Name _______________________________________ Date ___________ Period _______Midterm (Benchmark #2) Review

CompletionComplete each statement.

1.During cell division, chromatin condenses to form _________________________, which are threadlike structures containing genetic material.

2.The order of nitrogenous bases in DNA determines the order of ____________________ in proteins.3.Together, the G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase are called ____________________.4.Arrange the stages of mitosis so they are in order. 1. ________ 2. ________ 3. ________ 4. ________

Write the name of each stage beside the picture.

Answer all the following Essay Questions, Short Answer Questions, and Other Questions on a separate sheet of paper in complete sentences. Failure to do so will result in no grade for these sections.

Essay

5.What is cell tissue? 6.Explain the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance.7.What is a point mutation? What is a frameshift mutation?

8.What is the corresponding DNA strand that matches TACCGTCAG? What is the corresponding mRNA strand? What three amino acids match the three codons? Use the codon chart below.

Figure 10–1

9.The main events of the cell cycle are labeled A, B, C, and D in Figure 10–1. Name these events. Then, briefly state what happens during each event.

10. What is occurring in the diagram below?

Figure 12–3

11. What is molecule B in Figure 12–3, and what is its function and where is it found?

12. What is molecule A in Figure 12-3, and what is its function and where is it found?

13. What is molecule C in Figure 12-3, and what is its function and where is it found?

14. Which process above produces tissues? Which process produces gametes?15. What is a sex-linked trait? Describe two of them.

16. Which male is the father of the child? How do you know?

A B

17. Does this pedigree show a dominant or recessive trait? How do you know?18. X and Y chromosomes combine to determine gender. What combination determines a female? What

combination determines a male?19. Why is sexual reproduction also called “gene shuffling” or independent assortment? How does crossing over

increase this “shuffling?”

20. Is this pedigree dominant, recessive or sex-linked? How do you know? 21. When a hydrangea plant is growing in soil that is acidic (pH below 6), the flowers it produces are blue. If the

soil is basic (pH above 7), the flowers it produces are pink. What are three other examples of environment affecting gene expression?

A B

22. Which karyotype shows Down’s Syndrome? Which karyotype shows a female? Which karyotype shows Klinefelters Syndrome?

23. Why do researchers want to use unspecialized stem cells in research?

24. What process is shown in the above diagram? Describe the process. What diseases can this process treat?Other

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Figure 12–425. Interpreting Graphics What is structure E in Figure 12–4? What does it specify?

26. Interpreting Graphics Identify structure F in Figure 12–4. What does it specify?

27. Predicting What would happen to structure F in Figure 12–4 if structure C were deleted?

28. Inferring From which labeled structure in Figure 12–4 is structure D made? Identify the structure labeled D.

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Figure 12–5

29. Interpreting Graphics Identify structure C in Figure 12–5.

30. Interpreting Graphics Which labeled structure in Figure 12–5 is a codon?

31. Interpreting Graphics What process is illustrated in Figure 12–5?

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Figure 10–6

32. Interpreting Graphics Look at Figure 10–6. Which diagram shows cancer cells? How do you know?

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Figure 11–6

33. Interpreting Graphics In Figure 11–6, what is the structure labeled X in stage A?34. Interpreting Graphics In Figure 11–6, during which stage does crossing over occur?35. Give three examples and describe how environment can influence gene expression. (Example: Too much

sugar in your diet can lead to type 2 diabetes.)

Figure 13–3

36. Interpreting Graphics Figure 13–3 shows a process that makes transgenic bacteria. Why is this done?37. What are GMO’s? Why are they good? How can they be bad?

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Figure 13–4

38. Inferring Which two animals in Figure 13–4 are genetically identical?39. What is “hereditary information” and where is it stored in cell?

Answer Key1.Chromosomes2.Amino acids3.Interphase4. 1. IV Prophase 2. II Metaphase 3. III Anaphase 4. I Telophase5.Cell tissue is groups of cells that have the same structure and work together to have the same function.6.Incomplete dominance is expressed when two alleles for a trait are expressed equally but are blended.

For example, a red and white flower produce pink offspring. Codominance is expressed when two alleles for a trait are expressed equally. For example, a red and white flower produces offspring that have flowers with patches of red and white.

7.Point mutations are caused when one letter (nitrogen base) of a gene changes. A frameshift mutation occurs when one letter of a gene is added or lost. This causes all the following nitrogen bases to “shift” in one direction or the other.

8.Corresponding DNA is ATGGCAGTC. mRNA is AUGGCAGUC. The three amino acids are methionine, alanine, and valine.

9.A is G1 of interphase when the cell grows and increases organelles. B is S phase of interphase when DNA is replicated. C is G2 of interphase when the cell prepares for mitosis. D is mitosis which includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase when the cell divides.

10. DNA replication11. Transfer RNA (tRNA) that carries the amino acid to the ribosome.12. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) that reads the mRNA and puts the protein strand together.13. Messenger RNA (mRNA) that is made using the DNA and then is read by a ribosome to make

protein.14. B produces tissues and A produces gametes.15. A sex-linked trait is a trait that is carried on a sex chromosome, and X or Y. Some examples are red-

green colorblindness, hemophilia, and some male-pattern baldness.16. Father # 3. The DNA bands that the baby didn’t get from mom has to be in the father.17. Recessive because it can skip generations.18. XX determine females and XY determine males.19. When gametes are produced, each gamete gets one of a pair of chromosomes that the parent has.

Each time a parent creates a gamete, the set of chromosomes passed on are randomly selected therefore “shuffling” the genes. Crossing over mixes these chromosomes even more by replacing part of one homologous chromosome with another.

20. This pedigree is sex-linked because only males are affected.21. Sunlight in plants can cause a increase in chlorophyll production. In humans, sunlight can increase

vitamin D, sunlight can destroy folic acid, and sugar in a diet can increase the chance of getting type 2 diabetes. There are many examples of environment affecting gene expression. If you are unsure if your answer is correct, please ask.

22. B shows Down’s syndrome. B is a female. A shows Klinefelters syndrome.23. Unspecialized cells can be used to replace damaged tissues that can’t repair themselves. Other uses

may be found as a result of experimentation.24. Gene therapy uses viruses to deliver human genes to cells that do not have the gene or the gene is

damaged. The cells are removed from a person and then viruses act as little needles to inject the good genes into cells. Then the cells are put back into the individual and can then produce the needed protein.

25. A section of mRNA that is AUG which is a start codon and codes for methionine.26. This is a codon that codes for alanine.

27. GCU would become GUG and then code for a different amino acid. All the nitrogen bases would shift to the left changing all following codons.

28. D, which is the mRNA, is made using the DNA backbone A which contains the gene.29. C is the ribosome.30. F is a codon.31. This figure shows the process of translation. This is the process that reads the codons on the mRNA

and builds the protein strand.32. A shows cancer cells because cancer cells are unstructured and reproduce uncontrollably to create a

malignant tumor.33. X is a tetrad.34. Crossing over occurs in prophase I when the tetrads are attached at the centromere.35. This question is similar to #21 so the answers will be similar. Sunlight in plants can cause a increase

in chlorophyll production. In humans, sunlight can increase vitamin D, sunlight can destroy folic acid, and sugar in a diet can increase the chance of getting type 2 diabetes. There are many examples of environment affecting gene expression. If you are unsure if your answer is correct, please ask.

36. If you put a human gene into a bacterial cell, the bacteria will produce a protein needed by some humans. Bacteria can make insulin, blood clotting factor, and some hormones, just to name a few, for individuals that need them.

37. GMO stands for genetically modified organisms. They are organisms that have been genetically enhanced by adding genes from other organisms. They are good in that they can create a crop resistant to insects or cold temperatures as well as other improvements. They are bad because they have genes from other organisms which can lead to unexpected consequences.

38. Sheep A and the lamb are genetically identical.39. Hereditary information is the information carried on the DNA within the nucleus of all cells.