World HistoryTeacher: Miss BunnellScientific Revolution

Causes of the Scientific Revolution Prior to the Renaissance, knowledge of the world and universe relied on the

authority of ________________________________.

The revival of Greek and Latin allowed the study of other ancient works that had for the most part gone ignored.

o Philosophy, ________________________, Geography

o Great mathematicians believed that the secrets of the universe were

written in ____________________ and ______________________,

just waiting to be discovered.

New technological inventions - __________________________________ -

stimulated interest in science. And the _________________________helped

ideas to spread quickly.

Medieval Astronomy

Most scholars accepted the writings of Aristotle, _____________________,

and the Bible to be the only explanations for the world.

Ptolemaic system (____________________________________) believes

that the _____________ is the center of the universe.

o “Spheres” encircling the system kept it in place. God and Heaven were believed to be beyond the tenth sphere.

The Catholic Church supported this theory because they taught that God had

_______________________ placed earth in the center of His view.

World HistoryTeacher: Miss BunnellScientific Revolution

Nicolaus Copernicus (Polish) Although the geocentric model seemed to make sense, it did not accurately

explain the movements of the sun, moon, and planets.

After 25 years of study, ________________________ (a mathematician)

established this theory.

____________________________ System: Places the __________ in the

center of the universe. The moon __________________________ the earth.

o Also believed that the earth _____________________ on an axis.

He feared that most scholars and clergy would reject this theory because it

_______________________________________________. He didn’t

publish his views until just before he died in 1543.

o A fault of the Copernican system is that it does not accurately explain

how the _______________________________________. The model

of perfect ______________________ orbits is inaccurate.

World HistoryTeacher: Miss BunnellScientific Revolution

Johannes Kepler (German) A strong mathematician well versed in planetary motion.

Used mathematical equations to ________________ that the sun was in the

center of the universe and add new information.

Stated that the planets revolve in ____________________ orbits, with the

sun toward the __________ of the ellipse.

Galileo Galilei (Italian) Made brilliant improvements to the _____________________ and could see

further into the universe.

Discoveries:

o __________________ heliocentricism

o He discovered that Jupiter has 4 moons

o The earth’s moons had _____________________

o The sun has dark spots

World HistoryTeacher: Miss BunnellScientific Revolution

o The planets are composed of materials like earth

Was a devoted Catholic who believed that scripture ___________________

_____________, it was just written from an ________________ perspective.

1616: Received an order from the Catholic Church to _____________

teaching the ______________________________ or he would be deemed a

heretic.

1632: Publishes Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, which

________________________ the heliocentric model.

1632-1633: Summoned by the Catholic Church to stand trial for his

publishings.

o Threatened with _______________.

o Admitted “wrong doing” in supporting heliocentricism, but ________

and said he himself did not ____________________________.

Claimed he wanted to provoke debate among astronomers.

Convicted of “_____________________________________________.”

Sentence to _________________________ for the remainder of his life.

Books were banned by the Church until 1758. 1835: Catholic Church acknowledge heliocentricism.

Galileo defending himself during the Roman Inquisition.

World HistoryTeacher: Miss BunnellScientific Revolution

Isaac Newton (English) Mathematician, Astronomer, and Physicist.

The man was able to put the ideas of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo

together.

1687: Published Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.

o Introduced a new theory - ________________ - that explains how all

objects are ___________________ to each other.

o Mathematically proved how __________________ is caused by

gravitational pull.

Other discoveries:

o Laws of _______________ and _______________

o Laws of ________________

Father of Calculus

Father of Physics

World HistoryTeacher: Miss BunnellScientific Revolution

Scientific Instruments

~1590: ________________________ - Used to view tiny

object and bring them _________________ in to view.

1643: Mercury Barometer – Used to measure atmospheric

pressure and can be used to predict the weather.

1714: Mercury _________________________ - Used to detect temperature.

o Gabriel _______________________ (German) set “freezing” at 32°

(example: 75°F)

o Anders ____________________ (Swedish) set “freezing” at 0°

(example: 12°C)

o Conversion = (?°F - 32) x .5556 = ?°C

(85°F – 32) x .5556 = 29°C

Medical Advancements

Andreas Vesalius (Flemish)

__________________________ the human body.

Accurately described the individual ________________ and general

structure of the human body.

On the Fabric of the Human Body was filled with detailed drawings and notes on the organs, bones, and muscles.

World HistoryTeacher: Miss BunnellScientific Revolution

William Harvey (English)

Proved that the ________________ was the beginning point for the

circulation of blood.

Mapped how the blood flows through _______________ and

___________________ and makes a complete ________________ through

the body.

Basile Pascal (French)

Examined how ___________ act and react while under _________________

Findings applied to understanding the assessment and surgery of the human

body.

Applied to the development of tools such as the __________________.

Edward Jenner (English)

Created the world’s first ____________________ to prevent smallpox.

He injected people with germs of cowpox (a much _________________

form of the disease strain) to help them build _________________________

World HistoryTeacher: Miss BunnellScientific Revolution

Chemistry

Robert Boyle (Irish) Challenged Aristotle’s idea that the physical world is of only 4 elements.

Proposed that matter was made up of smaller _____________________

__________________ that join together in different ways.

Boyle’s Law: Explains that the __________________ of gas varies with the

____________________ (and temp) exerted on it.

Antoine Lavoisier (French) Proposed that chemical properties are based on ___________________,

on quality.

Discovered the gasses ___________________ and __________________

Developed the early _________________________ and wrote the first list

of elements.

Also established that although matter may change its _____________ or

_______________ its mass always remains the ______________.

Largely debated which of these men is the Father of Modern Chemistry.

World HistoryTeacher: Miss BunnellScientific RevolutionWomen in Science

Margaret Cavendish (English) From an aristocratic family.

Famous for romance poetry, _____________________, and being a

playwright.

o Published works _______________________________ during a time

when most females published anonymously.

Her book “The Blazing World” is one of the first ________________

___________________ books.

She rejected Aristotle’s views of the world and embraced philosophy,

engaging in debates with other famous people such as Thomas Hobbes,

Rene Descartes, and Robert Boyle.

Maria Winkelmann (German)

From 1650-1710, ______ of German astronomers were ________________

Winkelmann was a self-taught astronomer and became her husband’s

_____________________ as they worked in the field together.

Her most famous contribution is the discovery of a ________________! Her

husband published the work under ___________________ - for fear it

would not be accepted coming from a woman – but before his death he filed

paperwork detailing how the discovery was _________________________.

World HistoryTeacher: Miss BunnellScientific RevolutionThe Scientific Method

An English philosopher with extensive training in science developed a new

method for scientific exploration - ___________________________.

_________________________________: A system of learning by

proceeding from particular knowledge (__________________) and

connecting information to the general knowledge (_______________).

o Knowledge of the natural world should be achieved through

_________________________ and __________________________

Free the mind of _______________ Start with _______________

Move toward general ideas.

Bacon believed this would give humans the power to conquer nature while it was in action.