modelling is a great option in using to design because it gives the designer the ability to gain full dimensional perspective on the product. Then the results can be prejudiced and altered easily without any hassle as it can be in a full 360 degrees.

ANIMATIIONS: 3d modelling in animation is debatably the most essential notions of animations. Graphical pictures can be animated in 2d, but they seem to be not as interesting and eye catching as 3D images as the human eyes can see in 3 dimensions.

TV FILMS: movies in the TV makes uses of 3D animations to swap actors and actress in some movies and adverts. An example of this is when retail shops do adverts on tv with animals talking normal as human voice is going on over. This implies how the designer can do anything and some impractical things that normally don’t happen. And in film 3D modelling are used to influenced image to make the watcher observe realism

WEB: in web games goggle web GL is a very vital example of JavaScript API that permits 3D rendering and manipulation in web browsers. it permits 2D rendering as well within any well matching web browser without making use of plug ins. The web internet also offers some 3D images and games. Web gl is a great browser support and very good example of web GL that I found very stimulating is “Just a Reflector” it is an interactive music video element and it an interactive film directed by Vincent Morisset.

The film allows the user to company a virtual projection on the user PC or Computer screen by just holding up your mobile device in front of the computers webcam. This way the user

gets control of all the graphic effect in the experience not just by moving a mouse on a screen instead by moving your tablets or phone through the physical space around you.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_3D8hYIfpqg

https://experiments.withgoogle.com/just-a-reflektor

GAMES: 3D modelling are made used of in in almost every game that has been developed now. The viewer, human eye can see in 3 dimensions because of this 3D games are more interesting and engaging than any 2D games.

EDUCATION: in education wise 3D modelling is the best options in involving students as it benefits them a 360-degree view of any objects or item they are studying. A very vital advantage of digital model rather than physical is that student can easily revisit it and continue doing they work rather than must wait till the next day to seethe 3d diagram again.

ARCHITECTURAL WALK-THROUGH: 3D modelling is a very vital thought in architectural design. When planning on building a house the plans for the house would be made so the designer would get an idea of the ending products before it starts. This shows how very important this is because if any misconception was to happen it can be very costly in the construction business which implies preparation is always the answer.

DISPLAYING 3D POLYGON ANIMATIONS

APPLICATION PROGRAMMING INTERFACE: direct3D and OpenGL are example of application programming interface.

Direct 3D is a known graphics application programming interface shortened as API. Direct3D is used for depiction three dimensional graphics particularly where performance is a key factor such as in games.

Whereas, OpenGL short for open graphics library is the PC diligence defaults boundary for describing, modelling one or more dimensional graphical pictures.

Open GL has many different type of example. But the one I really liked and seemed interesting is Tetrahedron, when I was reading how to make one it says, “show a static picture of a tetrahedron sitting on a grid "floor”. Sets up a viewing volume at the beginning of the program. Uses gl Frustum in order to make a perspective projection.

What I also find out is that the program illustrates viewing by describing an object at a suitable position, then converting it so that it lies within the view volume. This is a lousy way to do things (it's easier to use gluLookAt()), but it's nice to see how viewing is done at a very low level.

https://cs.lmu.edu/~ray/notes/openglexamples/

GRAPHICS PIPELINE: Modelling, Lighting, Viewing and Projection are all example of graphics pipeline.

MODELING: Modelling is the procedure of making and duplicating a model from other objects or anything else. Examples of this can be from literally anything it can be from an already known model that requires alterations or developments.

PROJECTION: projection is how 3D world organises come into 2D view of the camera. The way it can be done is by splitting the Z coordinate making the models keep their normal size no matter the camera distances

VIEWING: viewing in the 3D world is steered using a 3D camera system where the camera is the source, as this would be used to see the model from all angels, side and views

LIGHTING: lighting can be used in a lot of ways such as in 3D modelling. It is a vital factor in the growth of three dimensional graphical pictures as it made used to emphases part of a model or even shadow parts. A very good example of how light is used in 3D Modelling is radiosity. As models would come out very boring and impractical without the use of light projection.

SCAN CONVERSION: Scan conversion is a method broadly used in film and TV. It is when a real life substance or people is skimmed and change into a human model made used of in animation or as an educational model for education wise. For example, a Skelton would be used for education purpose in science lesson.

TEXTURES AND SHADING: Textures is also a very vital method in rendering, as textures provide the human eye an awareness into what the model would feel and look like. Textures would also influence the way light is revelled from its exterior.

RENDERING TECHNIQUES: (Radiosity, ray tracing), rendering engines, distributed rendering techniques, lighting, textures, fogging, shadowing

RADIOSITY: Radiosity is the procedure of making or depiction a picture founded on analysis of light reflections. Radiosity is very vital for scene that reflects light wordily. This is very good method for rendering artificial light in inside building drawings to fake how the light would reflect on the room surface.

RAY TRACING: is a strategy used for rendering three dimensional illustrations and for producing a picture by following the

way of light through pixels in a picture plane. Beam following is a technique for ascertaining the way of waves or particles through a system.

A RENDERING ENGINE: is the thing that procedures or renders the 3D graphical pictures dependent on the model and surface. It is a

product part that takes increased substance, (for example, HTML, XML, picture documents, and so forth.) and designing data, (for example, CSS, XSL, and so on.) and shows the organized substance on the screen.

DISTRIBUTED RENDERING TECHNIQUES: This is the procedure of increasing the workload across many computer networks or

between many processors which means the really rendering is so faster than if it was to render on one computer. This limits down the hassle and stress on one computer as the rendering is distributed.

FOGGING AND SHADOWING: This two are both good procedures to alter the viewpoint of light on a model. Fogging is made used of to make a darkening effect of the light through its atmosphere, this is very vital as it make powerful low light features that are very involving to the user.

LEVEL OF DETAIL: level of details of 3D modelling is very vital as rendering in a 3D modelling can alternates the number of details needed in a model. Any models with more details will normally take longer to render than with a model that has less more detail as the engine has to take into credit each separated entity.

VERTEX AND PIXEL SHADERS: vertex shaders and pixel shades are both GPU sections which powers another feature of pixel management. Pixel shaders powers the separately outcomes of each pixel dependents on such thing as light and bump mapping. Vertex shaders powers much wider calculations such as light projections and silhouetting.

GEOMETRIC THEORY

VERTICES: They are the points that explain a shape. Vertices is signified as a single dot or point that can be linked to make meshes and then changed to deform the mesh into a totally changed shapes and sizes. Models developed more complex with the more vertices that are additional. Use of vertices on the x-, y-, and z-axes is the most mutual technique for vertices in shaping a polygonal mesh into its last shape in old-style modelling packages like Maya, 3Ds Max, etc.

LINES: Are extents linked between vertices. If some vertices are altered the lines will change so that the two vertices would still be joined. If it independently chose, the vertex would move, if it not selected it would stay still.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KjCudOaZ7P4 the link explains more in details about geometric theory.

CURVE: is a line that is in the middle of two vertices that been strained or range out among two vertices instead in being a one-line distance. They act the same as line works but will fell more complicated changes when a vertex is modified. Also, Curve modelling can be either parametric which is cantered on geometric and functional parameters or freeform which means see freeform surface modelling.

Edge: Edge is a line that goes through a face, this normally comprises of two linked vertices, both vertices that are connected to edge move when edges moves so implies, they move together. When edges are joined, they can make faces of a mesh. When creating an edge T-vertices is an interesting method to try out if you know what you are doing as it is a merging of an edge. It is not necessary required to be used in user works but unless it needed for the flow of the model shape. And if they are used wrongly, they will cease edge flow of your model

and create bad development.

https://www.turbosquid.com/3d-modeling/training/modeling/clean-edge-flow-t-vertices/ read more about T-vertices here.

POLYGONS: polygons are almost same thing, but the one change is being these polygons are linked to create user 3D models. Separate polygons are sutured composed at the vertex points or along their sides to make the full model. A very interesting fact about polygons is the polygons in a web is called the poly-count. While polygon density is labelled resolution. The best 3D models have a big resolution as more aspect is essential for instance a creature hands or face while a low resolution would be in a very low detail regions of the mesh.

ELEMENTS: Elements are the mix of edges, vertices, and polygons to make the 3D model. Every 3D model is its own component. Joining more than one component into one develops a straightforward 3D model.

Having each model as people makes it simpler to single out and adjust without changing the total model.

This video explains all the technique about elements.

FACE- MESH: A face is a flat exterior that is two dimensional that builds up a mesh, for instance, a rectangle has 6 faces, when these faces are put together it make three dimensional shape. To provide the mesh an exterior, textures and shading are frequently applied to them.

They are rules when applying to make human face modelling as it the same as every object. User must make use of quad as much as possible and make use of triangle when needed, keeping a suitable tris count which means not too extraordinary for easy editing, and not too small for better model explanation. User must also keep away from poles. But some area normally has poles, so it is allowed at some stages.

https://www.thundercloud-studio.com/face-modeling/ read more here on human face modelling

PRIMITIVES: primitives are crucial work shapes that can be framed into different things through realistic procedures. Sphere an adjusted arrangement of bends and verticals, Cube has six faces, twelve edges and eight verticals, Cylinder made of two faces, lines, verticals and bends, Pyramid made of five countenances with one raised vertex and various vertices. Improper treat of original primitives is perhaps one of the most frequent rookie errors.

watch this video to understand the more depth of primitives.

WIREFRAME: Wire framing is a strategy in survey specific components of a work, this regularly expels faces from the clients see which leaves the lines, vertices and bends for the client to alter.

COORDINATE GEOMETRY: Co-ordinates are valuable for putting or plotting vertices in the X, Y and Z measurements. Characterizing vertexes along these lines can make extremely exact models however will require significantly additional time. On the off chance that mesh has co-ordinates in just two measurements for example x and y is it 2D, and if there are 3 it is 3D.

This video here explains the geometric theory in less than 3 minutes.

MESH CONSTRUCTION

BOX MODELLING: Box modelling is a system created to make complex models from straightforward beginnings. The strategy comprises of making an unpleasant model and afterward altering and refining it to its ideal item. The model is normally begun as a 3D square or circle and is then reached out upon.

A very known example of box modelling would be resurgence of 3D technology in main motion images where this technology is being used. it started with the achievement of the film avatar, the 2009 blockbuster from director James Cameron. The film assisted to alter the 3D industry and make use of various box modelling. Other type of modelling technique is NURBS modelling and Digital sculpting.

EXTRUSION MODELLING: is where a mesh is expelled into various structures. Extrusion can be used to crumple or grow vertices just as broaden or agreement them. This is a typical

technique in making cubic models.

There are two different ways to control a pound through expulsion. You can either crumple a face or to expel it outwards.

One can expel either a basic geometric shape, like 3D shape or pyramid, or edges of a model. To assist you with understanding the principals of expulsion, we should take a gander at the accompanying models.

Expulsion of a pyramid is A modeller can change a crude pyramid with a 4-edged base into a mind boggling shape by expelling the pyramid base descending in the negative Y course. Then the modeller makes four new vertical faces between the base and the top of a model. Genuine instances of expulsion of a pyramid can be found in a house or table legs displaying.

Extrusion of edges is critical to copy the edge to additionally pull it or pivot toward any path together with another naturally made polygonal face, which interfaces the two edges. Expulsion of edges is essential used in the form demonstrating.

3D DEVELOPMENT SOFTWARE:

3D STUDIO MAX: is a payment centred software that allows the user to make three dimensional models from scrape and rework them. The models would then be downloaded for upcoming editing or kept for presentational uses. 3D studio max is used a lot now in designing as it helps the demands of tough targets so user can devote more time being inventive. As 3D studio max can be used as a compute machine to measure content production and widen built in workflows with available APIs.

https://www.autodesk.co.uk/products/3ds-max/overview

this video explains in more details about the 3D studio max.

MAYA: Maya is a program that allows the user to make their models from start. Maya has been used in a lot of TV, games, movies. It is lower than 3D Studio Max, but it gives out fewer elements. However, it very more known than any other software’s accessible.

Through Maya user can easily design a model making use of 3D such as Character Rigging, create a Chess Piece and etc Maya is one of the first and foremost cultivated with animation in mind but over the years Maya has grown to be a decent modelling rival compared to any other modelling applications. The link below explains a 15 minutes tutorial of an author showing production proven techniques that are very valuable to the new users well as for experts.

It would teach the user the advantages of making use of a hotkeys and creating menus for your workflow. You’ll also discover several useful commands such as using the circularize tool, using the edge flow tool for retopology, or holding the tab key to toggle between a marque and drag selection mode.

BLENDER: Is an accessible software which means that is a very free to make use of program and it is made usually used to make small games and projects other than massive long winded projects. It is very valuable for users that are knowledgeable with 3D modelling and are just starting out.

The Blender Foundation is a free non-benefit open advantage company, set up in Amsterdam the Netherlands. Its motivation is to: Deal with the offices on blender.org for clients and designers who need to add to Blender, Keep up and improve the present Blender item by means of an open available source code framework under the GNU General Public License.

Blender is being made by the network on blender.org. This is the main thrust behind Blender improvement. For more than 15 years Blender has been an amazing case of open

and network driven venture, empowering a great many clients to make 3D content with a free instrument.

This video here explain more in depth about blender for beginers

HOUDINI: Houdini is a 3D movement and embellishments application created by Side Effects Software, a quarter century old organization based out of Toronto. Houdini was intended for performers working in 3D activity and VFX for film, TV, computer games and augmented reality. Houdini unites these universes into a solitary amazing stage. Symptoms' previous leader item was PRISMS, a suite of 3D designs instruments that filled in as the reason for the improvement of Houdini. In contrast to other 3D activity programming, Houdini uses a hub based procedural work process that makes it simple to investigate emphases as you refine your work. Projects like Maya or Blender store changes in a client history which makes it hard to come back to a past variant of your work. Houdini's one of a kind hub based methodology takes into account various emphases with the goal that it's anything but difficult to make changes and build up your movements and impacts.

What Houdini does is it is best known for its progressive dynamic simulation tools that permits for the making of highly accurate graphic effects.

LIGHTWAVE: Light Wave 3D is a 3D PC designs program created by NewTek. It has been used in films, TV, movement illustrations, advanced matte composition, special visualizations, computer game improvement, item structure, engineering representations, virtual creation, music recordings, pre-perceptions and promoting

Light Wave is made from discrete projects, principally Modeller and Layout. Each program gives a committed workspace to explicit

assignments. At the point when these two projects are running at the same time, a program called Hub is used to synchronize information between the two.

Modeller, as the name infers, incorporates the entirety of the demonstrating highlights used to make the 3D models, while Layout incorporates highlights to organize the 3D models,

energize, and render them. Design offers beam following, worldwide enlightenment, and render yield parameters.

AutoCAD: AutoCAD is a broadly used program/programming for assembling organizations. It permits the client to make both two and three-dimensional structures which are shown on a point by point and scaled stage. Its regular uses are for organizations names, logos and item structures. The product has even been utilized for restorative administrations.

They are many examples tutorials of AUTOCAD 2d and how to draw on online. The link below shows all the tutorials for beginners.

https://autocad-beginners.blogspot.com/2018/01/25-examples-tutorials-finished-2d.html

The images below show all the images example of AutoCAD and when the user get the hang of it. It gets harder and the design for a model get harder and more interesting as well.

CINEMA 4D: Cinema 4D is used for rendering various things. Its ordinarily used for 3D activity or 3D demonstrating. The software can deal with much higher point by point networks when contrasted with different projects. It additionally incorporates modifiers, for example, lighting and surface.

Cinema 4d is one of the CG production's most known 3D modelling, animation and rendering functions. Featuring a creator-sociable edge and strong toolset, cinema 4D has established a preferred among numerical artists wanting to make show stopping 3D act.

Link below shows all the inspiration needed to make the ultimate 3D around

An example is Introduction to Cinema 4D. To be able to learn this the amazing team Greyscalegorilla are the one to watch as they have made over 200 tutorials to assist digital illustrators which involve some wonderful free cinema 4D tutorials which a very good example is this “Introduction to Cinema 4D” this way user can learn how to develop this mine cart tunnel animation. User get the ability to make the scene from start by understanding how to light, style, animate and decide the final series.

Softimage: Softimage 3D is a ceased very good quality 3D illustrations application created by Softimage, Co., which was used prevalently in the film, broadcasting, gaming, and publicizing

ventures for the generation of 3D liveliness. It was supplanted by Softimage XSI in 2000.

https://www.digitalartsonline.co.uk/features/motion-graphics/long-lonely-death-of-softimage/

The story of Softimage is one of an inspired creative software application that never found a real home, and will soon die.

FILE FORMATS include 3ds, .mb, .lwo, .C4d, .dxf, .obj; plug-ins.

3DS: 3ds is one of the hoariest 3D file formats and is now a very known procedure or way of transporting data models between various program. 3DS is congruent with many graphics programs and software which this implies that it is frequently transformed to this format and change back into its normal form to make it calmer to change between programs.

A very good example of 3D file format is STL, OBJ, FBX, COLLADA, etc. all this are commonly used for in 3D printing, movies, video games, academia, medicine etc. each and every one of this industry has its own known 3D file formats for historic and useful reasons.

3D file format Type

STL Neutral

OBJ ASCII variant is neutral, binary variant is proprietary

FBX Proprietary

COLLADA Neutral

. MB: mb is a document expansion for a paired scene record used with Autodesk Maya programming. .mb represents Maya Binary scene. MB records contain three-measurement models, surfaces, lighting and liveliness information to be used with the Autodesk Maya activity programming. MB documents can be opened via Autodesk Maya.

https://www.highend3d.com/alias/3d-model/chevrolet-tahoe-2010-3d-model

.LWO: LWO is an item document group used by Light Wave. Light Wave is a program used for 3-D demonstrating, movement, and rendering. LWO records contain objects put away as cross sections, and incorporate polygons, focuses, and surfaces that portray the model's

appearance. They likewise may reference picture records for surfaces.

A very interesting thing about LWO files is that they are saved in the LWO2 setup starting with light wave 6.0. they may as well be transferred by foundry modo, which is another example of 3D modelling program.

Programs that start LWO files on windows are NewTek LightWave 3D, Foundry Modo

.C4D: C4D is a three-dimensional model made with Cinema 4D, an expert 3D displaying and activity program. It tends to be sent out to picture altering programs, for example, Photoshop and Illustrator, just as video-altering programs, as After Effects and Final Cut Pro. The document also can be changed over to other record designs however because of its multifaceted nature, film 4D documents are impressively bigger than others.

.DXF: .DXF is an all-inclusive record type is being created by CAD which permits a huge scope of uses to get to auto CAD documents. This record type is very versatile and available as

pretty much every 3D programming can open it. This implies the document type is truly perfect with a huge scope of projects and software's.

The video here shows changing a 2D DXF image file into a 3D model in Sketch up.

.OBJ: An OBJ document is a standard 3D picture layout that can be traded and opened by different 3D picture altering programs. It contains a three-dimensional article, which incorporates 3D organizes, surface maps, polygonal countenances, and other item data. OBJ records may likewise store references to at least one. MTL documents that contain surface concealing material.

The OBJ design is broadly viewed as an all-inclusive configuration for 3D picture altering applications. The layout is basic, and content based, which is one motivation behind why the configuration is bolstered by such a large number of projects. This may likewise prompt exceptionally huge OBJ documents on the off chance that they store enormous and complex 3D objects.

Although the OBJ layout is one of the most known layouts used for saving 3D models, it is one of many options for storing models. While some other choices are .DAE, .FBX, .3DS, .IGS, ETC.

PLUGINS: plugins can be used in Maya that permit extra usefulness. For instance, there is a program called Krakatoa which considers high volume molecule rendering inside the program. In our use, we used Maya to create 3D models of a working toy for my situation, a 3D spinner which is a toy focused on kids with ADHD and Autism to help with unwinding and fixation. They became advanced in 2017 as a pressure soothing toy and can be made from metal, treated steel, plastic and different metals.

Cityscape Pro is a game changing parametric site displaying plugins for 3ds Max® - https://www.simpolium.com/ Cityscape Pro gives a total answer for demonstrating complex destinations, parametric streets, checks, curb cuts, walkways, grass, complex asphalt zones, lakes, landscape , day off additional. The non-ruinous work process utilizes splines as information objects, geometry is created

consequently with a solitary snap of a catch! The module has a capacity to deal with enormous city scale models, it can possibly set aside to 40% of generation time on complex compositional representation ventures.

TOP 10 3DS MAX PLUGINS IN 2019

POLYGON COUNT: The measure of polygons in a 3D model can be constrained because of various factors for instance how amazing the PC is and the projects themselves for the highlights they offer and the quality of the program. When user is modelling in a program like 3DS max the user would need to maintain power of how many polygons the user is making in the model. This can limit down the programme as the processor in the user PC won’t be able to manage the quantity of data that you are transferring to the processor via the sum of polygons that are in 3DS max. there is a sure total that all the user must limit themselves as everyone would have various different processors in their computer so the best thing is to be cautions when user are making poly as it would take longer to circumnavigate through the PC because of the sum of poly’s that are there to surpass the processor.

FILE SIZE: A restriction in user file size in 3D modelling user can have the file size in many sums of sizes. Although, that the tiniest file size is the most excellent as it can overload up faster, but with the largest file size user have the most poly’s in the save file.

File size is mainly a concern for programs that use NURBS modelling. These programs permit user to establish the quality

of the .STL file in one way or another.

Whereas, some 3D modeming programs does not allow an option for user to pick a tolerance for they .STL export, or any other tool to limit the polygon count.

RENDERING TIME: A limitation for the render time in 3DS Max is that on the off chance that you use a specific render motor to get the best outcome you will get a more drawn out stacking time. For instance, if you use the Mental Ray render motor in 3DS Max you will get a more drawn out render time since you are working with most of the force from your designs card other than your processor. The illustrations card and processor cooperate attempting to produce the edge that you need rendering and relying upon your processor and designs card you get an alternate to render time. The better the processor and illustrations card the render time will be speedier and the more terrible they are the render time will be slower. This is a result of the measure of intensity that is required from the processor and illustrations card to render the specific picture that you need. Most low-end illustrations cards and processors won't work with most 3D demonstrating projects.

A way that organizations render activities, models, and so forth is by using a render homestead of various machines all connected to render different scenes and models they requirement for their organization or film. This is so they don't need to render every single edge on one PC which could take a very long time to finish one scene. Right now, tech machines devoted to rendering are made for these organizations that make the models, movement, and so forth since it could take over 24 hours to render one casing for anything. This is the reason there is more than one machine rendering on one activity to cut the rendering time from using only one machine. So as opposed to taking more than around a year to render one scene in a render ranch you can chop that down to whatever time you need contingent upon the measure of machines you have to render on the scene.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IeR_qazfIqI

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https://www.youtube.com/embed/yi87Dap_WOc?feature=oembed

3D Printing Blog | i.materialise. (2020). How to Reduce the File Size of .STL and .OBJ 3D Models | 3D Printing Blog | i.materialise. [online] Available at: https://i.materialise.com/blog/en/reduce-the-file-size-of-stl-and-obj-3d-models/ [Accessed 5 Feb. 2020].

https://www.youtube.com/embed/2Q966n6u-zQ?feature=oembed

Burns, M. (2020). [online] Digital Arts. Available at: https://www.digitalartsonline.co.uk/features/motion-graphics/long-lonely-death-of-softimage/ [Accessed 5 Feb. 2020].

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DcyY4RAHcA4

3D Modeling Resources. (2020). Clean Edge Flow - T-Vertices - 3D Modeling Resources. [online] Available at: https://www.turbosquid.com/3d-modeling/training/modeling/clean-edge-flow-t-vertices/ [Accessed 6 Feb. 2020].

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_3D8hYIfpqg

Experiments.withgoogle.com. (2020). Just A Reflektor by Arcade Fire | Experiments with Google. [online] Available at: https://experiments.withgoogle.com/just-a-reflektor [Accessed 6 Feb. 2020].