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Study of OSHA Regulations in a Start-Up Manufacturing Company

Study of OSHA Regulations in a Start-Up Manufacturing Company

Spring 2012

Katie Lynn Murphy

Bachelor of Science in Industrial and Systems Engineering

Magna Cum Laude

Abigail Christina Strickland

Bachelor of Science in Industrial and Systems Engineering

Summa Cum Laude

Abstract

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is a governmental regulatory agency focused on the enforcement of the safety and health of American employees across all industries. To maximize safety in the workplace it is important to comply with all applicable standards. Compliance requires extensive research and potentially capital investment, making it difficult for a small start-up business to achieve. We performed this analysis for a Gainesville, FL based manufacturing company called Fracture. This report contains all standards related to Fracture’s operations, highlights areas were Fracture does not meet regulations, and provides a plan for Fracture to achieve compliance.

ContentsAbstract2Introduction5Fracture Background5OSHA Background5OSHA Standards6Subpart D – Walking-Working Surfaces6Subpart E – Means of Egress101910.36/1910.37 – Exit Routes101910.38 – Emergency Action Plans141910.39 – Fire Prevention Plans16Subpart G – Occupational Health and Environmental Control181910.94 – Ventilation181910.95 – Occupational Noise Exposure19Subpart H – Hazardous Materials211910.101 – Compressed Gas211910.106 – Flammable and Combustible Liquids21Subpart I – Personal Protective Equipment241910.132 – General Requirements241910.133 – Eye and Face Protection251910.134 – Respiratory Protection261910.136 – Foot Protection271910.138 – Hand Protection27Subpart J – General Environmental Controls291910.141 – Sanitation291910.144/1910.145 –Marking Physical Hazards and Sign Specifications30Subpart K – Medical and First Aid33Subpart L – Fire Protection341910.157/1910.160/1910.161 – Portable and Fixed Fire Extinguishing Systems34Conclusion37Appendix39Appendix A: Noise Exposure Computation39Appendix B: MSDS Chart of Fracture’s Chemicals43

IntroductionFracture Background

Created in 2008 by two University of Florida graduates, Fracture is a small start-up manufacturing company. Located in Gainesville, FL, Fracture prints digital photos directly onto glass, creating a new way to print photos. They hope their product revolutionizes how people print and use photos. Due to increased demand and building restrictions, Fracture is facing growing pains. Fracture’s current issues include long lead times, high material costs, and safety concerns. After evaluating Fracture’s operations and manufacturing floor, their unmet OSHA standards are their main issues.

OSHA Background

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is a governmental regulatory agency focused on the enforcement of the safety and health of American employees across all industries. OSHA’s mission is “to assure safe and healthful workplaces by setting and enforcing standards, and by providing training, outreach, education and assistance.” OSHA was created with the Occupational Safety Health Act of 1970 and reports too directly to the US Department of Labor. All workers are covered under the act, including any workers who report violations. Employers are required to comply with all applicable OSHA standards and face monetary penalties if not within compliance. To maximize safety in the workplace it is important t to comply with all applicable standards. Compliance requires extensive research and potentially capital investment, making it a difficult for a small start-up business to achieve.

OSHA Standards

Every applicable OSHA standard is analyzed in this section, detailing a summary of the regulations, Fracture’s current state, and our recommendations for them to achieve compliance. We also listed any additional resources we feel will ease implementation. Each “Summary of Applicable Recommendations” references the corresponding section on www.osha.gov/law-regs.html.

Subpart D – Walking-Working Surfaces

Summary of Applicable Regulations

· All places of employment, passageways, storerooms, and service rooms shall be kept clean and orderly and in a sanitary condition. All wiring needs to be correctly covered with insulating rubber blankets/covers.

· The floor of every workroom shall be maintained in a clean and dry condition. Where wet processes are used, drainage shall be maintained and false floors, platforms, mats, or other dry standing places should be provided where practicable.

· To facilitate cleaning, every floor, working place, and passageway shall be kept free from protruding nails, splinters, holes, or loose boards.

· Machines should be located to permit free movement of employees and materials. Movement of operators should not interfere with one another’s work or cleaning of machines. Permanent aisles and passageways should be at least three feet wide and appropriately marked.

Current Situation

The floor of the Fracture facility is in good condition, but is littered with production debris (including glass, cardboard, and foam board scraps), electrical cables, and ventilation hose.

Fracture currently has a vacuum system in place, but it is not used frequently throughout the facility. The dust from the cardboard is minimal; however the printer produces significant ink mist. Additionally, the back storage room is shared with a woodworking company that occupies space in the same building. Therefore, the materials and equipment stored there are covered in wood dust.

Currently Fracture employees do not have any designated area to leave their personal belongings, so they are strewn haphazardly throughout the warehouse and office area.

The aisles and passageways in the main manufacturing room and storage room have not been designated or marked and are cluttered with cables, wires, raw materials, and tools. Below is a diagram of Fracture’s facility with noncompliant aisles marked.

Recommendations

Fracture needs to create a workplace housekeeping checklist and complete it on a daily basis. The checklist should take into account floors, aisles, spill control, equipment/machinery maintenance, waste disposal, storage, and fire prevention. All scraps from machines need to picked up and disposed of properly after each machine is used. The staff needs to be educated on the checklist and be assigned tasks to complete daily. The use of this checklist is a way for management to hold staff accountable and monitor the cleanliness of the facility on a daily basis. The facility should be kept clean and sanitary at all times.

Special attention needs to be placed on the dust and dirt removal process since three out of the five machines produce dust during operation. A vacuum, not compressed air, should be used to clean walls, floors, and machinery. To reduce the amount of airborne dust during sweeping, the floor should be dampened or sweeping compounds should be used. Both the storage and production rooms must be vacuumed at least once per day to decrease the risk of dust explosions and for staff safety. The back storage room needs to be separated from the wood working area to decrease the exposure of Fracture raw materials with wood dust.

Fracture needs to provide employees with a safe and secure location to store their belongings. The washroom facilities need to be cleaned at least once per shift and supplied with an accurate amount of soap, towels, and toilet paper. Smoking, eating, and drinking should not be permitted in the work area; signage needs to be added to inform staff of this.

Clear paths need to be determined based on routes to fire exits and the paths that raw materials and employees follow. Below is a suggested route diagram:

Additional Resources

· Dust explosion info: http://www.osh.govt.nz/order/catalogue/archive/dustexplosions.pdf

· Example of workplace housekeeping checklist: http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/cklstgen.html

Subpart E – Means of Egress1910.36/1910.37 – Exit Routes


· An exit route must be permanent and have limited openings. It must be free and unobstructed, especially of flammable furnishings. No materials or equipment may be placed, either permanently or temporarily, within the exit route.

· There must be at least two exit routes available and located as far apart as possible.

· An exit must be at least 28 inches (71.1 cm) wide at all points and separated by one-hour fire resistant rated materials. The fire retardant properties of paints or solutions must be maintained to ensure retardant properties. Each exit discharge must lead directly outside or to a refuge area that can accommodate all building occupants.

· Each fire door must be self-closing and approved by a nationally recognized testing laboratory. An exit door must be unlocked and cannot lock from the inside. Exit route doors must be free of any device or alarm that could restrict emergency use of the exit route if the device or alarm fails.

· An exit route must be wide enough to accommodate the maximum permitted occupant load.

· The exit access must not go through a room that can be locked, a dead-end, or travel toward a high hazard area. Safeguards designed to protect employees during an emergency must be in proper working order at all times.

· Each exit must be clearly visible and marked by a sign reading "Exit." Each exit sign must have the word “Exit” illuminated to a surface value of at least five foot-candles (54 lux) by a reliable light source and be distinctive in color.

· Each exit route must be adequately lighted so that an employee with normal vision can see along the exit route.

· A side-hinged exit door must be used to connect any room to an exit route. If the direction of travel to the exit is not immediately apparent, signs must be posted along the exit access indicating the direction of travel to the nearest exit and exit discharge. Additionally, the line-of-sight to an exit sign must clearly be visible at all times. Each doorway or passage along an exit access that could be mistaken for an exit must be marked "Not an Exit" or be identified by its actual use (e.g., closet).

Current Situation

No device or alarm is currently in place that would restrict the use of the exit door. The exit doors are not free of obstructions; the back fire exit is currently blocked by a significant amount of raw materials and ventilation hose. There is not a clear line-of-sight to the back exit door due to the many obstructions.

An “Exit” sign is posted above each fire exit door, but the signs are placed very high on the wall and not easily seen. The only safeguards currently in place are exit signs, fire doors, fire extinguishers and exit lighting.

Recommendations

Fracture needs to establish a permanent exit route that meets all requirements, inform employees of the route, and post maps around the facility. A suggested route is pictured below.

All storage of raw materials (cardboard, chemicals, glass) or scraps need to be moved away from the exit route. A new ventilation system should be implemented such that the fire exit door is not required to be propped opened for the releasing of exhaust fumes/dust. An “Exit” sign needs to be posted on each door to ensure employees can easily recognize which doors are fire exits. The obstructions need to be removed and supplementary signage needs to be added to clarify where the exits are located. Suggested additional signage:

Examples:

The doors pictured below are located along the suggested exit route, but lead into two bathrooms and a kitchen. They should be marked with signs indicating them as such, or “Not an Exit.”

Fire extinguishers and routes to exit doors should be clearly labeled.


· Signage information: http://www.nutheme.com/index.php?option=com_virtuemart&page=shop.browse&category_id=23&It emid=1

1910.38 – Emergency Action Plans


· An employer must have written and oral emergency action plans. The plan must be kept in the workplace and available to employees for review. It should address all emergencies that can be reasonably expected in the workplace. The plan will help to prevent injuries to employees, reduce building/machine damage, and decrease time until resuming regular activities.

· The employer must regularly review the emergency action plan with employees.

· The minimum elements of an emergency action plan are:

· Procedures for reporting the emergency, evacuating, and accounting for employees.

· Procedures for employees performing rescue or medical duties.

· Employee personal contact information and allergies/disability information.

· Employers must have and maintain an employee alarm system to provide warning for necessary emergency action. It must meet the following requirements:

· Capable of being perceived above ambient noise or light levels in the workplace.

· Distinctive and recognizable as a signal to evacuate the work area or to perform actions designated under the emergency action plan.

· For employers with 10 or fewer employees, direct voice communication is an acceptable procedure for sounding the alarm, provided all employees can hear the alarm. Such workplaces need not have a back-up system. Additional approved systems include whistles, air horns, strobe lights or similar lighting devices, or tactile devices.

· All preferred means of reporting emergencies, such as manual pull box alarms, public address systems, radio or telephones must be explained to employees. Emergency telephone numbers must be posted near telephones or employee notice boards when telephones serve as a means of reporting emergencies.

· Alarm systems and power supplies must be maintained in operating condition and tested every two months by trained personnel.

· All manually operated employee alarms must be unobstructed, conspicuous and readily accessible. Back-up means of alarm shall be provided when systems are out of service.

· All employee alarm systems must be restored to normal operating condition after each test or alarm.

· An employer must designate and train employees to act as evacuation wardens by assisting in a safe and orderly evacuation of other employees.

· There must be an adequate number of evacuation wardens during working hours to help all employees move to a safe area and provide instruction (one for every 20 employees).

· All evacuation wardens should be trained in the emergency plan, building layout, and escape routes from the workplace.

· Wardens should be made aware of handicapped employees who need extra assistance.

· Before evacuation, wardens should check rooms/spaces for employees who are trapped or otherwise unable to evacuate the area.

· After evacuation, wardens should be able to verify that all employees are in the safe areas.

Current Situation

Fracture currently has no emergency action plan or an employee alarm system in place.

Recommendations

Fracture must develop a comprehensive emergency action plan. Fracture should coordinate their plans with the other employers in the building, especially the wood working shop connected to their storage room. A building-wide plan should be implemented and communicated to all employees to avoid confusion and conflict during an emergency. The following is a framework for determining the necessary components:

1.Determine Potential Emergencies

2.Determine Natural Emergencies

3.Determine Possible Consequences

4. Determine the Required Actions

5. Determine Resources Needed

Fire

Hurricanes

Sequential events (e.g fire after explosion)

Declare emergency – implement emergency plan

Medical supplies

Building collapse

Tornados

Evacuation

Sound the alert

Auxiliary communication equipment

Major structural failure

Floods

Casualties

Evacuate danger zone

Power generators

Spills of flammable liquids

Severe extremes in temperature (hot or cold)

Damage to plant infrastructure

Close main shutoffs

Respirators

Accidental release of toxic substances

Pandemic diseases

Loss of vital records/documents

Call for external aid

Chemical/radiation detection equipment

Deliberate release of toxic chemicals; biological

Disruption of work

Initiate rescue operations

Mobile equipment

Loss of electrical power

Attend to casualties

Emergency protective clothing

Loss of water supply

Fight fire

Call 911

Loss of communications

Rescue equipment


· Example of emergency management checklist (all items in the checklist should be addressed in the plan): http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/emergency_management.html

· Checklists for small businesses, including one for emergency action plans: http://www.osha.gov/Publications/smallbusiness/small-business.html

1910.39 – Fire Prevention Plans


· An employer must have a fire prevention plan in writing and be kept in the workplace. However, an employer with 10 or fewer employees may communicate the plan orally to employees. A fire prevention plan must include:

· A list of all major fire hazards, proper handling and storage procedures for hazardous materials, potential ignition sources and their control, and the type of fire protection equipment necessary to control each major hazard

· Procedures to control accumulations of flammable and combustible waste materials

· Procedures for regular maintenance of safeguards installed on heat-producing equipment

· The name or job title of employees responsible for maintaining equipment to prevent or control sources of ignition or fires

· An employer must inform employees of the fire hazards to which they are exposed and review the parts of the plan that are necessary for self-protection.

Current Situation

Fracture does not currently have a fire prevention plan in place and employees do not know to the extent at which they are exposed to fire hazards.

Recommendations

Below is an outline of a fire prevention plan for all fire hazards identified in the facility. Fracture should augment this plan as necessary. All procedures for fire prevention should be included in the workplace housekeeping checklist.

Fire Hazards

Proper Handling/Storage Procedure

Potential Ignition Source and their control

Fire protection equipment necessary to control hazard

Cardboard/ box of unwanted cardboard

Keep away from open flames/ignition sources;

Electrical, laser on cnc machine, cigarettes, sparks from power tools

Class A fire extinguisher

Cardboard dust

Practice good housekeeping; vacuum daily(hazard rating: 50-80:Strong)

Electrical, laser on cnc machine, cigarettes

Sprinkler system/fire brigades

Chemicals- Alcohol, cement

Store chemicals in a flammable storage locker; keep away from heat and raw materials


Class B fire extinguisher

Foam Board

Keep away from open flames/ignition sources; Clean the work area and cover the materials to avoid dust and static electricity


Class A fire extinguisher

Wood dust

Practice good housekeeping; vacuum daily(hazard rating: 20-80)


Sprinkler system/fire brigades


· A fire prevention plan template: http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=10&ved=0CKEBEBYwCQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.co.fresno.ca.us%2FViewDocument.aspx%3Fid%3D23659&ei=Df6XT-flO6no2gX_vtmEBw&usg=AFQjCNHGfULNM8VT6kciAaPuWtrWgN608Q&sig2=oXvvmR2rMhmd-P0bZRIs-A

· OSHA posters: http://www.osha.gov/pls/publications/publication.athruz?pType=Types&pID=5

Subpart G – Occupational Health and Environmental Control1910.94 – Ventilation


· Wherever dry grinding, dry polishing or buffing is performed, and employee exposure, without regard to the use of respirators, exceeds the permissible exposure limits prescribed in Table Z-3 below, a local exhaust ventilation system shall be provided and used to maintain employee exposures within the prescribed limits. An employee's exposure to any substance listed in this table, in any 8-hour work shift of a 40-hour work week, shall not exceed the 8-hour time weighted average limit given for that substance in the table.

TABLE Z-3 Mineral Dusts (Excerpt)

Substance

mppcf 1

mg/m3

Silica:Crystalline

Quartz (Respirable) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

250b %SiO2+5

10 mg/m3 e %SiO2+2

Quartz (Total Dust) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .

30 mg/m3 %SiO2+2

· Cristobalite: Use ½ the value calculated from the count or mass formulae for quartz.

· Tridymite: Use ½ the value calculated from the formulae for quartz.

1Mppcf: Millions of particles per cubic foot of air, based on impinger samples counted by light-field techniques.

Current Situation

The machine used by Fracture to grind and polish the edges of glass pieces already implements an engineering control to eliminate glass dust produced. Any dust produced is captured in water and then removed from the machine.

Recommendations

No further action necessary at this time in regards to grinding or polishing. However, the team believes that there is a significant ventilation problem in the printing room that is not specifically covered by OSHA standards. We have done much research on UV-cured ink printers and have concluded that ink mist and the ozone given off by the curing process have a high likelihood of harmful effects to the employees. Since this printing technology is relatively new and Fracture uses a printer and ink manufactured by a Swiss company (not governed by OSHA standards), information about health concerns is limited. We strongly recommend that Fracture further investigate this topic and require more detailed cautionary information from their suppliers.

At minimum, Fracture needs to provide good ventilation in the printer room. The use of powered wall- or window-mounted fans to supply fresh air, changing air five to ten times per hour will suffice until further research is completed. To reduce the ink mist, Fracture needs to veil the rollers to trap the mist and increase airflow to between 1 and 2.5 meters per second. They may need to go as far as hiring a ventilation engineer to audit the situation.


· Articles related to UV-cured ink printer health concerns:

http://sdgmag.com/article/printing-finishing/uv-ink-and-printer-safety

http://www.teamster.org/content/ultraviolet-process-hazards

http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/guidance/p7.pdf

1910.95 – Occupational Noise Exposure


· Protection against the effects of noise exposure shall be provided when the sound levels exceed those shown in Table G-16 below.

· When employees are subjected to sound exceeding those listed, feasible administrative or engineering controls shall be utilized. If such controls fail to reduce sound levels within the levels of Table G-16, personal protective equipment shall be provided and used to reduce sound levels within the levels of the table.

· Exposure to impulsive or impact noise should not exceed 140 dB peak sound pressure level.

TABLE G-16 - PERMISSIBLE NOISE EXPOSURES (1)

Duration per day, hours | Sound level dBA slow response

8...........................| 90

6...........................| 92

4...........................| 95

3...........................| 97

2...........................| 100

1 1/2 ......................| 102

1...........................| 105

1/2 ........................| 110

1/4 or less.................| 115

Current Situation

In the production room, the fans and blowers operate for approximately 6 hours per day and the compressor/vacuum pump operate for about 2.5 hours per day. No personal protective equipment is used to reduce noise levels in this area.

Another area of concern regarding hearing protection is the task of dumping bins of scrap glass on top of each other, which creates a very loud sound upon impact. Employees currently wear headphones during this part of the operation.

Recommendations

Fracture needs to measure the decibel level in the production room to ensure that employees are not experiencing a harmful noise level. Assuming an 8-hour work day, if the total noise level produced is less than 90 dB when all of these machines are running, the noise level is not harmful. Otherwise, Fracture must calculate an 8-hour Time Weighted Average (TWA), as shown in Appendix A. If the TWA is above 85 dB, Fracture must implement a hearing conservation program, protective equipment, and employee training as described in OSHA Standard 1910.95 paragraphs (c) through (m).

Fracture also must measure the sound level when dumping glass, ensuring that the headphones currently in use reduce the decibel level below the acceptable threshold of 140 dB.


· Refer to Appendix A of this report for TWA calculations.

Subpart H – Hazardous Materials1910.101 – Compressed Gas


· Verify visually that compressed gas cylinders are in a safe condition.

· All compressed gases should comply with Compressed Gas Association Pamphlet P-1-1965.

· Safety pressure relief devices should be installed and maintained for compressed gas containers.

Current Situation

Fracture has one compressed gas tank for their laser machine and visually looks safe.

Recommendations

Fracture should continue maintaining and checking their compressed gas tank.


· Additional compressed gas standards: http://www.wsmr.army.mil/PDF/compressedgassafety.PDF

1910.106 – Flammable and Combustible Liquids


· "Flashpoint" is the minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off enough vapor to form an ignitable mixture.

· "Combustible liquid" means any liquid having a flashpoint at or above 37.8 °C and is divided into two categories:

· "Class II liquids" have a flashpoint at or above 37.8 °C and below 60 °C.

· "Class III liquids" have a flashpoint at or above 60 °C. Class III liquids are subdivided into two subclasses:

· "Class IIIA liquids" have a flashpoint at or above 60 °C and below 93.3 °C.

· "Class IIIB liquids" have a flashpoint at or above 93.3 °C.

· "Flammable liquid" is any liquid with a flashpoint below 37.8 °C – known as Class I liquids.

· Class IA liquids have a flashpoint below 22.8 °C and a boiling point below 37.8 °C.

· Class IB liquids have a flashpoint below 22.8 °C and a boiling point at or above 37.8 °C.

· Class IC liquids have a flashpoint at or above 22.8 °C and below 37.8 °C.

· Ventilation is for the prevention of fire and explosion and is considered adequate if it is sufficient to prevent accumulation of significant quantities of vapor-air mixtures in concentration over one-fourth of the lower flammable limit.

· Flammable and combustible liquids must be store in containers and the containers shall be in accordance with Table H-12:

TABLE H-12 - MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE SIZE OF CONTAINERS AND PORTABLE TANKS | Flammable liquids | Combustible liquids Container type |__________________________|_____________________ | | | | | | Class | Class | Class | Class | Class | IA | IB | IC | II | III | | | | |Glass or approved | | | | | plastic..........| 1 pt | 1 qt | 1 gal | 1 gal | 1 gal.Metal (other than | | | | | DOT drums).......| 1 gal | 5 gal | 5 gal | 5 gal | 5 gal.Safety cans.......| 2 gal | 5 gal | 5 gal | 5 gal | 5 gal.Metal drums (DOT | | | | | specifications)..| 60 gal | 60 gal | 60 gal | 60 gal | 60 gal.Approved portable | | | | | tanks............|660 gal |660 gal |660 gal |660 gal | 660 gal.__________________|________|________|________|________|____________ NOTE: Container exemptions: [a] Medicines, beverages, foodstuffs,cosmetics, and other common consumer items, when packaged accordingto commonly accepted practices, shall be exempt from the requirementsof 1910.106(d)(2)(i) and (ii).

· Storage cabinet requirements include:

· Capacity restrictions include that no more than 25 gallons of Class IA, 60 gallons of Class I or Class II, or more than 120 gallons of Class IB, IC , or III liquids may be stored.

· All joints and seams shall remain tight.

· The door must be raised at least two inches above the bottom and have a three point lock.

· Cabinets shall be labeled in conspicuous lettering, "Flammable - Keep Fire Away."

· Metal cabinets must be constructed of at least No. 18 gage sheet iron and double walled with 1.5-inch air space.

· Wooden cabinets constructed of an approved grade of plywood at least 1.

· Aisles of at least 3 feet wide shall be provided where necessary for reasons of access to doors, windows or standpipe connections.

· At least one portable fire extinguisher having a rating of at least 12-B units shall be located not more than 10 feet from the storage area

· At least one portable fire extinguisher having a rating of at least 12-B units must be located from between 10 and 25 feet from any Class I or Class II liquid storage area

· Flammable liquids shall be kept in covered containers and kept away from ignition sources.

· Spills shall be cleaned up promptly and according to their MSDS.

· Combustible waste material and residues area shall be kept to a minimum, stored in covered metal receptacles and disposed of daily.

Current Situation

Fracture currently has no knowledge of the chemicals or their classifications located in the building. There is no central storage for chemicals, except all chemicals related to the printer are stored together. The chemicals present are located near the area of use and are not labeled as hazardous/flammable. All aisles within Fracture are not marked, nor at least three feet wide. Fracture is also using rags soaked in denatured alcohol to clean off printed glass. The rags are being thrown away with normal trash.

Recommendations

Fracture needs to print out all of the material safety and data sheets (MSDS) for chemicals in their facility, place them in a binder, and prominently locate the binder within the workplace. This binder should be used as a reference for spill cleanups, employee exposures, and storage requirements.

Fracture needs to evaluate the MSDS to determine what type of chemical storage they need. Fracture must either change their practice of cleaning glass with oily rags or purchase an oily waste can. Disposing of oily rags in regular trashcans creates a significant fire hazard.


· Refer to Appendix B of this report for MSDS for all of Fracture’s chemicals.

· Chemical storage information: http://www.lbl.gov/ehs/chsp/html/storage.shtml

· Link for a hazardous waste flammable storage cabinet: http://www.globalindustrial.com/p/storage/flammable-osha-cabinets/flammable-drum-cabinets/hazardous-waste-flammable-storage-cabinet?utm_source=google_pr&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=Drum-google_pr&infoParam.campaignId=T9F

· Link for an oil waste can: http://trashcansunlimited.com/pro1234283.html

Subpart I – Personal Protective Equipment1910.132 – General Requirements


· Where employees provide their own protective equipment (PPE), the employer shall be responsible to assure its adequacy, including proper maintenance and sanitation.

· The employer shall verify that the required workplace hazard assessment has been performed through a written certification that identifies the workplace evaluated; the person certifying that the evaluation has been performed; the date(s) of the hazard assessment; and, which identifies the document as a certification of hazard assessment.

· Don’t use damaged or defective equipment.

· Train employees on:

· When PPE is necessary.

· What PPE is necessary.

· How to properly don, doff, adjust, and wear PPE.

· The limitations of the PPE.

· The proper care, maintenance, useful life and disposal of the PPE.

· Employees must be able to demonstrate knowledge of the above listed before performing work requiring PPE. Retraining is required when:

· Changes in the workplace render previous training obsolete.

· Changes in the types of PPE to be used render previous training obsolete.

· An employee has not retained the requisite understanding or skill.

· PPE must be provided to employees at no cost except:

· Non-specialty safety-toe protective footwear (including steel-toe shoes or steel-toe boots) and non-specialty prescription safety eyewear, provided that the employer permits such items to be worn off the job-site.

· When the employer provides metatarsal guards and allows the employee, at his or her request, to use shoes or boots with built-in metatarsal protection, the employer is not required to reimburse the employee for the shoes or boots.

· Everyday clothing, such as long-sleeve shirts, long pants, street shoes, and work boots.

· Ordinary clothing, skin creams, or other items used for protection from weather, such as winter coats, jackets, gloves, parkas, rubber boots, hats, raincoats, sunglasses, and sunscreen.

· The employer must pay for replacement PPE, except when the employee has lost or intentionally damaged the PPE.

Current Situation

Fracture currently reimburses employees for any protective equipment they deem necessary and purchase themselves, but does not have strictly enforced guidelines or training for PPE. Some basic PPE is provided by Fracture, e.g., work gloves and goggles, but it is not all kept in good condition, as shown here:

Recommendations

Fracture must perform a comprehensive workplace hazard assessment, train the employees on use of PPE, and ensure that the equipment is properly maintained. It is the responsibility of the employer, not the employee, to determine what PPE should be worn and monitor compliance.

1910.133 – Eye and Face Protection


· The employer shall ensure that each affected employee uses appropriate eye or face protection when exposed to eye or face hazards from flying particles, molten metal, liquid chemicals, acids or caustic liquids, chemical gases or vapors, or potentially injurious light radiation. The employer shall ensure that each affected employee who wears prescription lenses while engaged in operations that involve eye hazards wears eye protection that incorporates the prescription in its design, or wears eye protection that can be worn over the prescription lenses without disturbing the proper position of the prescription lenses or the protective lenses.

· Eye and face PPE shall be distinctly marked to facilitate identification of the manufacturer.

· Protective eye and face protection devices must comply with the American National Standard Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection.

Current Situation

Goggles are worn in the printer room, but not anywhere in the production room.

Recommendations

Fracture must ensure that the goggles being worn in the printing room are adequately protecting employees from the irritating ink mist and ozone in the room. Fracture should investigate a cover for the UV lamp in the printer, or ensure that goggles worn also block UV radiation.

Protective eyewear should be worn when breaking apart pieces of glass that have been scored by the CNC machine and when dumping glass scraps into bins to protect from flying shards.

No PPE is necessary to prevent eye damage related to the smaller Laser Zing machine since it is only classified as a Class 2 laser. However, laser safety goggles should be worn when operating the LS4896 machine, since it is a Class 3 laser. This warning is displayed on the LS4896 machine:


· Information on laser classes: https://research.uiowa.edu/ehs/files/documents/radiation/lasermanual.pdf

· PPE for UV printers: http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/guidance/p7.pdf

1910.134 – Respiratory Protection


· In the control of those occupational diseases caused by breathing air contaminated with harmful dusts, fogs, fumes, mists, gases, smokes, sprays, or vapors, the primary objective shall be to prevent atmospheric contamination through engineering control measures (e.g., enclosure or confinement of the operation, general and local ventilation, and substitution of less toxic materials). When effective engineering controls are not feasible, or while they are being instituted, appropriate respirators shall be used pursuant to this section.

· A respirator shall be provided to each employee when necessary to protect their health. The employer shall establish and maintain a respiratory protection program that covers each employee required to use a respirator.

· For protection against gases and vapors, the employer shall provide an atmosphere-supplying respirator or an air-purifying respirator, provided that the respirator is equipped with an end-of-service-life indicator (ESLI) certified by NIOSH for the contaminant, or if there is no ESLI appropriate for workplace conditions, the employer implements a change schedule for canisters and cartridges that will ensure change before the end of service life. The employer shall describe in the respirator program the information and data relied upon and the basis for the canister and cartridge change schedule.

Current Situation

Fracture employees sometimes choose to wear a small dust mask in the printing room, but it is not required or enforced in any way.

Recommendations

Until an OSHA-compliant ventilation system has been implemented in the printer room and it has been determined what toxic chemicals are being disbursed, employees should be wearing precautionary respiratory PPE such as ozone-destroying masks.


· Ozone-destroying mask example: http://www.allergybegone.com/moldex2800.html

1910.136 – Foot Protection


· The employer shall ensure that each affected employee uses protective footwear when working in areas where there is a danger of foot injuries due to falling or rolling objects, or objects piercing the sole, and where such employee's feet are exposed to electrical hazards.

Current Situation

Fracture employees are generally required to wear close-toed shoes; however, we have observed some employees in the office area not in compliance with this standard.

Recommendations

Fracture employees do not need any specialized footwear, but it is recommended that they wear shoes with soles that provide sufficient protection from stepping on sharp pieces of glass or dropping product on their feet.

1910.138 – Hand Protection


· Employers shall select and require employees to use appropriate hand protection when employees' hands are exposed to hazards such as those from skin absorption of harmful substances; severe cuts or lacerations; severe abrasions; punctures; chemical burns; thermal burns; and harmful temperature extremes.

Current Situation

Employees wear gloves when breaking apart pieces of glass that have been scored by the CNC machine. They also wear nitrile gloves (shown below) when handling wet ink in the printer room.

Recommendations

Employees should also wear gloves when dumping glass to protect from glass shards. In the printing room, skin contact with UV should always be avoided to prevent dermatitis. Splash resistant gloves should be worn and Fracture must ensure that the single-use nitrile gloves are at least 0.4mm thick when cleaning up large spills (0.2mm for general use).

Subpart J – General Environmental Controls1910.141 – Sanitation


· Any receptacle used for putrescible solid or liquid waste should be thoroughly cleaned and maintained in a sanitary condition, without leaks. It should be equipped with a solid tight-fitting cover, unless it can be maintained in a sanitary condition without a cover.

· All sweepings, solid or liquid wastes, refuse, and garbage shall be removed as often as necessary to avoid creating a menace to health and to maintain the workplace in a sanitary condition.

· Every enclosed workplace shall be constructed, equipped, and maintained so as to prevent the entrance or harborage of rodents, insects, and other vermin. A continuing and effective extermination program shall be instituted where their presence is detected.

· Potable water shall be provided in all places of employment, for drinking, washing of the person, cooking, washing of foods, washing of cooking or eating utensils, washing of food preparation or processing premises, and personal service rooms.

· Portable drinking water dispensers shall be designed, constructed, and serviced so that sanitary conditions are maintained, shall be capable of being closed, and shall be equipped with a tap.

· Open containers such as barrels, pails, or tanks for drinking water from which the water must be dipped or poured, whether or not they are fitted with a cover, are prohibited.

· Outlets for non-potable water (e.g., for industrial or firefighting purposes) should be marked, clearly indicating that the water is unsafe and is not to be used for drinking, washing of the person, cooking, washing of food, washing of cooking or eating utensils, washing of food preparation or processing premises, or personal service rooms, or for washing clothes.

· Non-potable water systems cannot contaminate a potable water system.

· Non-potable water shall not be used for washing any portion of the person, cooking or eating utensils, or clothing. It may be used for cleaning work premises, other than food processing and preparation premises and personal service rooms, provided that it does not contain chemicals, fecal coliform, or other substances which could create unsanitary or harmful conditions.

· Toilet facilities shall be provided in all places of employment in accordance with Table J-1. The number of facilities shall be based on the number of employees of each sex. Where toilet rooms will be occupied by no more than one person at a time, can be locked from the inside, and contain at least one water closet, separate toilet rooms for each sex are not necessary.

Table J-1

Number of employees

Minimum number of water closets1

1 to 15

1

16 to 35

2

36 to 55

3

56 to 80

4

81 to 110

5

111 to 150

6

1Where toilet facilities will not be used by women, urinals may be provided instead of water closets, except that the number of water closets in such cases shall not be reduced to less than 2/3 of the minimum specified.

· The sewage disposal method shall not endanger the health of employees.

· Washing facilities shall be maintained in a sanitary condition.

· Each lavatory shall be provided with hot and cold running water, or tepid running water.

· Hand soap or similar cleansing agents shall be provided. Individual cloth or paper hand towels, air blowers, or clean individual sections of continuous cloth toweling, shall be provided.

· Whenever employees are required by a particular standard to wear protective clothing due to the possibility of contamination with toxic materials, change rooms equipped with separate storage facilities for street clothes and the protective clothing shall be provided.

· No employee shall be allowed to consume or store food or beverages in a toilet room or in any area exposed to a toxic material.

· Receptacles constructed of smooth, corrosion resistant, easily cleanable, or disposable materials, shall be provided and used for the disposal of waste food. They shall be emptied at least once each working day, unless unused, and shall be maintained in a clean and sanitary condition. Receptacles shall be provided with a solid tight-fitting cover unless sanitary conditions can be maintained without use of a cover.

Current Situation

Fracture currently has three bathrooms within the workplace, each with a single toilet. All three bathrooms are kept clean and sanitary. However, only one is used regularly and supplied with toilet paper, soap, and hand towels. Potable water is provided, as well as trash cans in both the kitchen and bathroom.

Recommendations

Fracture meets the minimum number of bathrooms required for their size of staff. They need to continue to monitor the bathroom and kitchens cleanliness and remember to take out the trash daily.

1910.144/1910.145 –Marking Physical Hazards and Sign Specifications


· Red shall be the basic color for the identification of:

· Fire protection equipment and apparatus

· Danger

· Containers of flammable liquids having a flash point at or below 80º F, excluding shipping containers, shall be painted red with some additional clearly visible identification either in the form of a yellow band around the can or the name of the contents conspicuously stenciled or painted on the can in yellow.

· Red lights shall be provided at barricades and at temporary obstructions.

· Stop

· Emergency stop bars on hazardous machines.

· Stop buttons or electrical switches used for emergency stopping of machinery.

· Yellow shall be the basic color for designating caution and for marking physical hazards such as: Striking against, stumbling, falling, tripping, and "caught in between."

· Danger signs shall have no variation in design, and be posted to warn of specific dangers and radiation hazards. All employees shall be instructed that danger signs indicate immediate danger and that special precautions are necessary.

· Caution signs shall be used only to warn against potential hazards or to caution against unsafe practices. All employees shall be instructed that caution signs indicate a possible hazard against which proper precaution should be taken. Standard color of the background shall be yellow; and the panel, black with yellow letters. Letters against the yellow background shall be black.

· Safety instruction signs shall be used where there is a need for general instructions and suggestions relative to safety measures. Standard color of the background shall be white; and the panel, green with white letters. Letters against the white background shall be black.

· All signs shall be furnished with rounded or blunt corners and shall be free from sharp edges, burrs, splinters, or other sharp projections. Bolts and other fastening devices shall be located in such a way that they do not constitute a hazard.

· The wording of any sign should be easily read and concise. The sign should contain sufficient information to be easily understood. The wording should make a positive, rather than negative suggestion and should be accurate in fact.

· Accident prevention tags shall be used to prevent accidental injury or illness to employees who are exposed to hazardous or potentially hazardous conditions, equipment or operations which are out of the ordinary, unexpected or not readily apparent. Tags shall be used until the identified hazard is eliminated or the hazardous operation is completed. Tags need not be used where signs, guarding or other positive means of protection are being used.

· The following color scheme is recommended by OSHA for tags (with lettering or symbols in a contrasting color):

· "DANGER" - Red, or predominantly red.

· "CAUTION" - Yellow, or predominantly yellow.

· "WARNING" - Orange, or predominantly orange.

· All required tags shall meet the following criteria:

· Tags shall contain a signal word (e.g., “Danger,” “Caution”) and a major message indicating the specific hazardous condition or the instruction for the employee.

· The signal word shall be readable at a minimum distance of five feet (1.52 m) or such greater distance as warranted by the hazard.

· The tag's major message shall be presented in either pictographs, written text, or both.

· The signal word and the major message shall be understandable to all employees who may be exposed to the identified hazard.

· All employees shall be informed as to the meaning of the various tags used throughout the workplace and what special precautions are necessary.

· Tags shall be affixed as close as safely possible to their respective hazards by string, wire, or adhesive that prevents their loss or unintentional removal.

· Danger tags shall only be used in major hazard situations where an immediate hazard presents a threat of death or serious injury to employees.

· Caution tags shall only be used in minor hazard situations where a non-immediate or potential hazard or unsafe practice presents a lesser threat of employee injury.

· Warning tags may be used to represent a hazard level between "Caution" and "Danger," instead of the required "Caution" tag, provided that they have a signal word of "Warning," an appropriate major message, and otherwise meet the general tag criteria.

Current Situation

All of Fracture's chemicals classifications are currently unknown and thus are not marked accordingly. All machine emergency stop buttons are colored red and prominent. There are no danger or caution signs throughout Fracture's workplace. There are manufacturer signs placed on a couple machines showing specific PPE requirements and locations not to touch. There are also no easily located safety instruction manuals for machines.

Recommendations

Fracture needs to mark all chemicals red or yellow depending on their classification. These classifications can be found in the MSDS list. Fracture also needs to evaluate each machine independently to determine if any danger or caution signs are needed. If any signs are needed, an accident prevention tag needs to be adhered until signs can be posted.

Subpart K – Medical and First Aid


· The employer shall ensure the ready availability of medical personnel for advice and consultation on matters of plant health.

· In the absence of an infirmary, clinic, or hospital in near proximity to the workplace, a person or persons shall be adequately trained to render first aid.

· Adequate first aid supplies shall be readily available, based on workplaces specific needs.

Current Situation

Fracture currently has a small first aid kit. However, the kit does not contain all necessary supplies or supplies specific to their need. Fracture is located near clinics and a hospital.

Recommendations

Fracture needs to evaluate the potential hazards in their workplace and determine the necessary medical supplies needed. A newer first aid kit needs to created and prominently placed within the workplace.

Subpart L – Fire Protection1910.157/1910.160/1910.161 – Portable and Fixed Fire Extinguishing Systems


· Portable fire extinguishers must be mounted and located to be readily accessible to employees

· Only approved portable fire extinguishers shall be used, excluding extinguishers that use carbon tetrachloride or chlorobromomethane extinguishing agents.

· Portable fire extinguishers must be maintained in a fully operable condition and kept in their designated places.

· Portable fire extinguisher selection should be based on the type of workplace hazards and potential fires

· Distribute portable fire extinguishers so that the minimum travel distance to any extinguisher is:

· Class A: 75 feet(22.9 m) or less

· Required for ordinary combustibles (wood, cloth, paper) – dry chemical or water extinguisher.

· Class B: 50 feet(15.2 m) or less

· Required for flammable liquids, gases, greases – Carbon dioxide extinguisher.

· Class C: either 50 or 75 feet or less

· Required for energized electrical equipment – Halon extinguisher.

· Class D: 75 feet(22.9 m) or less

· Required in combustible working areas with metal powders, flakes, or shavings are generated at least once every two weeks.

· Portable fire extinguishers must be visually inspected monthly, semi-annually weighed and annually checked for maintenance.

· The date must be recorded, retained for one year after the last entry or the life of the shell, and available upon request.

· All stored pressure dry chemical extinguishers that require a 12-year hydrostatic test are subjected to maintenance every six years.

· Dry chemical extinguishers having non-refillable disposable containers are exempt from this requirement.

· Hydrostatic testing must be recorded in the form of a certification record that includes the date of the test, the signature of the tester, and the serial number of the fire extinguisher that was tested. The record must be kept until the next test or until take out of service.

· Hydrostatic testing must be performed by trained persons with suitable testing equipment and facilities at the intervals listed in Table L-1 on the next page.

TABLE L-1

Type of extinguishers

Test interval (years)

Soda acid (stainless steel shell)Cartridge operated water and/or antifreezeStored pressure water and/or antifreezeWetting agentFoam (stainless steel shell)Aqueous Film Forming foam (AFFF)Loaded streamDry chemical with stainless steelCarbon DioxideDry chemical, stored pressure, with mild steel, brazed brass or aluminum shellsDry chemical, cartridge or cylinder operated, with mild steel shellsHalon 1211Halon 1301Dry powder, cartridge or cylinder operated with mild steel shells

5555555551212121212

· Employees need to be educated annually on the general principles of fire extinguisher use, the hazards involved, and be trained on proper equipment use.

· Fire extinguishing system requirements include:

· The system must be designed and approved for use on the specific fire hazards they are expected to control or extinguish.

· If the system becomes inoperable, the employer shall notify employees and take the necessary temporary precautions to assure their safety.

· A distinctive alarm or signal must be used to signal the discharge of the extinguishing system, unless discharge is immediately recognizable.

· Hazard warning or caution signs should be posted if fixed extinguishing systems use agents in concentrations known to be hazardous to employee safety and health.

· At least one manual station, identified as to relevant hazard must be provided for discharge activation of each fixed extinguishing system.

· Personal protective equipment should be provided if agent discharge creates a hazardous atmosphere.

· All dry chemical agents must be compatible with any foams or wetting agents with which they are used and cannot mix with agents of different compositions.

· When dry chemical discharge may obscure vision, the employer shall provide a pre-discharge employee alarm giving employees time to safely exit from the discharge area.

· The application of dry chemicals must reach the fire within 30 seconds of initial discharge.

Current Situation

Fracture currently has three portable fire extinguishers within the workplace. The fire extinguishers are dry chemical extinguishers and have class of ABC. One is in the kitchen, one is in the production room, and on is in the packaging room. All three are mounted correctly and in proper areas. The classification of ABC is appropriate based on Fractures hazards and flammable materials. Two of the fire extinguishers had record tags indicating the last inspection date. Fracture has no extinguishing systems in place except portable fire extinguishers.

Recommendations

Additional signage needs to be placed above the fire extinguishers to help identify them more prominently. We feel that their current extinguishing system is appropriate for their current hazards.

However, as Fracture continues to change, they need to continually monitor their extinguishing system.


· The chart shows Fracture’s current portable fire extinguishers and their specifications.

Location

Class

Type of Extinguisher

Inspection Record Sheet

Kitchen

Class ABC

Dry chemical – compressed gas

No

Main manufacturing room next to the fire exit

Class ABC


Yes

Packaging room next to the fire exit

Class ABC


Yes

· This picture represents what a “Class: ABC” extinguisher label looks and shows that these extinguishers can put out Class A, B, and C fires:

· Dry chemical fire extinguisher information: http://ehs.sc.edu/modules/fire/06_drychem.htm

Conclusion

We suggest that Fracture read through all recommendations indicated in this report. They should use those and the following chart of financial estimates to determine an effective and feasible plan of action.

Section

Item Description

Link

# Needed

Cost

Total Cost

Fire Protection

Employee Emgerency Plan

http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/emergency_management.html

1

$ -

$ -

Walk-Working Surfaces

Good Housekeeping Checklist

http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/cklstgen.html

1

$ -

$ -

Fire Protection

Fire Prevention Plan

http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/cklstcon.html

0

$ -

$ -

Fire Protection

"NO smoking" Sign

http://www.seton.com/signs.html

1

$16.80

$16.80

Fire Protection

Fire Extinguisher poster


1

$17.70

$17.70

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

UV glasses

http://www.blacklightworld.com/UV_Glasses.htm

1

$18.95

$18.95

Fire Protection

"Broken glass" label

http://www.safetyemporium.com/ILPI_Site/WebPagesUS/detail.htm?00670

5

$4.00

$20.00

Fire Protection

"Restroom" Sign


1

$25.50

$25.50

PPE

Moldex 2800 N95 Organic Vapor / Ozone Relief Particulate Respirator Mask

http://www.allergybegone.com/moldex2800.html

1

$38.99

$38.99

Fire Protection

"Not an Exit" Sign


3

$13.60

$40.80

Fire Protection

"Exit" Sign


3

$13.60

$40.80

Fire Protection

"Fire Extinguisher" Sign


2

$21.80

$43.60

Hazardous Materials

Oily Waste Container

http://trashcansunlimited.com/pro1234283.html

1

$79.95

$79.95

PPE

Nitrile Gloves-4 mil

http://www.gemplers.com/shop/nitrile-gloves

7

$16.40

$114.80

PPE

HexArmor 19 inch Protective Sleeve-Glass

http://www.envirosafetyproducts.com/hexarmor-19-inch-protective-sleeve.html

2

$57.81

$115.62

Fire Protection

Evcaulation route


2

$61.90

$123.80

Fire Protection

Employee Alarm System/Electric Signal-motorized Bell

http://www.globalindustrial.com/p/safety/safety/Audible-Signal-Bells/federal-signal-6-vibrating-bell-240-08-120-100

1

$141.95

$141.95


Floor Cable Covers(5ft)

http://www.drillspot.com/products/155118/hubbell_wiring_ft3bg5_cable_positioning_duct?s=1

10

$19.20

$192.00


Personal Locker

http://www.walmart.com/ip/Lyon-Workspace-Products-Double-Tier-Locker-3-Sections-Unassembled/11559359

1

$440.00

$440.00

PPE

Polypropylene Disposable Coveralls

http://www.globalindustrial.com/g/safety/clothing/coveralls-overalls/polypropylene-disposable-protective-clothing

365

$1.60

$584.00

Hazardous Materials

Hazardous Waste Flammable Storage Cabinet

http://www.globalindustrial.com/p/storage/flammable-osha-cabinets/flammable-drum-cabinets/hazardous-waste-flammable-storage-cabinet?utm_source=google_pr&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=Drum-google_pr&infoParam.campaignId=T9F

1

$813.00

$813.00

PPE

Ventilation system: Activated Carbon Air Filter(AllerAir-Print safe series )

http://www.electrocorp.net/printing_and_graphics.php

1

$600-1000

$600-1000

Total Costs

$3,868.26

AppendixAppendix A: Noise Exposure Computation

I. Computation of Employee Noise Exposure

(1) Noise dose is computed using Table G-16a as follows:

Compute without regard to any attenuation provided by the use of personal protective equipment.

(i) When the sound level, L, is constant over the entire work shift, the noise dose, D, in percent, is given by: D=100 C/T where C is the total length of the work day, in hours, and T is the reference duration corresponding to the measured sound level, L, as given in Table G-16a or by the formula shown as a footnote to that table.

(ii) When the workshift noise exposure is composed of two or more periods of noise at different levels, the total noise dose over the work day is given by:

D = 100 (C(1)/T(1) + C(2)/T(2) + ... + C(n)/T(n)),

where C(n) indicates the total time of exposure at a specific noise level, and T(n) indicates the reference duration for that level as given by Table G-16a.

(2) The eight-hour time-weighted average sound level (TWA), in decibels, may be computed from the dose, in percent, by means of the formula: TWA = 16.61 log(10) (D/100) + 90. For an eight-hour workshift with the noise level constant over the entire shift, the TWA is equal to the measured sound level.

(3) A table relating dose and TWA is given in Section II.

TABLE G-16A

Reference

A-weighted sound level, L (decibel) duration,

T (hour)

80................................... 32

81................................... 27.9

82................................... 24.3

83................................... 21.1

84................................... 18.4

85................................... 16

86................................... 13.9

87................................... 12.1

88................................... 10.6

89................................... 9.2

90................................... 8

91................................... 7.0

92................................... 6.1

93................................... 5.3

94................................... 4.6

95................................... 4

96................................... 3.5

97................................... 3.0

98................................... 2.6

99................................... 2.3

100.................................. 2

101.................................. 1.7

102.................................. 1.5

103.................................. 1.3

104.................................. 1.1

105.................................. 1

106.................................. 0.87

107.................................. 0.76

108.................................. 0.66

109.................................. 0.57

110.................................. 0.5

111.................................. 0.44

112.................................. 0.38

113.................................. 0.33

114.................................. 0.29

115.................................. 0.25

116.................................. 0.22

117.................................. 0.19

118.................................. 0.16

119.................................. 0.14

120.................................. 0.125

121.................................. 0.11

122.................................. 0.095

123.................................. 0.082

124.................................. 0.072

125.................................. 0.063

126.................................. 0.054

127.................................. 0.047

128.................................. 0.041

129.................................. 0.036

130.................................. 0.031

In the above table the reference duration, T, is computed by

where L is the measured A-weighted sound level.

II. Conversion Between "Dose" and "8-Hour Time-Weighted Average"

Sound Level

Compliance with paragraphs (c)-(r) of this regulation is determined by the amount of exposure to noise in the workplace. The amount of such exposure is usually measured with an audiodosimeter which gives a readout in terms of "dose." In order to better understand the requirements of the amendment, dosimeter readings can be converted to an "8-hour time-weighted average sound level" (TWA).

In order to convert the reading of a dosimeter into TWA, see Table A-1, below. This table applies to dosimeters that are set by the manufacturer to calculate dose or percent exposure according to the relationships in Table G-16a. So, for example, a dose of 91 percent over an eight hour day results in a TWA of 89.3 dB, and, a dose of 50 percent corresponds to a TWA of 85 dB.

If the dose as read on the dosimeter is less than or greater than the values found in Table A-1, the TWA may be calculated by using the formula: TWA = 16.61 log(10) (D/100) + 90 where TWA=8-hour time-weighted average sound level and D = accumulated dose in percent exposure.

TABLE A-1 - CONVERSION FROM "PERCENT NOISE EXPOSURE"

OR "DOSE" TO "8-HOUR TIME-WEIGHTED

AVERAGE SOUND LEVEL" (TWA)

Page | 2

Dose or % noise exposure TWA

10 ..................... 73.4

15 ..................... 76.3

20 ..................... 78.4

25 ..................... 80.0

30 ..................... 81.3

35 ..................... 82.4

40 ..................... 83.4

45 ..................... 84.2

50 ..................... 85.0

55 ..................... 85.7

60 ..................... 86.3

65 ..................... 86.9

70 ..................... 87.4

75 ..................... 87.9

80 ..................... 88.4

81 ..................... 88.5

82 ..................... 88.6

83 ..................... 88.7

84 ..................... 88.7

85 ..................... 88.8

86 ..................... 88.9

87 ..................... 89.0

88 ..................... 89.1

89 ..................... 89.2

90 ..................... 89.2

91 ..................... 89.3

92 ..................... 89.4

93 ..................... 89.5

94 ..................... 89.6

95 ..................... 89.6

96 ..................... 89.7

97 ..................... 89.8

98 ..................... 89.9

99 ..................... 89.9

100 .................... 90.0

101 .................... 90.1

102 ................... 90.1

103 ................... 90.2

104 ................... 90.3

105 ................... 90.4

106 ................... 90.4

107 ................... 90.5

108 ................... 90.6

109 ................... 90.6

110 ................... 90.7

111 ................... 90.8

112 ................... 90.8

113 ................... 90.9

114 ................... 90.9

115 ................... 91.1

116 ................... 91.1

117 ................... 91.1

118 ................... 91.2

119 ................... 91.3

120 ................... 91.3

125 ................... 91.6

130 ................... 91.9

135 ................... 92.2

140 ................... 92.4

145 ................... 92.7

150 ................... 92.9

155 ................... 93.2

160 ................... 93.4

165 ................... 93.6

170 ................... 93.8

175 ................... 94.0

180 ................... 94.2

185 ................... 94.4

190 ................... 94.6

195 ................... 94.8

200 ................... 95.0

210 ................... 95.4

220 ................... 95.7

230 ................... 96.0

240 ................... 96.3

250 ................... 96.6

260 ................... 96.9

270 ................... 97.2

280 ................... 97.4

290 ................... 97.7

300 ................... 97.9

310 ................... 98.2

320 ................... 98.4

330 ................... 98.6

340 ................... 98.8

350 ................... 99.0

360 ................... 99.2

370 ................... 99.4

380 ................... 99.6

390 ................... 99.8

400 ................... 100.0

410 ................... 100.2

420 ................... 100.4

430 ................... 100.5

440 ................... 100.7

450 ................... 100.8

460 ................... 101.0

470 ................... 101.2

480 ................... 101.3

490 ................... 101.5

500 ................... 101.6

510 ................... 101.8

520 ................... 101.9

530 ................... 102.0

540 ................... 102.2

550 ................... 102.3

560 ................... 102.4

570 ................... 102.6

580 ................... 102.7

590 ................... 102.8

600 ................... 102.9

610 ................... 103.0

620 ................... 103.2

630 ................... 103.3

640 ................... 103.4

650 ................... 103.5

660 ................... 103.6

670 ................... 103.7

680 ................... 103.8

690 ................... 103.9

700 ................... 104.0

710 ................... 104.1

720 ................... 104.2

730 ................... 104.3

740 ................... 104.4

750 ................... 104.5

760 ................... 104.6

770 ................... 104.7

780 ................... 104.8

790 ................... 104.9

800 ................... 105.0

810 ................... 105.1

820 ................... 105.2

830 ................... 105.3

840 ................... 105.4

850 ................... 105.4

860 ................... 105.5

870 ................... 105.6

880 ................... 105.7

890 ................... 105.8

900 ................... 105.8

910 ................... 105.9

920 ................... 106.0

930 ................... 106.1

940 ................... 106.2

950 ................... 106.2

960 ................... 106.3

970 ................... 106.4

980 ................... 106.5

990 ................... 106.5

999 ................... 106.6

Appendix B: MSDS Chart of Fracture’s Chemicals

Name on Bottle

Main Ingredient

Use

Amount

Flammable/Combustible

Flashpoint ( C)

Classification

Storage Rules

MSDS Website

Anti-freeze

Ethylene Glycol

Machine

< 1 Gallon

Combustible

118 C

Class IIIA

Room Temperature

http://www.kmcoinc.com/antifreeze%20MSDS.pdf

Klean Strip Denatured Alcohol

Ethyl alcohol; Methanol

Remove ink from unusable glass

3 Gallon

Flammable

13 C

Class IB

Ordinary conditions; Keep away from flames

http://www.hvchemical.com/msds/deal.htm

http://www.rockler.com/tech/RTD20000136AA.pdf

Indus Diamond Dry Coolant

Grinder coolant

1 lb

N

None

None

Room Temperature

http://www.edhoy.com/pdf/50340_MSDS.pdf

Cantex Conduit Solvent cement

Polyvinyl Chloride

Machine repair

8 fl oz

Flammable

-20 C

Class IB

Room Temperature; Keep away from flames

http://www.cantexinc.com/images/msds/CANTEX99Gray.pdf

Oatey All Purpose Cement

Tetrahydrofuran

Machine repair

4 fl oz

Flammable

-10 to -5 C

Class IB

40 -110 F; Keep

http://www.oatey.com/apps/catalog/instance_assets/assets/MSDS_Sheet/1106E_tmpl_us_e1_OUT.pdf

Bar Keepers Friend Soft Cleanser

Cleaning

25 fl oz

N/N

None

Ordinary Conditions

http://www.barkeepersfriend.com/files/MSDS_Bar%20Keepers%20Friend%20Cleanser%20&%20Polish_2012.pdf

Streak free glass cleaner

Water

Cleaning

128 fl oz

N/N

57C

Ordinary Conditions

http://www.officedepot.com/pdf/msds/347930.pdf

Color Place Fast Dry Spray Paint

Propane, butane

?

10 fl oz

Combustible

0

Class IIIA

Ordinary Conditions

http://services.georgiasouthern.edu/ess/msds/Colorplace%20Spray%20Enamel.htm

SwissQprintUV Ink SQS

Acrylic Acid

Printing

75 Liters

?

Cool, dry, ventilated area; store isolated from oxidizing materials, acids and alkalis.

http://cmscalmedia.net/files/msds/0706283A.pdf

Could not find any information regarding this specific ink.

Gluefast Food Packing Glue #835

Cement

¼ Gallon

None

Not applicable

Ordinary Conditions

http://www.gluefast.com/msds.html

SwissQPrintFlushing fluids

Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate

Cleaning printer heads

3 Liters

Combustible

74C

Class II

Room Temperature; Keep away from flames; well-ventilated area

http://www.greencorp.com/prodsheets/Flush%20Solvent.pdf

Could not find any information regarding this specific chemical

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