Chapter 3. L. A. Hull, G. M. Green II, D. Asquith, B. A. Croft. 1983. The orchard as a crop production system. Pages 43-65. In: B. A. Croft, S. C. Hoyt (editors). Integrated Management of Insect Pests of Pome and Stone Fruits. New York: John Wiley-Interscience, 454 pages.

Keywords: description of an apple crop-production system, genetic resources, fruit breeding, and fruit-tree production, orchard management, component and management factors involved in deciduous fruit-production system, fruit production, harvesting, transportation, and distribution, energy imports,

transformation, exports, and production-monitoring, management decisions affecting orchard establishment, geographic-area selection, local site selection, soil characteristics, local weather, orchard surroundings, production system, annual components of orchard management systems, ground-cover management, water management and frost prevention, fertilization management, pruning and training systems, growth regulation and thinning, summary of crop-production trends