ambrosescience.weebly.com · Web viewReview quizzes Chapter 3 Test (A10) 4.4 Lab 3.1 Experiment...

7th GradePhysical Science—Scope and Sequence

Approximate time per week—5 hours per week

Primary Methods:1. Lecture and note-taking2. Note and vocabulary quizzes3. Laboratory experimentation and reports4. Oral presentations5. Group projects6. Independent research and experimentation

Scope and Sequence:

Chapters take approximately 2 weeks each with 2 review days (if necessary) at the end of each chapter. The overall goal is to finish in the vicinity of chapters 15-16. The pace will vary depending on how much time much me taken for other classes (e.g. music and grammar). A semester final is given for each semester; both are cumulative.

Other ideas, comments, or practices

Science Football: A review game in which yardage and forward progress is based on the roll of a die. 1-3 are a “run” play for offense and are multiplied by 2 for the number of forward yards. 4-6 are a “pass” play and are multiplied by 3 for the

number of forward yards. Either the teacher or opposing team asks the offensive player a question. If wrong, it is an automatic loss of downs. If right, the die is rolled to move forward. Additionally, the defense has a chance to answer. If incorrect, the offensive role stands. If correct, the defense rolls with negative values to produce total net yards: 1-3 times -1 and 4-6 times -2. I have experimented with turnovers for the same role, but the game makes little progress that way. A fourth-down option is to punt at a distance of 9 times the roll. Questions are based on the material being studied and reviewed and can be limited by the needs of the session. An example would be: “You may only ask questions from the chapter 6 study guide. When all those have been asked, any free question from chapter 6 are accepted”

Science Baseball: A review game in which successful hitting is based on answering correct questions and reaching base. A “pitcher” from the defense asks a question to the “batter.” If the batter is wrong, an out is recorded. If correct, the batter rolls the die. 1 = Base hit, 2 = 2B, 3 = 3B, 4 = HR, 5 = Grounder, 6 = Pop-fly. If the batter rolls a 5 or a 6, the “pitcher” has a chance to field the ball. In this case, the batter asks the pitcher a question in return. If incorrect, the batter is safe on first and all runners advance one base. If correct, the batter is out, but all other runners advance one base. Batter and pitcher rotate every at bat. Records can be kept and played over a period of several weeks or all year by inning.

____________ = not currently being implemented or needs editing

____________ = not on file electronically—refer to content reference binder

Science 6: Scope and Sequence Sample A

Week #/Days (Approx.)

Chapter / Topic

Objectives Methods / Evaluation Resources

Week 1 Lab Notebooks Review formatting for weekly lab experiments and reports

Set up lab notebooks

Optional: Create a lab report template at home on the computer

a. Define terms used on handout

b. Demonstrate with a sample lab in class

1-2 days

Class handout (Appendix A, Doc. 1)

1-2

1.5 weeks

Chapter 1 The Basics

Understand the building-blocks of nature: atoms and molecules

Understand metric sytem

Convert units using the factor-label method

Convert units between English and metric systems and between related units

Lecture and notes

Review and practice worksheets

On-board examples and practice with conversions

Atoms and scale websites (A2)

Test 1 (A3)

Factor-label conversion WS (A4)

Metric Table Handout (A5)

Metric Table quiz (A6)

1.3 Chapter 1 Lab 1.1—Atoms and Molecules

Observe breakdown and recombination of atoms and molecules

Lab work in pairs or small groups—each with a cup, 9-volt battery, copper wires, baking soda, etc.

Week 31.5 weeks

(2.5-4.2)

Chapter 2: Air Understand concepts of humidity

Understand composition of air

Appreciate balance of air’s composition

Lecture and notesLabsBoard practice

Parts Per Million WS (A7)

Chapter 2 Test (A8)

Understand Parts per million and convert to and from percents

Understand cost/benefit analysis

Understand air pollution

Chapter 2 Vocab Review Quiz (A9)

Lab 2.2 Obtain a sample of pure oxygen in a chemical reaction

Test combustion with oxygen sample

Lab work in pairs or small groups

Week 4-6

1.5-2 weeks

Chapter 3: The Atmosphere

Understand atmospheric pressure

Learn atmospheric layers and properties

Understand heat and how temperature works

Analyze and discuss the ozone controversy

Lecture and notesLabsReview quizzes

Chapter 3 Test (A10)

4.4 Lab 3.1 Experiment with air pressure by creating a vacuum with the consumption of oxygen in combustion

Lab work in pairs or small groups or class demonstration

5.4 Lab 3.2 Observe effects of energy transfer and temperature with expansion visual

Lab work in pairs or small groups or class demonstration

Week 6-8

(To end of 1st Quarter)

Chapter 4: The Wonder of Water

Understand composition of water

Introduce reading chemical symbols

Understand water’s polarity and how it affects hydrogen bonding, cohesion, and solvency.

Lecture and notesBoard examples and modelsLabsReview quizzes

Test 4 (A11)

Quiz 4.1 (A12)

Quiz 4.2 (A13)

6.4 Lab 4.1—Break down water into component atoms using electrolysis in order to observe molecular proportions of water.

Lab work in pairs or small groups—each with a cup, 9-volt battery, test tubes, and Epsom salts

Week 8-10

Chapter 5: The Hydrosphere

Understand the components of the hydrosphere

Understand the hydrologic cycle, including evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and transpiration

Understand the principle of adiabatic cooling

Lecture and notesBoard examples and modelsLabsReview quizzes

Quiz 5.1 (A14)

Test 5

Lab 5.1 Evaporation, Condensation and Precipitation

Students will observe three of the most noticeable elements of the hydrologic cycle. This lab can be run as described but is a little tricky. Consider modifications. It can be difficult to distinguish

condensation from the pan from the moisture already in the air if the run-off from the ice is allowed to mix into the bowl.

Lab 5.2 Ice and Salt This might be a good demonstration or independent at-home lab.

Lab 5.3 Cloud Formation

Understand the process of adiabatic cooling

This is an excellent lab and valuable for demonstrating and discussing the ins and outs of adiabatic cooling. One effective means of running this lab is to give students small 1-liter bottles individually or in pairs. Repeated squeezing trials with and without the cap on make this a real student favorite.

Week 11-13

Chapter 6—Earth and the Lithosphere

Understand the structure of the earth

Understand and discuss the leading theories for the causes of the magnetic field

Understand plate tectonics, earthquakes and volcanoes.

Lecture and notesDiscussion and Debate

Website exploration regarding statistics of earthquakes and volcanoes…stories and pictures from recorded seismic events, especially Anchorage Earthquake of 1964. These links are great for displaying on the projector and exploring with the kids.

Chapter 6 weblinks (A15)

Notes Quiz 6.1 (A16)

Test 6

11.5 Lab 6.2—Making an

Demonstrate how magnetism is created by forcing electricity to travel around

The aluminum foil idea works okay, but copper is better.

Electromagnet metal, simulating the theoretical process occurring in the earth’s core.

Have the students run trials with both to compare. Test the strength if desired using different battery sizes, number of wraps around the nail, etc. Things can get pretty hot, so you might want to wear gloves while holding the batteries.

Week 14-15 (Up to Christmas Break)

Chapter 7—Factors Affecting Weather

Distinguish between weather and climate, know cloud types, air masses, causes for air movement and temperature changes.

Lecture and NotesDemonstration and modeling with globeLabLong-term weather lab

Study Guide 7 (A17)

Test 7 (A18)

Chapter 7-8—Long-term weather log 7.1 and 8.2

Students will record observations in the weather for at least 3-4 weeks according to the chart provided. This will be used later to look for trends in weather patterns in an attempt to analyze movement of fronts, etc.

Students can use the internet as a source, but daily checks are recommended to ensure no cheating is taking place. Cloud cover records also help this. It is essential that the teacher keep a simultaneous log to ensure student accuracy. This log should run for several weeks and culminate near the end of the semester and chapter 8. Be sure to assign this as early as possible in chapter 7. For the second part (8.2) be sure the students clearly color their charts according to code.

Weather Log internet sources (A15)

Weather Log Sample (A19)

14.5 Chapter 7—Mixing of Air Masses Supplemental Lab

Students will observe the principles involved in mixing air masses using hot and cold water in an aquarium.

This experiment is from www.weathercation.com

Look under teacher resources. It is a great experiment in

http://www.weathercation.com/

which a tank is filled with room temp water, and then boiling water (colored with red dye) and ice water (colored with blue dye) are added to watch interaction. This is mostly a Socratic demonstration, but it could be adapted to small groups on a smaller scale.

16-17 (To end of 2nd quarter)

Chapter 8—Weather and its prediction

Understand causes and distinctions in precipitation

Understand formation of a thunderstorm and causes of lightning

Understand tornadoes and hurricanes

Read and interpret weather maps

Lecture and Notes

Conclude weather log

Study Guide 8

Test 8 (A26)

Chapter 8—Supplemental Lab: Making Lightning (optional—replaces or supplements 8.1)

Learn more about how lightning is formed and what it is.

This lab is available with several other simple and fun ideas on www.weatherwizkids.com

It simply involves creating a static charge and watching and listening to the sparks creaked

Weather Log Report

Conclude and summarize weather log findings

At the conclusion of the weather log recordings, students summarize their observations in a 5-paragraph essay:

I. Introduction

http://www.weatherwizkids.com/

II. Summary of Trends

III. Account of Predictions and Outcomes

IV. Analysis of weather patterns evident and their causes

V. ConclusionWeek 17-18

Semester 1 Final

Review cumulative material for chapters 1-8

Students will have 3-4 days of review. They will complete the study guide at least two days ahead of the exam in order to check answers and review. The essay topic will be given 1-2 days in advance. Students may bring an outline but must write the essay in class.

Semester 1 SG (A27)

Semester 1 Exam (A28)

Semester 1 Final Essay (A29)

Week 19-20

Chapter 9—Intro to Physics of Motion

Understand the relativity of motion and the importance of reference points

Learn and apply the distance, time, and speed equation

Calculate and work with velocity

Calculate and measure acceleration by observation and equation

Learn the acceleration of gravity and calculate heights

Lecture and demonstration

Take extra time if necessary to give students time to practice equations and grasp the concept of relative motion—this will require significant object lessons and demonstrations. Go through all chapter examples in class.

(Experiment 9.1 and 9.2 can be quick demonstrations, but they may not be profitable labs for a class.)

Speed and Velocity Practice WS (A30)

Study Guide 9-1 (A31)

Test 9

Lab 9.3—Measuring

Experiment with measuring heights by dropping objects and timing the fall

Pick 3-4 locations for height measurement, break into small

Height using gravity equations

repeatedly. groups. Each group will go to each location in rotation, testing the height with 10 drops and averaging the times. Students should make height and time predictions before drops at each location to practice using the gravity equation, and they must show their work. (location examples include basketball net, stage box, playground slide, staircase, etc.)

Week 21-23

Chapter 10—Newton’s Laws

Understand intertia, friction, and Newton’s 3 laws of motion, especially concerning “F = ma” in its various applications

Lecture and demonstrations

(Demonstrate Labs 10.1, 10.2 , and 10.3 in class in context of lecture)

Continue to add new problems and review math from chapter 9. Do all book examples in class.

Chapter 10 Math Review WS (A32)

Study Guide 10 (A33)

Test 10 (A34)

Lab 10.4—Newton’s Third Law

Observe and measure Newton’s third law in action

This is a great but messy lab. Consider weighing the bottle with vinegar and then the cork to make proportional predictions about what will happen in the opposing forces. Outside on the ground is actually best, but the friction of the pavement has a significant impact on the results. Try repeated rounds and experiment with different amounts of baking soda and vinegar. This is a class

demonstration lab—teacher-run.

Week 23-25

(Introduce Science Fair during the end of Ch. 10 or beginning of 11)

Chapter 11—Creation Forces 1:Gravity

Learn the four fundamental forces of creation

Understand Newton’s 3 Laws of Gravity and their relation to the laws of centripetal force

Learn the basic features of the solar system

Understand General Relativity’s and Graviton Theory’s impact on science.

Lecture and notesDemonstrations (Labs 11.2 and 11.3 are best as a demo, not a lab).

Science Fair Docs—(A20-25)

Test 11 (A35)

23.4 Lab 11.1—Force and Circular Motion

Illustrate the principles of centripetal force through experimentation

Put students in groups of 2-3. You will need a stopwatch. The string-cutting portion has not yet been terribly effective. This is a very good lab but requires some practice and demonstration in order to get precise measurements. Students should make predictions based on their knowledge of the centripetal principles, which you can introduce before or after the experiment, depending on how you would like to use the discovery process vs. reasoning process.

Week 25-27 (Up to end of 3rd Quarter—Spring Break)

Chapter 12—Creation Forces 2: Electro-magnetism

Understand the principles of electromagnetism and understand the connection to gravitational principles

Understand basic properties of charged electrical and magnetic particles

Lecture and notesDemonstrations

Test 12 (A36)

Understand a basic magnet and an electrical circuit

Lab 12.2—Making and Using an Electroscope

Observe charging by conduction and induction and the behavior of like and opposite charges

This can be a tricky but rewarding lab. It is best here to tell the students what the should see and then discuss why, as the expected is not always the outcome.

Week 28-29

Chapter 13—Creation Forces 3: Strong Nuclear

Understand the organization and logic of the periodic table

Understand atomic structure and electron configurations

Understand the process of radioactive decay

Lecture and notes, whiteboard models

Explore alternate ways of explaining orbitals, including up-down electron boxes, shells and spheres, etc.

Test 13 (A37)

Week 30-32

Chapter 14: Waves and Sound

Understand difference between longitudinal and transverse waves

Learn properties and components of waves, including frequency formula

Learn the formula for speed of sound and calculate speed and distance using the formula

Understand the relationships between wavelength and pitch and amplitude and volume

Understand how sound travels in various media

Lecture and notes

Demonstrations—this is a very demonstration-oriented chapter. Make extensive use of the sound wave lab project kit to replace certain book labs. Also, bring in a guitar as a great object model.

Lab 14.1 is a good lecture supplement for in-class demonstration

Lab 14.2 or a variation would be very good to implement—a field trip to a football field (where you can measure distances) might be ideal, but

Test 14 (A38)

perhaps to small.Lab 14.3—Wavelength and Sound

Explore the relationship between wavelength and pitch

Modify Lab 14.3 by notating “Mary Had a Little Lamb” on the board (requires 4 bottles per team). The goal is to start with an empty bottle and attempt to fill the others to match that tonic pitch. Have students predict how full the various bottles will have to be. One idea is to give then the actual approximate pitches in Hz and have them guess using proportions.

Week 32-34

Chapter 15: Light

Understand the dual nature of light, considering light’s wave-like and particle-like properties

Understand principles of reflection and refraction

Understand how lenses work and the human eye

Understand basic color theory

Lecture and notes

This chapter is, again, very demonstration-oriented. Consider internet resources and be prepared with proper equipment for reflection/refraction

Test 15 (A39)

Chapter 16: Intro to Astrophysics

(time permitting)

Week 35-36

Finals Review and NOVA movie

Sum up the year with review, study guide, and The Elegant Universe by Brian Greene (DVD)

Final Exam SG (A40)

Consider Field Trip to Discovery Center of Idaho

Final Exam (A41)

Final Essays (A42)

Appendix A, Science 7

Document 1: Science Lab Report Guidelines

Mr. StutzmanScience 6-7Mandatory Science Lab Report Guidelines

EVERY formal lab report should contain the following items in this format:

LAB TITLE and DATE(e.g. Lab 1.1—Density, Sept. 9, 2004)

PURPOSE (5 points)You should give a brief but all-encompassing sentence stating the reason you are conducting your experiment.

MATERIALS (5 points)You should LIST the materials or tools you will need to use. This should be in your book or on the board, and you may copy it directly onto your report. List means one below the other:

a. or 1.b. or 2.c. or 3., etc.

METHODS or PROCEDURES (5 points)You should LIST the steps you take to perform the experiment in order from start to finish. You can also find these in your book or on the board.

PREDICTIONS or HYPOTHESIS (10 points)You should make an educated guess about what will happen and why you think so. If you have no idea what might happen, that is okay, but you will need to say so and why that is the case. This should involve at least one sentence, but you may use as many sentences as you need to convey the full scope of the experiment. Whenever possible, a good prediction section will include predictions for each different aspect of the experiment. Your predictions may also include drawings. Most importantly, this should be recorded in writing in your notebook BEFORE you begin your experiment and then copied onto your final report.

DATA or OBSERVATIONS (15 points)Report whatever you see, measure, and record—TELL WHAT HAPPENED! This may be in the form of SENTENCES, DRAWINGS, and / or MEASUREMENTS. Even if you do a drawing, however, you should explain in complete sentences what you saw, what the drawing represents, or what the measurements mean.

CONCLUSIONS (10 points)Sum up the results of your observations in DATA and compare your findings with your previous PREDICTIONS. Tell the reader if your predictions were right or wrong and why you think things happened the way they did (or didn’t). The most important part here is to explore the WHY? question and try to make SENSE out of your data.

HYPOTHETICAL APPLICATION (Optional, but recommended)In this section you will try to make an educated guess about how your findings might apply to general laws of nature or other areas of scientific study that you might explore. This is your chance to see how science connects with the real world beyond the classroom.

Your reports may be written by hand or typed, but they MUST be in this format, or they will not be considered complete. You may not simply turn in pages from your lab notebooks that you used during your experiments. The labs will total approximately 30% of your total grade, so treat your reports like tests. You will not lose points for unpredictable results, but you will lose points for incomplete records and reports. Remember, science is about what you see, not what you expect to see. Do your best, be HONEST with what you discover, and have FUN!

Appendix A, Doc. 2

History of the Atom:

http://perso.club-internet.fr/molaire1/e_histoire.html

Relative Sizes and Powers of 10:

http://www.wordwizz.com/pwrsof10.htm

Names for Large Numbers

http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/large.html













Mr. HosierScience 7

Module 1 Test

Please define the following terms:

Atom-

Molecule-

Concentration-

Answer the following questions in complete sentences unless the answer calls for a number or conversion.

1 Sulfur is a yellow powder that is composed of sulfur atoms. Sulfur dioxide is a colorless, odorless, poisonous gas that contains sulfur. Is sulfur dioxide composed of single atoms or molecules? Explain.

1. While looking at historical grave markers, you find a statuette that is blue-green in hue. In order to read the inscription, you scrub the surface of the statuette, and the blue-green color comes off as a fine powder. What color do you expect to find underneath? Why do you think so?

2. You are reading a scientist’s notes, and as you do you notice a measurement that is listed as 12.3 kg. Does this represent a length, mass, or volume?

3. Which metric prefix means 1000?

4. Which metric prefix means one-hundredth (.01)?

5. Which metric prefix means one-thousandth (.001)?

6. Give the base metric and English units and their abbreviations for the following:Metric English

Mass

Distance

Volume

Time

7. How many centimeters are there in 1.6 meters?

8. An object’s volume is 0.12 kL. What is its volume in Liters?

9. A rock has a mass of 45.1 kg. What is its mass in slugs?

10. Ammonia is the active ingredient in many household cleaners. Suppose I were to make two buckets of cleaner. In the first, I will take 5 cups of ammonia and add to that 45 cups of water. In the second, I will take 5 cups of ammonia and add 30 cups of water. Which bucket contains the most powerful cleaner? Explain.

11. Has anyone seen an atom? Explain how or why not.

12. Give the following conversions:

Distance: 1 inch = _________ cm

Mass: ______ sl = 14.59 kg

Volume: 1 gallon = _______ L

Mr. HosierScience 7

Factor Label Conversion WS

Solve the following problems using the factor-label method. Show all your work and do not forget your labels.

1. Carla had some oranges that she wanted to sell. Terry wanted to buy oranges, but unfortunately, she didn’t have any money. However, she did have apples. Too bad for Terry, Carla didn’t accept apples, but she did accept strawberries. Julie had strawberries and she accepted apples. If 3 apples are worth 9 strawberries, and if 6 strawberries are worth 2 oranges, how many oranges could Terry buy with 7 apples if all three made a deal?

2. Eddie takes a trip to Canada and finds out that his U.S. Dollar is worth $1.45 Canadian. If he buys a hockey jersey for $60 Canadian, how much did he spend in American dollars?

3. Before coming back to the U.S., Eddie noticed that his gas tank was running low. As he pulled over to the gas station, he noticed that gas cost $4.65 per Liter Canadian.

a. How many gallons did Eddie put in his tank if he bought 8 Liters?

b. How many gallons did Eddie put in his tank if he paid $32.75 Canadian?

c. How many Liters did Eddie put in his tank if he paid $28.00 American?

d. How many gallons did Eddie put in his tank if he paid $25.00 American?

4. What is your height in centimeters?

5. Ted wanted to train for a 14 km marathon. The only problem was that he needed to know how many miles that is so he could map a training route in his car. How many miles should run to imitate the race?

6. Alice was a curious young girl who had a mass of about 57 kilograms. Did I mention that she loved all things slimy? Well, Alice loved all things slimy. Imagine how happy you could make her by telling her mass in slugs! Well, go ahead then.

7. My cat, Fozzie, can run at a pace of about 20 km/hour. He’s not the fasted kitty in the world. How many feet per second would he be running at that rate? (This is a two-step problem, but it’s no different than a normal problem. Keep distance units on top and solve for that. Then keep time units on the bottom and solve for them. Cross cancel and convert.)

Mr. HosierChemistry

Metric Units Table

Tera- Giga- Mega- Kilo- Hecto-

Deca- UNIT deci- Centi-

Milli- Micro- Nano- Pico- Femto-

Atto-

trillion billion million 1000 100 10Meter

Liter

Gram

Second

.10

1/10

.01

1/100

.001

1/1000

Millionth Billionth Trillionth Quadrillionth

pentillionth

1012 109 106 103 102 101 1

(100)

10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 10-15 10-18

Mr. HosierScience 7

Metric Units Table Quiz

Tera- Mega- UNIT Micro- Pico- Atto-

billion million 100.10

1/10

Billionth Trillionth Quadrillionth

pentillionth

101 1

(100)

10-6 10-9

Mr. HosierPhysical Science 7

Parts Per Million and Conversion Practice Sheet

1. While swimming at a pool party, Jeremy hears a joke that makes him laugh so hard that he projects the pop that had been swimming in his mouth outward and into the pool. Naturally, his friends are disgusted. But Jeremy, not to be put to shame, math wiz that he is, formulates a way to assure his friends that they are relatively safe from his spittled soda. Based on the remaining contents of the can, he discerns that he had only .75 ounces of pop in his mouth at the time. If the pool contains 45,000 (20 ft x 60 ft x 5 ft x 7.5) gallons of water, how many parts per million of pop are there in the pool?

2. If the speed limit on the interstate is 65 miles per hour, how fast should you be traveling in kilometers per hour when you cross the border into Canada (assuming you don’t have to stop at the checkpoint)?

3. Dry air has only 0.03% Carbon Dioxide. What is that in ppm?

4. Exhaled air has approximately 4% Carbon Dioxide. What is that in ppm?

5. In 1974, there were 0.0132 ppm of sulfur oxides in the air. In 1995 there were 0.00396 ppm in the air. What is the difference in percentages over that 20 year period?

Mr. HosierScience 7

Chapter 2 Test

Match the following:

1. carbon monoxide2. absolute humidity3. nitrogen oxides4. relative humidity5. saturation6. global warming7. scrubbers8. sulfur oxides9. greenhouse effect10. parts per million (ppm)11. ozone12. humidity13. airborne lead14. catalytic converters

a. the process by which certain gasses trap heat that would otherwise radiate into spaceb. this pollutant can be natural (from volcanoes) or manmade (from burning coal)c. this gas is critical to protect us from UV rays, but it can also be poisonous to usd. a quantity expressing humidity as a percentage of the maximum absolute humidity for that particular temperaturee. this pollutant is less than it was 25 years ago since a change was made in gasolinef. the ratio of the number of one part in a mixture to one million total parts g. this pollutant is formed when nitrogen in the air is formed around burning enginesh. the theoretical trend that the earth’s average temperature is on the rise

i. the moisture content of airj. the point at which one substance can no longer hold or absorb more of another substancek. these were put in car engines to cut down on pollution by converting one gas into anotherl. the mass of water vapor contained in a certain volume of airm. this gas is a byproduct of incomplete combustion, as in automobilesn. these filter pollutants out of smokestacks

Answer the following with COMPLETE SENTENCES!!!!

15. Explain the term cost/benefit analysis and give an example of how you would use it.

16. When does water evaporate more slowly, under conditions of high humidity or low humidity? Why?

17. Will sweating help cool you down when the humidity is 100%? Why or why not?

18. Explain how sweating cools you down.

19. What gas makes up the majority of the air we inhale?

20. What gas makes up the majority of the air we exhale?

21. What are the percentages of Nitrogen and Oxygen in dry air (inhaled dry air)?

22. A chemist is monitoring the rate at which a certain substance burns. The chemist burns the substance in a fireplace that uses the room’s supply of oxygen. The chemist repeats the experiment, this time in a chamber whose air mixture is 50% oxygen and 50% nitrogen. In which trial will the substance burn fastest and why?

23. Explain why it is important to have ozone in the earth’s atmosphere and air content.

24. Based on your answer to 23, for good health, should we increase or decrease the concentration of ground-level ozone in the air. Why?

25. Convert 1% to ppm.

26. The concentration of nitrogen oxides in the air today is about 1.9 ppm. What is that in percent?

27. What pollutant concentration was decreased by the mandate of catalytic converters? What gas was that pollutant converted to?

Work the following problems using the factor label method.

28. A student has a rock that has a mass of 14.351 grams. What is the rock’s mass in kilograms?

29. Convert 0.0121 L to mL.

30. Convert 640.08 cm to meters.

31. Convert 3 inches into centimeters. (1 inch = 2.54 centimeters)

32. How many slugs are in 12 kilograms ( 1 slug = 14.59 kg)

33. In Seattle I bought 3.2 gallons of gas. I refilled with the same amount in Liters in Vancouver, BC. How many Liters are 3.2 gallons? (1 gallon = 3.78 L)

Bonus:

a. If Randy Johnson can throw a 99 mph fastball, and if home plate is 60 ft 6 in from the pitcher’s mound, how long will it take for that fastball to get there?

b. If his changeup comes in at 76 mph, how much longer does it take to get to home plate than the fastball?

c. If it takes Barry Bonds 0.25 seconds to swing his bat around, how far away will the ball be when he starts his swing if he wants to hit that fastball over the wall in center field?

Mr. HosierScience 7

Chapter 2 Matching Review


1. humidity2. absolute humidity3. relative humidity4. greenhouse effect5. parts per million (ppm)6. saturation7. global warming8. sulfur oxides9. nitrogen oxides10. ozone11. airborne lead12. carbon monoxide

13. catalytic converters14. scrubbers

d. the process by which certain gasses trap heat that would otherwise radiate into spacee. this pollutant can be natural (from volcanoes) or manmade (from burning coal)f. this gas is critical to protect us from UV rays, but it can also be poisonous to usg. a quantity expressing humidity as a percentage of the maximum absolute humidity for that particular temperatureh. this pollutant is less than it was 25 years ago since a change was made in gasolinei. the ratio of the number of one part in a mixture to one million total parts j. this pollutant is formed when nitrogen in the air is formed around burning enginesk. the theoretical trend that the earth’s average temperature is on the risel. the moisture content of airm. the point at which one substance can no longer hold or absorb more of another substancen. these were put in car engines to cut down on pollution by converting one gas into anothero. the mass of water vapor contained in a certain volume of airp. this gas is a byproduct of incomplete combustion, as in automobilesq. these filter pollutants out of smokestacks

Mr. HosierScience 7

Module 3 Test—For Joy!

Please define the following:

Atmosphere—

Heat—

Temperature—

1. If you wanted to study weather, on which region of the atmosphere would you focus? Why?

2. If you wanted to study the ozone layer, on which region would you focus? Why?

3. If a sample of air is predominantly oxygen (more than 50%), did it most likely come from the homosphere or the heterosphere, and how would you know?

4. What atmospheric regions are in the homosphere?

5. What atmospheric regions are in the heterosphere?

6. A barometer develops a leak in the column which is supposed to be free of air. As air seeps into the column, what will happen to the height of the liquid in that column? Why?

7. In what region(s) of the homosphere does temperature increase with increasing altitude? Why does this happen?

8. Why is the “ozone hole” a seasonal phenomenon that only exists at the South Pole?

9. We all know that ice melts because of heat. Why is it also correct to say that ice freezes because of heat?

10. If you were able to measure the speed of the molecules in the air while you were traveling up through the troposphere, would the speed of the molecules increase, decrease, or stay the same as you altitude increased? Why? (Hint: Remember that temperature is related to the motion of molecules and that temperatures decrease with altitude—think of how energy is related to speed)

Part II—Matching

1. Thermosphere2. Exosphere3. Ionosphere4. cosmic rays5. ionization6. ion7. auroras8. mesosphere9. stratosphere10. troposphere

a. the region of the atmosphere that spans altitudes of 11 km to 49 kmb. the region of the atmosphere extending from ground level to approx. 11 km (7 mi) above sea levelc. the process by which an atom turns into an iond. The region of atmosphere that spans altitudes of 48 km to 80 km (50 mi)e. the region of the atmosphere between 80 km and 460 kmf. powerful radiation that collides with atoms in the ionosphere

g. the region of the atmosphere above 460 kmh. the northern lights, resulting from ionizationi. an atom that has gained or lost an electron, making it no longer balancedj. the region of atmosphere between 65 and 330 km where gasses are ionized

11. Polar Vortex12. heterosphere13. homosphere14. (chloroflourocarbons) CFCs15. atmosphere (atm)16. barometer17. 14.718. 29.919. 1.0

a. the lower layer of earth’s atmosphere, which exists from ground level to approx. 80 km (50mi) above sea level, where the air composition is mostly uniform

b. this is the number of pounds per square inch of atmospheric pressure at sea levelc. an instrument used to measure atmospheric pressured. this is a unit used to measure atmospheric pressure, including its abbreviatione. this number represents the height in inches of mercury above the pool in a barometer at sea levelf. this number represents a single unit of atm at sea level.g. The upper layer of earth’s atmosphere which exists higher than 80 km (50 mi) above sea level.h. These manmade particles are non-toxic and inert but dangerous to the ozone.i. a weather phenomenon over the south pole that prevents warm winds from entering the region

20. tropopause21. homosphere22. stratosphere23. heterosphere24. troposphere25. stratopause26. mesopause27. temperature gradient28. jet streams

a. this is the boundary between the stratosphere and the mesosphereb. this describes the change in temperature over a certain change in altitudec. narrow bands of high-speed winds that circle the earth, blowing from east to west, sometimes in excess of 250 mphd. the boundary that delineates the mesosphere from the heterospheree. The boundary between the troposphere and the stratospheref. this consists of the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere g. this consists of the thermosphere and the exosphereh. this is where the majority of weather occursi. this is the layer where the ozone layer is found

Part III

Put the levels of the homosphere and heterosphere in order from sea level upward, including the boundary zones and ozone layer. Indicate which way the temperature changes and where. Draw it such that the lowest level is at the bottom of the page and the top is closest to this question:

Mr. HosierScience 7

Test 4

Fill in the blank:

1. ______________________ has certain dissolved ions in it, predominantly calcium ions.

2. _______________ molecules will not dissolve in ____________ .

3. A needle can “float” on water because of _______________, the result of hydrogen bonding.

4. The weak bond established when two water molecules join together is a special phenomenon called a _____________.

5. ______________ is the phenomenon that occurs when individual molecules are so strongly attracted to one another that they tend

to stay together, even when exposed to tension.

6. The small tubes in plants through which water is conducted are called __________.

7. ___________________ is the theoretical ability to create energy from combining atoms at a low temperature.

8. ____________________is an expensive, high temperature way of combining atoms for energy.

9. A _______________ is a substance that is dissolved in a solvent.

10. A ______________ is a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

11. __________________ means subjecting your scientific work to the criticism of your fellow colleagues .

12. A ___________________________ is a molecule that has slight positive and negative charges due to an imbalance in the way

electrons are shared

13. ______________ are links between atoms in a molecule.

14. ___________________ are chemical symbols that describe the make-up of a molecule.

15. . ___________________ is the use of electricity to break a molecule down into its constituent parts

16. ___________________ are molecules with no net charge.

17. A ________________ is a mixture of solute and solvent.

18. Why is water a liquid at room temperature when other chemicals of the same compound are not?

19. What is the chemical formula for water? For Carbon Monoxide? For Carbon Dioxide?

20. Some metals tend to absorb oxygen but not hydrogen. Suppose such a metal was covering the battery in an electrolysis experiment like the one we conducted (4.1). Which would be the more likely erroneous result: H2O or H4O? Explain.

21. Carbon dioxide is one of the gases that we exhale when we breathe. Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas associated with burning things under conditions of low oxygen. How many atoms are in one molecule of carbon dioxide (use your formula from question 19)? How many atoms are in one molecule of Carbon monoxide?

22. The principal component of gasoline is octane, whose molecules are composed of eight carbon atoms (C) and eighteen hydrogen atoms (H) What is the chemical formula for octane?

23. Why are water molecules polar, and how does this contribute to hydrogen bonding? Make a drawing showing the charges in a water molecule.

24. If a substance does not dissolve in water, is it ionic, polar, or non-polar?

25. If a substance dissolves in water, will it dissolve in vegetable oil, which is non-polar? Why or why not?

26. How do we get hard water?

Mr. HosierScience 7

Quiz 4.1

Match the following

1. electrolysis2. peer review3. cold fusion4. hot fusion5. chemical formulas6. chemical bonds7. non-polar molecules8. polar molecules9. solvent10. solution11. solute

a. a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substancesb. an expensive, high temperature way of combining atoms for energyc. a substance that is dissolved in a solventd. the theoretical ability to create energy from combining atoms at a low temperaturee. a molecule that has slight positive and negative charges due to an imbalance in the way electrons are sharedf. subjecting your scientific work to the criticism of your fellow colleagues g. links between atoms in a moleculeh. chemical symbols that describe the make-up of a molecule

i. a mixture of solute and solvent j. molecules with no net chargek. using electricity to break a molecule down into its constituent parts

List the atoms in Ca4N3O2

Mr. HosierScience 7

Fill in the Blank WS 4.2

Fill in the blank:

1. ______________________ has certain dissolved ions in it, predominantly calcium ions.

2. _______________ molecules will not dissolve in ____________ .

3. A needle can “float” on water because of _______________, the result of hydrogen bonding.

4. The weak bond established when two water molecules join together is a special phenomenon called a _____________.

5. ______________ is the phenomenon that occurs when individual molecules are so strongly attracted to one another that they tend

to stay together, even when exposed to tension.

6. The small tubes in plants through which water is conducted are called __________.

7. ___________________ is the theoretical ability to create energy from combining atoms at a low temperature.

8. ____________________is an expensive, high temperature way of combining atoms for energy.

9. A _______________ is a substance that is dissolved in a solvent.

10. A ______________ is a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

11. __________________ means subjecting your scientific work to the criticism of your fellow colleagues .

12. A ___________________________ is a molecule that has slight positive and negative charges due to an imbalance in the way

electrons are shared

13. ______________ are links between atoms in a molecule.

14. ___________________ are chemical symbols that describe the make-up of a molecule.

15. . ___________________ is the use of electricity to break a molecule down into its constituent parts

16. ___________________ are molecules with no net charge.

17. A ________________ is a mixture of solute and solvent.

Mr. HosierScience 7Quiz 5.1

1. Where is most of the earth’s water? What is the percentage of overall water there?

2. Where is most of the earth’s freshwater supply?

3. Where is the largest source of liquid freshwater?


4. condensation5. precipitation6. transpiration7. evaporation8. river flow9. surface runoff10. soil or ground moisture11. groundwater flow12. hydrosphere13. hydrologic cycle14. distillation15. residence time16. salinity

a. water falling from the atmosphere as rain, snow, sleet, or hail

b. a measure of the quantity of dissolved salt in waterc. the water under groundd. the conversion of liquid water to water vapore. the mass of water on a planetf. the movement of water underground into a river flowg. the process by which water vapor runs into liquid waterh. evaportation and condensation of a mixture to separate out the mixture’s individual componentsi. the process by which water is continuously exchanged between earth’s various water sourcesj. flow of water in a river, lake, stream, etc., to the oceank. the average time a given molecule of water will stay in a given water sourcel. water that flows over the surface of the ground into a riverm. water that is contained in the soil or ground

Appendix A, Doc. 15Science 7 Web Links

Chapter 6

Plate Tectonics:http://www.seismo.unr.edu/ftp/pub/louie/class/100/plate-tectonics.html

Fault Motion Animation:http://www.iris.edu/gifs/animations/faults.htm

Earthquakes at USGS:http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/earthq1/index.html

http://earthquake.usgs.gov/faq/hist.html

Largest earthquakes of 20th century:http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0763403.html

Understanding Earthquakeshttp://www.crustal.ucsb.edu/ics/understanding/

Chapter 7 Weather Log links:www.weatherforboise.comwww.accu.comwww.weather.comwww.noaa.gov

http://www.noaa.gov/

http://www.weather.com/

http://www.accu.com/

http://www.weatherforboise.com/

http://www.crustal.ucsb.edu/ics/understanding/

http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0763403.html

http://earthquake.usgs.gov/faq/hist.html

http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/earthq1/index.html

http://www.iris.edu/gifs/animations/faults.htm

http://www.seismo.unr.edu/ftp/pub/louie/class/100/plate-tectonics.html

Mr. HosierScience 7

Notes Quiz 6.1

List the 5 sections of the earth:

1.2.3.4.5. a.

b.

List the three sections of #3.

How are sedimentary rocks formed?

How are igneous rocks formed?

What is the name of the border between #3 and #4?

What is Plastic rock?

Mr. StutzmanScience 7

Study Guide 7

1. Explain the difference between weather and climate.

2. What are the three principal factors that influence weather?a.

b.

c.

3. List the four main types of clouds and the Latin meaning of their root names:a.b.c.d.

4. What does the prefix/suffix nimbo or nimbus mean?

5. What does the prefix/suffix alto mean?

6. Define insolation and give the three words from which it is derived.

7. What is the tilt of earth’s axis, and why is it important that the earth is tilted the way it is?

8. Which is closer to the sun, aphelion or perihelion?

9. Is the Northern Hemisphere’s summer during aphelion or perihelion?

10. Name the four major season markers and give their dates (i.e. Winter Solstice, etc.).

a.b.c.d.

11. What causes wind?

12. What are dark cumulus clouds called?

13. If an area receives a large amount of insolation, is it likely to be warm or cold?

14. In the Southern Hemisphere, are the lengh of the days greater or less than 12 hours between the winter solstice and the spring equinox? Are the day lengths increasing or decreasing during that time?

15. Without two specific factors, the global wind patterns would be simple. They would blow from the poles to the equator. What two factors shape the global winds into the complex patterns that we actually see?

16. What causes wind in a certain region to be different than what we expected based on the global patterns that we actually see?

17. An air mass is dry and warm. What kind of air mass is it?

18. You watch the sky as cirrus clouds form followed by stratus and nimbostratus clouds. Do you expect a violent rainstorm or a long, lighter rain?

19. Now, consider the situation in number 18. In just a few more hours, dark, cumulonimbus clouds form, forecasting a thunderstorm. What kind of front caused this?

20. At night time, high elevations usually cool faster than low elevations. Thus, at night, the land on a mountain is usually cooler than the land in the valley next to the mountain. Will the local wind produced by this effect blow from the mountain into the valley or from the valley into the mountain? Why?

21. Is the humidity high or low in a continental polar air mass? Is this air mass warm or cold?

22. Is the humidity high or low in a maritime tropical air mass? Is this air mass warm or cold?

23. Over a couple days. The clouds slowly build and then a gentle, long rain ensues that lasts less than a full day. What kind of weather front causes this weather?

24. In less than a day, dark cumulonimbus clouds form and unleash a thunderstorm that lasts only a few hours. After the thunderstorm is over and the sky clears, do you expect cooler or warmer temperatures as compared to the temperature before the clouds began forming? Why?

Mr. HosierScience 7

Test 7



b.

c.

3. List the four main types of clouds and the Latin meaning of their root names, and draw the basic cloud:a.

b.

c.

d.

4. What does the prefix/suffix nimbo or nimbus mean?

5. What does the prefix/suffix alto mean?


7. What is the tilt of earth’s axis, and why is it important that the earth is tilted the way it is?

8. Which is closer to the sun, aphelion or perihelion?

9. Is the Northern Hemisphere’s summer during aphelion or perihelion?

10. Name the four major season markers and give their dates (i.e. Winter Solstice, etc.).

a.b.c.d.


12. What are dark cumulus clouds called?

13. If an area receives a large amount of insolation, is it likely to be warm or cold?

14. In the Southern Hemisphere, are the lengh of the days greater or less than 12 hours between the winter solstice and the spring equinox? Are the day lengths increasing or decreasing during that time?

15. Without two specific factors, the global wind patterns would be simple. They would blow from the poles to the equator. What two factors shape the global winds into the complex patterns that we actually see?

16. What causes wind in a certain region to be different than what we expected based on the global patterns that we actually see?

17. An air mass is dry and warm. What kind of air mass is it?

18. You watch the sky as cirrus clouds form followed by stratus and nimbostratus clouds. Do you expect a violent rainstorm or a long, lighter rain?


20. At night time, high elevations usually cool faster than low elevations. Thus, at night, the land on a mountain is usually cooler than the land in the valley next to the mountain. Will the local wind produced by this effect blow from the mountain into the valley or from the valley into the mountain? Why?

21. Is the humidity high or low in a continental polar air mass? Is this air mass warm or cold?

22. Is the humidity high or low in a maritime tropical air mass? Is this air mass warm or cold?

23. Over a couple days, the clouds slowly build and then a gentle, long rain ensues that lasts less than a full day. What kind of weather front causes this weather?


25. Label the four types of fronts:

a.

b.

c.

d.

26. Draw the basic movement of a A.) Land Breeze and a B.) Sea Breeze. Include wind direction, Hot and Cold temperatures, and High and Low pressure areas.

a.

b.

Bonus: Describe today’s weather in temperature, pressure, cloud type, etc.

Appendix A, Doc. 19www.weather.com

Date High Temp

Low Temp

High Pressure

Low Pressure

Precip. Early Cloud Cover

Late Cloud Cover

11/16/03 49 41 29.91 29.68 0.37 Nimbostratus, cloudy, rainy

Nimbostratus, cloudy, rainy

11/17/03 49 38 30.15 29.71 0.0011/18/03 57 39 30.26 30.15 0.00 Stratocumulus,

partially cloudy?

11/19/03 stratocumuluspartially cloudy

11/20/0311/2111/2211/2311/24 42 26 30.05 29.92 0.0011/25 39 24 29.92 29.71 0.0111/26 41 28 30.34 29.76 0.0111/27 42 24 30.57 30.36 0.0011/28 49 32 30.41 30.07 0.0011/29 48 38 30.13 30.05 0.2511/30 47 41 30.23 30.11 0.0912/1

http://www.weather.com/

Appendix A, Doc. 20Mr. StutzmanScience Fair Guidelines 1

Science Fair 2005 Overview and Timeline

GUIDELINES and IDEAS

Students are free to choose from a wide range of subject material for experimentation and research, but all projects must be pre-approved. All projects must offer a hypothesis that is testable through experimentation. NO INVENTIONS are permitted this year, UNLESS it can be demonstrated that an invention is being built for the purpose of reaching a researchable conclusion to answer a hypothesis. For example, if a student wanted to test the strength of certain paper towel brands but needed to build a device to be used in an objective testing and measurement system, such an invention would be appropriate. Or if you wanted to build and modify a certain model, running experiments to test the value of variations, that may be acceptable as well. The main goal is to pursue a valid scientific question through research and the scientific method in a professionally simulated manner. Projects can be great fun, but they should also be treated seriously. If you want to see why caramel flavor sticks to popcorn better than cinnamon, that would be fine, as long as you are attempting to reach a viable conclusion, not just to try as many popcorn flavors as possible (e. g. the surface adhesion of popcorn and caramel works better than popcorn and cinnamon because…and I have tested these 20 materials and found that the following materials adhere to Jiffy Pop better than X-Brand because…, etc.). Creativity is welcomed, but scientific validity and relevance is required.

For additional ideas, check the following web links:

http://www.lewiston.k12.id.us/sacajawea/Special%20Activities/ScienceProjectwebsites.html

TIMELINE

http://www.lewiston.k12.id.us/sacajawea/Special%20Activities/ScienceProjectwebsites.html

February 18—Science Fair Topic Due.Write one or two paragraphs summarizing what you propose to do for your project. Include your reason for choosing the topic

you have, what you hope to learn from your project (PURPOSE) and how you might carry out your research and experiments. You should choose a project that you can complete within the scheduled time available.

March 4—Annotated Bibliography and Procedure Summary DueThis is an annotated bibliography which lists at least three references and briefly summarizes the content of each reference and

explains how you might use it in your project. Your reference materials should help you support your ideas in some way. Additionally, you will be required to turn in the PROCEDURE portion of your lab and early predictions (HYPOTHESIS).

March 4-April 1—ExperimentsYou will have at least up to four weeks to conduct your experiments, including Spring Break. If your idea requires you to begin

experimentation sooner in order to gather results over a longer period of time, you may begin at an earlier date upon special request and approval. All students must have AT LEAST two weeks of experimental DATA or the equivalent amount of measurements.

April 1—Rough Data and Experiment SummaryAt the end of your experiment session, you are required to turn in the numbers or results of your experiment, as well as a

summary about what you saw. This should be similar to the DATA section of your normal science reports. Include any rough graphs, tables, or charts.

April 8—Rough Draft of Project Report Paper DueThis will be a COMPLETE rough draft of your final report. Late papers or unapproved additions will be penalized. You will

have a week to complete corrections for the final draft.

April 15—Final Paper Draft DueThis will complete the formal report portion of your project, the most significant part of your grade. You will be required to

include completed reports, graphs, charts, tables, etc. You should also be prepared to present your paper in an ORAL REPORT format.April 19-22—Final Board Presentation and Oral Reports Due

You will prepare a tri-fold cardboard display board, featuring samples, pictures, graphs, your report, and specific sections describing your project, including an ABSTRACT, HYPOTHESIS, PURPOSE, DATA and OBSERVATIONS, CONCLUSIONS.

Note: All final reports and displays must be typed unless other special arrangements are made in advance. Students without computer access will not be penalized if prior notice is given.

GRADING

Science Fair projects will account for up to 20% of your final quarter grade or 10% of your semester grade. Individual placement within competition judging will have no impact whatsoever on project grades. The breakdown for grading within the project will be as follows.

Topic Proposal: 5%Annotated Bibliography and Procedure: 5%Rough Data and Experiment Summary: 10%Composition/Grammar: 5%Oral Presentation: 10%Board Presentation: 5%Content/Final Report: 60%

Rough Draft: 10%Final Draft: 50%

Additionally, within each periodic assignment, a 10% penalty will be issued for each day that a portion is turned in late. For example, if you turn in your Rough Data and Experiment Summary and you score a 90%, if you are one day late you will receive an 80%. That impact creates an overall loss of 1% of your total grade for each day late.

NEW NEWS!! You may present your entire presentation this year on PowerPoint.

OTHER RULES

No live animals may be displayed with the boardsNo preserved vertebrate animal or parts, including embryos may be exhibited. No chicken eggs in any form.

No microbial cultures, fungi, mold (live or dead), including unknown specimens, may be exhibited. Use photographs to show such results.

No flammable liquids or preservative liquids (formaldehyde) may be used. Other liquids and solids must be in sealed containers. Do not bring materials that say, “Keep out of Reach of Children.”

No explosive materials may be on display, including unfired gun shells.

All electrical connections must be set up safely.

Drugs may not be displayed, including alcohol or tobacco.

Be sure to check with your teacher if you are not sure if your project is okay – If your project does not follow guidelines it may be disqualified or materials may be removed from your project for safety reasons.

Do not forget that pictures are the best way to show materials that are not allowed on display.If you have any questions, please contact Mr. Stutzman.

Appendix A, Doc. 21

SCIENCE PROJECT 2002GRADES: 6,7,8

SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT (40): _________________PROJECT SHOWS DEPTH OF STUDYAND EFFORT IN LEARNING ABOUT THESCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES,APPROPRIATELY DOCUMENTED,

ORGANIZATION, DOCUMENTATIONUSE OF MATERIALS, DISPLAY,SOURCES CLEARLY IDENTIFIED (40) _________________

THOROUGHNESS, PROJECT COMPLETESTUDENT ABILITY LEVEL (20) _________________

TOTAL SCORE ON PROJECT (100) __________________

Appendix A, Doc 22Mr. StutzmanScience 6-7

Science Fair

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

At the end of this week (March 4), your annotated bibliography will be due. This is a list of at least three references that you used to gather research about your science fair topic. It includes the citation for the source you used (book, magazine, journal, internet, etc.), and it briefly summarizes the content of the reference and tell how you might use it in your project. At this time the procedure will not be due, but if you have altered your hypothesis in any way, you must restate that for me again. Following are some examples of how one would write an annotated bibliography. Punctuation and spacing are important. Book Titles should be either italicized or underlined, and article titles should be in “quotes.”

1. For a book:

Author Last, Author First Name. Title of Book. City of Publication, State: Publisher, Year. Pages used.

Wile, Jay L. Exploring Creation with General Science. Cincinnati, OH: C. J. Krehbiel Company, 2000. Pages 267-294.

Summary: In Dr. Wile’s chapter on the human body, Wile defines phototropism as “The tendency of plants to grow so that they face the light (282). I plan to use this definition in my experiment on plant growth because I want to see how plants grow in different lighting conditions. Wile also says…

2. For an article or encyclopedia entry:

Stutzman, Mister. “How to cite an essay or magazine article for a science fair bibliography.” Brilliant Book of Science Fair Ideas Never Published . Boise, ID: Foundations Academy Press, 2004. Pages 32-65.

Summary: Even though Mr. Stutzman has not yet published this article, and even though it looks like it’s about how to make a citation, I am using it in my paper because he talks about the reasons phototropism works. He explains the role of chlorophyll in that process, and I will quote him on page 47: “Blah, blah, chlorophyll, blah.”

3. For a website:

Stutzman, Tyndale J. “How even a toddler can post a science fair website.” http://www.toddlerscientist.com. Updated March 1, 2004.

(Sometimes it will be hard to find an author or update credit for a website, but most good, credible cites do contain that information.)

Summary: On this website, baby-genius son of Mr. Stutzman, Tyndale, discusses how observing phototropism in plants that are growing in his bedroom inspired him to learn to walk and point at things while saying “up” and “hot,” eventually leading to his incredible complete sentences in use at this time. He connects the words with baby language for defining phototropism (hot, towards light and sun) and geotropism (up, towards sky), and he writes about communicating with his baby sister, Dulcinea, in using the principles of photo- and geotropism to teach her to climb stairs.

Remember, you need at least three references in your final paper, and everything will need to be cited correctly. Pay special attention to punctuation, and ask Mr. Stutzman if you have any questions.

http://www.toddlerscientist.com/

Also, you should turn in a brief hypothesis if you have adjusted it again as a result of your research, and it wouldn’t be a bad idea to include it anyway just to keep it fresh in mind. Gather research that actually tells you valuable information RELATED to you topic…believe me, it’s out there.

Don’t forget, your hypothesis may be adjusted slightly along the way, but you need to document everything. From here, you may go ahead and write your procedures (due next Friday) and once approved you should begin your experimentation. Happy research, and have fun!

Science Fair 2006Judging Sheet

Rate on a Scale of 1-5 (5 is highest) for each question and mark the score in the proper box on the judging sheet. This is not a grade, but a weighted evaluation.

Scientific Validity (25 Points)Did the student use the scientific method by demonstrating the following:1. Did the student offer a hypothesis (sometime included in the introduction)?2. Did the student conduct experiments with a control and variables?3. Did the student conduct experiments that could demonstrate or contradict the hypothesis correctly?4. Did the student analyze his or her data in a logical manner? (Did the conclusions make sense?)5. Did the student conduct enough experiments to reach a reasonably certain and logical conclusion, or was it just coincidence?

Originality (15 Points)Did the student appear to demonstrate careful thought?

1. Did the student appear to reach his or her conclusions through his or her own experience rather than “common” knowledge?2. Did this project strike you as interesting for its originality?

Presentation (25 Points)1. How was the general appearance of the board at first impression?2. Did the student make efforts to include pictures, models, illustrations, graphs, or materials that enhanced the understanding of the project?3. Was the project idea presented clearly in visual form?4. Were all written statements clearly legible and easy to read and follow?5. Was the board arranged in a progressive or easily navigable manner—was it interesting to read?

Clarity (25 Points)1. Was all written material grammatically clear and easily understood?2. Was all data clearly explained and interpreted?3. Were the procedures of the experiment clearly explained?4. Did the student make an effort to clearly connect conclusions to results?5. Were the student’s graphs and charts helpful, and did they clearly communicate the main point of the data?

Completeness (10 Points)1. Did the board contain the following items: title, abstract, introduction, data/results, visual data, conclusions, materials, and methods?2. Was there enough information in each section to explain the experiment in detail?

Mr. HosierScience 6-7

Science Fair Procedures Guidelines

A note on the Final Report version:

Your final report version will be very similar to your weekly lab report PROCEDURES section. There is one major difference, however, in that you will need to use complete sentences (if you haven’t been doing so already). You should still list your steps by number, but after your experiment is completed, you will want to rewrite your procedures in a passive voice, using the materials as the subject, not you. For example, instead of saying “I boiled three flasks,” say, “Three flasks were boiled.” The subject is the flasks. Remember too that you don’t want it to sound too much like a cookbook; so do not say in your final report, “After 24 hours, examine the tubes for growth.” Instead, say, “After 24 hours, the tubes were examined for growth.”

For now, however, write your procedures like a cookbook for yourself, and be sure you remember everything and follow your steps the same way every time when you experiment. Don’t leave anything out. If you add a step along the way that was not written down, don’t forget to include it in your final report.

Measuring Your Data:

The process of scientific experimentation is meaningless without measurable data. In other words, you must have something to compare or quantify your findings with the findings of other scientists. Therefore, it is important to say how you will measure or decided to measure so that others can repeat your experiment. Don’t just say that something was bigger or brighter—think of a way to measure or quantify it with a number or scale, if possible. You may need to get creative. If you do create your own scale, make sure you explain clearly how it works and include the scale in your final report.

Final Report Introduction:

Although the final report is a couple weeks off, you want to get started on your final report draft. This will include an introduction section in which you will:

1. Write down how you thought of your project idea or why you chose the project you did. In other words, what is interesting to you about this?

2. Tell the reader what your topic is.3. Define important words you are using and tell where you got those definitions [e.g. “According to Dr. Jay Wile, phototropism

is ‘______________...’ (Wile 298).”]4. Discuss what other people have said about your topic. This is where you need to use the information you got from your

sources to tell what you have learned from others. When doing this, remember to make citations in your paper with the “name-date” or “name-page” method. This means that after you use information, you should put the author’s last name and date of publication or last name and page number in parentheses: (Stutzman 2004) or (Stutzman 243). For more than one author use: (Stutzman and Schneider 2004) or (Stutzman et al. 1992). If there is no author, put the title of the article and give a date or page number (“Viscosity” 1994).

5. Be sure not to use too many direct quotes, but give credit even if you only paraphrase.6. Include your hypothesis.

The introduction section will be the crucial section in which you use your three references most clearly. Be thinking ahead about how you can incorporate what you researched with your experiment. Even if what you found was only related to your exact topic, you can and should use that information. I will be expecting to see you interact with the sources you cited in your annotated bibliography in your final report, so get started now while things are fresh in your mind. Also, if you were unable to find all your sources at this time, it is not too late to keep researching and find new ones. Just be sure to include these and cite them properly.

Appendix A, Doc. 25Mr. StutzmanScience 6-7

Science Fair

Rough Draft and Experiment Summary: 10%

Before I explain the rules for the experiment summary, let me offer a couple of timeline reminders so you can check your schedules.

THIS WEEK: March 28-31—Last week of experimentationBy now you should be close to finished with the main stage of your experimentation, even if you have a little left to do. Try to

wrap things up by April 9th so that you can begin to focus on your reports. Remember that you need a significant amount of recorded data so that you can reach a good conclusion. This may mean taking measurements over a long period of time or simply repeating your experiment often to compare your results.

March 31—Rough Data and Experiment SummaryAt the end of your experiment session, you are required to turn in the numbers or results of your experiments, as well as a

summary of what you saw. This should be similar to the DATA section of a normal lab report. Include any rough sketches of graphs, tables, or charts that you may have.

NEXT WEEK: April 4-8—Rough Drafts of Project Report DueThis will be the COMPLETE rough draft of your final report. Late papers or unapproved additions will be penalized. You will

have one week to complete corrections for the final draft.

TWO WEEKS: April 11-15—Final Reports

THREE WEEKS: April 18-22—Oral PresentationsThis will complete your project with a presentation of your research to the entire class. I will give more details as we get nearer the time.

Okay, so, having caught you up to speed, you should be feeling the heat—this last month will go quickly. If you still haven’t started and nearly finished the experimentation stage of your projects, you had better get moving. Here is what you will need to do for the week that I am gone.

Write a one-page (minimum) summary of your experiment results. This should be in PARAGRAPH form, except for any numbers, tables, charts, graphs, or measurements you have. Just like the DATA sections of your lab reports, this paper should tell what you saw, observed, and recorded in detail. You do not need to put predictions here, and you don’t have to say why things happened the way they did at this time, UNLESS something you observed while experimenting caused you to make a change to your procedures and experiment. Also, if you haven’t already turned in your procedures, you need to do so at this time.

Your report MUST include all the raw numbers (e.g. times, temperatures, heights, speeds, colors, changes, etc.) that you have received so far. If your experiment went wrong and you had to change it, report that also. DO NOT change something without telling me about it in writing. As you can see, in order to write a report on your experiment, you need to have DONE experimentation (imagine that). Now, some of you may not be completely finished yet. That is okay; write a report on what you have and tell what it is that you still have left to do.

This doesn’t give you an excuse if you haven’t started yet. Get busy. This is all designed to help you stay on track. You have had time. Get it done.

REQUIRED: One page summary of experimentation dataAt least one (1) rough table, graph, or chart organizing your raw data in a

meaningful way. In other words, put your numbers in order and make them make sense.

Any notes you may have about future experiments or changes

NEXT WEEK: ROUGH DRAFTS!

At the end of next week, you will be turning in your rough drafts of the formal report. I will be returning your experiment summaries as early as possible after I return, but you may want to keep a copy for your own reference. See the report guidelines worksheet for full

details about writing your report. Don’t forget that the final report needs to be typed, so you might want to type your rough drafts too—start planning ahead. You have three weeks, but the time will go quickly.

Mr. HosierScience 7

Test 8—Weather and Predictions

1. Define the following terms as best you can:

Updraft

Insulator

2. The same cloud precipitates snow on a mountain and rain in the nearby valley. Does the Bergeron process or the collision-coalescence theory best describe the process causing precipitation from that cloud? Why?

3. Match the beginning cloud type to the process:Bergeron warm or coldCollision- coalescence

4. What is dew point and what two factors influence it?

5. A thunderstorm cell is raining, and there is no updraft. In what stage is the cell? Will there be hail at this point in the storm?

6. If the mature stage of a thunderstorm lasts for 30 minutes maximum, why can thunderstorms rain heavy sheets of rain for several hours?

7. What are the three basic stages of a lighting bolt?

8. How does lighting cause thunder?9. Is it possible for sheet lighting to strike a person? Why or why not?

10. At what stage does a tornado touch down? Whirl Stage, Organizing Stage, Mature Stage, Shrinking Stage, or Decaying Stage?

11. What differentiates a tropical storm from a tropical disturbance?

12. What is the safest place in a hurricane? Describe that place.

(13-16 are taken from the test master booklet using the weather map and questions—cut and paste here)

What does RADAR stand for?

17. What does a Doppler Radar detect?

18. What is the difference between isobars and isotherms?

19. How many competing theories are there about tornado development?

20. What is produced by resistance when electricity is passed through something that doesn’t conduct well? (Two things)

21. What is the difference between rain and drizzle?

22. How does the electrical charge imbalance originate in a thunder cell?

23. A meteorologist measures the dew point on two different mornings. The first morning is very humid and the atmospheric pressure is high. The second morning is not nearly as humid and the atmospheric pressure has fallen. On which day will the dew point be coldest?

24. Explain the difference between sleet, hail, and freezing rain.

25. Why do lighting bolts tend to strike targets that are high?

26. What determines the stages of a hurricane?

27. What causes a hurricane in the Southern Hemisphere to rotate in a different direction than one in the Northern Hemisphere?

Semester 1 Final Study GuideMr. HosierScience 7

Chapter 1

Please define the following terms:

1. What is the difference between an atom and a molecule?

2 Sulfur is a yellow powder that is composed of sulfur atoms. Sulfur dioxide is a colorless, odorless, poisonous gas that contains sulfur. Is sulfur dioxide composed of single atoms or molecules? Explain.





Mass

Distance

Volume

Time

7. Ammonia is the active ingredient in many household cleaners. Suppose I were to make two buckets of cleaner. In the first, I will take 5 cups of ammonia and add to that 45 cups of water. In the second, I will take 5 cups of ammonia and add 30 cups of water. Which bucket contains the most powerful cleaner? Explain.



Mass: ______ sl = 14.59 kg


Chapter 2

Answer the following with COMPLETE SENTENCES!!!!

1. Explain the term cost/benefit analysis and give an example of how you would use it.

2. When does water evaporate more slowly, under conditions of high humidity or low humidity? Why?

3. Will sweating help cool you down when the humidity is 100%? Why or why not?

4. Explain how sweating cools you down.


6. What are the percentages of Nitrogen and Oxygen in dry air?

7. A chemist is monitoring the rate at which a certain substance burns. The chemist burns the substance in a fireplace that uses the room’s supply of oxygen. The chemist repeats the experiment, this time in a chamber whose air mixture is 50% oxygen and 50% nitrogen. In which trial will the substance burn fastest and why?



10. What pollutant concentration was decreased by the mandate of catalytic converters? What gas was that pollutant converted to?








Chapter 3

Heat—

1. If you wanted to study weather, on which region of the atmosphere would you focus? Why?

2. If you wanted to study the ozone layer, on which region would you focus? Why?


4. What atmospheric regions are in the homosphere?

5. What atmospheric regions are in the heterosphere?

6. A barometer develops a leak in the column which is supposed to be free of air. As air seeps into the column, what will happen to the height of the liquid in that column? Why?


8. Why is the “ozone hole” a seasonal phenomenon that only exists at the South Pole?



Part III

Put the levels of the homosphere and heterosphere in order from sea level upward, including the boundary zones and ozone layer. Indicate which way the temperature changes and where. Draw it such that the lowest level is at the bottom of the page and the top is closest to this question:

Chapter 4


2. What is the chemical formula for water? For Carbon Monoxide? For Carbon Dioxide?


4. Carbon dioxide is one of the gases that we exhale when we breathe. Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas associated with burning things under conditions of low oxygen. How many atoms are in one molecule of carbon dioxide (use your formula from question 19)? How many atoms are in one molecule of Carbon monoxide?



7. If a substance does not dissolve in water, is it ionic, polar, or non-polar?

8. If a substance dissolves in water, will it dissolve in vegetable oil, which is non-polar? Why or why not?

Chapter 5

1. Where is most of the earth’s water? What is the percentage of overall water there?

2. Where is most of the earth’s freshwater supply?

3. Where is the largest source of liquid freshwater?


4. condensation5. precipitation6. transpiration7. evaporation8. river flow9. surface runoff10. soil or ground moisture11. groundwater flow12. hydrosphere13. hydrologic cycle14. distillation15. residence time16. salinity

a. water falling from the atmosphere as rain, snow, sleet, or hailb. a measure of the quantity of dissolved salt in waterc. the water under groundd. the conversion of liquid water to water vapore. the mass of water on a planet

f. the movement of water underground into a river flowg. the process by which water vapor runs into liquid waterh. evaportation and condensation of a mixture to separate out the mixture’s individual componentsi. the process by which water is continuously exchanged between earth’s various water sourcesj. flow of water in a river, lake, stream, etc., to the oceank. the average time a given molecule of water will stay in a given water sourcel. water that flows over the surface of the ground into a riverm. water that is contained in the soil or ground

Chapter 6

List the five sections of the earth we have studied:

1.2.3.4.5. a.

b.

6. Explain how indirect observation is used in studying the earth and why it is necessary.

7. What is plastic rock and where can it be found?

8. Why is the inner core a solid and the outer core a liquid?

9. How are sedimentary rocks formed? How are igneous rocks formed?Chapter 7



b.

c.

3. List the four main types of clouds and the Latin meaning of their root names, and draw the basic cloud:a.

b.

c.

d.


9. Are weather and climate the same?

10. What are the three principal factors that influence weather?

11. What are the main cloud types?

12. Explain why the Earth is tilted on its axis

13. Define insolation

14. What is aphelion and perihelion?

15. Name the four major season markers and give their dates

a.b.c.d.


17. Why are local winds significant?

18. List the 4 air masses and describe how they take over another air mass region

19. How do you know if it is going to be a violent rainstorm? How about a long, gentle rain?

20. Is humidity high or low in continental polar air mass? How about a maritime tropical air mass

21. Define weather front

22. Draw the diagrams for sea breeze and land breeze (page 170)

23. What is the difference between a stationary front and an occluded front?

24. What do nimbus and alto mean?

25. What is the Coriolis Effect?

Other things—think of how wind is effected by out planet, how energy affects temperature, and how we have viewed scientific data that supports creation.

Mr. HosierScience 7Semester 1 Final ExamChapters 1-7

I. Matching (15 points)Match the following:

1. condensation2. precipitation3. transpiration4. evaporation5. river flow6. surface runoff7. soil or ground moisture8. groundwater flow9. hydrosphere10. hydrologic cycle11. distillation12. residence time13. salinity14. adiabatic cooling15. cloud condensation nuclei

a. a measure of the quantity of dissolved salt in waterb. evaportation and condensation of a mixture to separate out the mixture’s individual componentsc. flow of water in a river, lake, stream, etc., to the oceand. the average time a given molecule of water will stay in a given water sourcee. the conversion of liquid water to water vapor

f. the mass of water on a planetg. the movement of water underground into a river flowh. the principle that gasses cool as they expandi. the process by which water is continuously exchanged between earth’s various water sourcesj. the process by which water vapor runs into liquid waterk. the transfer of water from the ground to the air through plantsl. tiny particles around which moisture can condense in the airm. water falling from the atmosphere as rain, snow, sleet, or hailn. water that flows over the surface of the ground into a rivero. water that is contained in the soil or ground

II. Multiple Choice (20 points)

Circle the letter that BEST answers the question.

1. Under conditions of low humidity, water shoulda. Evaporate more slowlyb. Condense onto pitchers of lemonadec. Neither evaporate nor condensed. Evaporate more quickly

2. A chemist is monitoring the rate at which a certain substance burns. He fills a chamber with two gasses at a time. In which trial will the substance burn fastest?

a. 50% Carbon Dioxide, 50% Nitrogenb. 78% Oxygen, 21 % Nitrogenc. 21% Oxygen, 78% Nitrogend. 87% Carbon Dioxide, 13% Flubber Vapor

3. What atmospheric regions are in the homosphere?a. Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphereb. Troposphere, exosphere, ionospherec. Troposphere, stratosphere, thermosphered. Troposphere, mesosphere, exosphere

4. A barometer develops a leak in the column which is supposed to be free of air. As air seeps into the column, what will happen to the height of the liquid in that column?

a. The liquid in the column will riseb. The liquid in the column will fallc. The liquid in the column will stay the samed. The liquid in the column will spray out into the air


a. C18h8

b. 8c18Hc. C8H18

d. 8CH18

6. If a substance does not dissolve in water, is ita. ionic b. polarc. non-polard. polar bear

7. Where is the largest source of liquid freshwater?a. The North Poleb. Glaciers and Icebergsc. Rivers, lakes, and streamsd. Groundwater

8. What is plastic rock and where can it be found?a. Rock with liquid and solid properties, in the mantleb. Hard plastic in the inner corec. Isildur’s Bane’s Mold, deep in the dungeons of Barad-durd. Alternative rock genre in Denmark

9. Define insolation and give the three words from which it is derived.a. Fiber filling that keeps a house warm, Instant Solace and Vacationb. The total amount of heat from the sun, Incoming solar radiationc. The total amount of heat from the sun, insomniac relationsd. Something that doesn’t conduct electricity well, inner solution conflation

10. What is the tilt of earth’s axis, and why is it important that the earth is tilted the way it is?a. 3.14159 degrees, it corresponds exactly to pib. 98.6 degrees, it allows our body temperatures to maintain regularityc. 45 degrees, allowing perfect sun on Brundage mountaind. 23.5 degrees, it allows even distribution of heat

11. What are dark cumulus clouds called?a. Nimbocumucirrusb. Cumulonimbusc. Cumullonimbo

d. Stratocumuloaltonimbosis

12. An air mass is dry and warm. What kind of air mass is it?a. Maritime polarb. Maritime tropicalc. Continental tropicald. Continental maritime

13. You watch the sky as cirrus clouds form followed by stratus and nimbostratus clouds. Do you expect a a. violent rainstormb. a tornadoc. thundershowersd. long, lighter rain


a. Coldb. Warmc. Occludedd. stationary

15. In a continental polar air mass the humidity is _________ and the air is __________.a. Low, coldb. Low, warmc. High, coldd. High, warm

16. In a maritime tropical air mass, the humidity is _________ and the air is ___________.

a. Low, coldb. Low, warmc. High, coldd. High, warm

17. Over a couple days. The clouds slowly build and then a gentle, long rain ensues that lasts less than a full day. What kind of weather front causes this weather?

a. Coldb. Warmc. Occludedd. stationary

18. Which one of the following compounds is NOT a pollutant? a. Nitrogenb. Ozonec. Nitrogen oxidesd. Sulfur Oxides

19. A molecule is:a. the smallest stable unit of matter in creation.b. two or more atoms linked together to make a substance with unique properties.c. The bond between two elements.d. an atom.

20. Mr. Hosier in his previous career was a:a. Doctorb. CIA spyc. Organic Chemistd. Wildlife biologist

III. Math and Measurements (35 points)





Mass

Distance

Volume

Time



Mass: ______ sl = 14.59 kg



IV. Short Answer (40 points)

Answer the following with COMPLETE SENTENCES!!!! (Yes, I mean it this time: Subject, Verb, Direct Object, etc.)

1. Sulfur is a yellow powder that is composed of sulfur atoms. Sulfur dioxide is a colorless, odorless, poisonous gas that contains sulfur. Is sulfur dioxide composed of single atoms or molecules? Explain.

2. Explain how sweating cools you down. Will sweating help cool you down when the humidity is 100%? Why or why not?




12. Explain how indirect observation is used in studying the earth and why it is necessary.

13. In the Southern Hemisphere, are the length of the days greater or less than 12 hours between the winter solstice and the spring equinox? Are the day lengths increasing or decreasing during that time?



16. Is hard water a result of a city’s water treatment process?

17. What is the cause of the earth’s magnetic field?

18. Is global warming happening today?

Appendix A, Doc. 29Mr. StutzmanScience 7Short Essay—

Write a well-organized, 3-paragraph essay exploring one of the following topics. Each paragraph should have about 7-10 sentences, a main idea, and supporting details. As with any good argumentative essay, you should have a clear thesis, and you should begin your essays with “Although…” Make a statement and contrast it with what you want to show (e.g. Although atoms and molecules are much smaller than single cells, understanding how atoms make up many different molecules is a good way to understand how cells work together in our bodies to make different tissues. In this essay, I will discuss…[here you would probably list the 2-3 main ideas you will want to discuss]). You may make an outline of your essay before class on Friday and use it during the class period.

1. It seems that we have learned about a lot of different things in creation this year that are connected to a relationship between negatives and positives. Think about hydrogen bonding, polar and ionic molecules, solutions and solvents, and even the steps leading to lightning strikes. Each of these things depends upon relationships of positive and negative charges to exist, and those positives and negatives are related in some way to energy. With this in mind, write an essay discussing how understanding one of these principles helps us understand one or two of the others. For example, how does an understanding of hydrogen bonding also help you understand why some things dissolve in water or what lightning strikes occur.

2. When we get scientific, we learn that there is a lot more to “heat” than just knowing the temperature is warm outside. Considering the true definition of heat (energy being transferred) explain in an essay how concepts like humidity, condensation, evaporation, precipitation, and combustion are all connected in some way through energy. Take into consideration what you know about state changes and how we might say that even the process of turning water into ice takes heat.

3. If the world didn’t turn, and if it were flat, and if the sun hit every spot equally, predicting wind would be relatively easy. So much for fantasy land. But if you think about it, air movement has a lot to do with concentration (as in the amount of one substance in another), empty space, and density. As we know, weather is a very complex phenomenon in any season. Consider how understanding how a vacuum works (which uses wind power, so to speak, to suck things up) helps us to understand how weather works. You will need to take into consideration the reasons that masses of air start moving in the first place, including

temperature and pressure, insolation, rotation, energy transfers, and altitude changes. Write an essay explaining and connecting how wind occurs and how it is related to a vacuum.

Mr. HosierScience 7

Speed and Velocity Practice Worksheet.

Complete the following problems using the formula for rate.

1. A man in a car travels at 70 miles from Boise to his favorite little roadside diner to the east. If it takes him 1.1 hours to get there, what has his average speed?

2. Convert the speed of the car in problem 1 into meters per second. (1 mile = 1609 meters)

3. In football, you would be considered amazingly fast to run 40 yards in 4.2 seconds. What would your speed be in feet per second? What would your speed be in miles per hour?

4. Bugs Bunny is running west at 45 km per hour and Elmer Fudd is chasing him at 50.4 km per hour west. They are cartoon characters, which are faster than football players.

a. What is Bugs Bunny’s velocity relative to Elmer?

b. What is Elmer’s velocity relative to Bugs?

c. Calculate each character’s velocity and the relative velocity of Elmer to Bugs in meters per second.

d. Using the formula for rate (r=d/t), how long will it take Bugs to run (in seconds) 150 meters to his hole?

e. If Elmer is 19.5 meters behind Bugs, how long will it take him to catch up with Bugs, and will he get there before Bugs reaches the hole?

5. If one train leaves Los Angeles (yes, you knew it was coming) traveling for New York at 100 km/hour, and another train leaves New York traveling for Los Angeles at 70 km/hour, what is their relative speed?

6. Okay, so if Gandalf left for Gondor on Shadowfax riding due south at 30 miles per hour, how long would it take him to ride the 450 miles?

7. Now if Sam had decided to walk up to meet him, leaving Minis Tirith at 3 miles per hour north, and if he had already been gone 6 hours, how far from Minis Tirith would Sam be?

8. Finally, after 12 hours of walking and riding non-stop, how far apart are the friends, and how many more hours will it be until they meet.

BONUS: How many miles from Minis Tirith should they meet?

Mr. HosierScience 7

Chapter 9 Study Guide

Define the following terms:

Reference point

Vector quantity

Scalar quantity

Acceleration

Free fall

2. If an object’s position does not change relative to a reference point, is it in motion relative to that reference point? Explain.

3. Explain whether a glass of water sitting on the counter is in motion. Be sure to define and defend your reasoning.

4. A child is floating in an inner tube on a still lake. His position does not change. He watches two girls jog along the shore of the lake. The girls are keeping perfect pace with each other. Neither is pulling ahead or falling behind.

a. Relative to whom is the child in motion?b. Relative to whom is the first girl in motion?c. Relative to whom is the second girl in motion?

5. A very picky physicist states that it is impossible for any object to experience free fall near the earth’s surface. Is he technically correct? Why, or why not?

6. If said scientist in 5 was correct, why would web assume that heavy objects are in free fall when they are near the surface of earth?

7. A long, vertical glass tube contains a feather and a penny. Assuming all the air is pumped out to form a vacuum, which would hit the bottom first if dropped at the same moment?

8. A scientist decides to measure acceleration by measuring the distance that a moving object travels in a set time interval. The scientist notices that in every thirty second interval, the object travels less distance than it did in the previous interval. In which direction is the acceleration directed?

9. Convert the equation for distance (d = r t) into an equation to solve for :a. time

b. rate

10. Convert the acceleration formula for distance (d = ½ a t2) into an equation to solve for:

a. time

b. acceleration

11. Give the standard rate of acceleration of gravity in m/s2 and ft/s2.

Mr. HosierScience 7

Chapter 10 Math Review and Problem Sheet

1. A car is traveling down the road at 45 miles per hour. Not paying attention, a truck from behind slams into that car going 55 miles per hour. What is the speed of the car relative to the truck, and will the passengers be flung forward or backward in their seats?

2. What is the formula for Force (Newton’s Second Law)?

3. A man’s car (mass = 532 kg) has broken down and he is pushing it to a gas station. Ignoring friction, what force (in Newtons) must the man push with in order to make the car accelerate 0.20 meters per second squared to the east?

4. In order to clear an area, a construction worker pushes on a large rock (mass = 360 kg) that is in the way. Once he gets the rock moving, it begins to accelerate at 0.15 meters per second squared to the north. If the construction worker is able to apply 480 Newtons of force, what is the frictional force between the rock and the ground?

5. A postal worker needs to push a large box (mass = 120 kg) across the floor. The static frictional force between the box and the floor is 200 Newtons, while the kinetic frictional force is only 150 Newtons. How much force is necessary to get the box moving? If the box accelerates at 1.0 meters per second squared to the west when the force is applied, how much force did the postal worker use?

6. A child is pushing her toy across the room with a constant velocity to the east. If the static friction between this toy and the floor is 15 Newtons while the kinetic friction is 10 Newtons, what force is the child exerting?

7. A father is trying to teach his child to ice skate. As the child stands still, the father pushes him forward with an acceleration of 2.0 meters per second squared north. If the child’s mass is 20 kg, what is the force with which the father is pushing (assuming there is no friction with the ice)?

8. In order to move a 15 kg object, a force of more than 25 Newtons must be exerted. Once it is moving, however, a force of only 20 Newtons accelerates the object at 0.1 meters/second squared to the west. What is the force of the static friction between the object and the surface upon which it sits? What is the force of the kinetic friction?

9. The static frictional force between a 500 kg box of bricks and the floor is 500 Newtons. The kinetic frictional force is only 220 N. How many Newtons of force must the worker exert to get the box moving? What force must the worker exert to accelerate the box at 0.1 m/second squared to the south?

10. In order to shove a rock out of the way, a gardener gets it moving by exerting just slightly more than 100 N of force. To keep it moving at a constant velocity eastward, however, the gardener needs only to exert 45 N of force to the east. What are the static and kinetic frictional forces at work between the rock and the ground?

11. Two men are trying to push a 710 kg truck. The first man exerts a force of 156 N east and the second a force of 220 N east. The truck accelerates at 0.20 meters/second squared to the east. What is the kinetic frictional force between the truck and the road?

Mr. HosierScience 7

Chapter 9-10 Study Guide and Review

1. What is the formula for speed (rate)?

2. What is the formula for finding acceleration?

3. What is the standard acceleration of gravity in feet and meters per square second?

4. What is the formula for finding distance based on the acceleration of an object in free fall?

5. A car travelling 55 miles per hour drives 220 miles. How long does that take?

6. A physics student climbs a tree. To measure how high he has climbed, he drops a rock and times its fall. It takes 1.3 seconds for the rock to hit the ground. How many feet has she climbed?

7. Define friction. Then, explain the difference between static and kinetic friction. Which one is greater and why?

8. What are Newton’s three laws of motion?

a.

b.

c.

9. The static frictional force between a 300 kg box of bricks and the floor is 300 N. The kinetic frictional force is only 105 N. How many Newtons of force must the worker exert to get the box moving? What force must the worker exert to accelerate the box at 0.1 m/s squared to the south?

Now, complete the following study guide questions from your book on page 259-260:

3-9, 13, 15-17

Appendix A, Doc. 34Mr. StutzmanScience 7

Chapter 10

1. Define Friction. Then, explain the difference between static friction and kinetic friction. Which one is greater and why?

2. What is the formula for speed (rate)?

3. What is the formula for finding acceleration?

4. What is the standard acceleration of gravity in feet and meters per square second?

5. What is the formula for finding distance based on the acceleration of an object in free

6. What are Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion?

A. Inertia, which means…

B. Force =

C.

7. A pilot is flying a mission to drop bombs on an enemy airfield. The plane is flying high and fast to the north. Should the pilot drop the bombs before the plane is over the airfield, when the plane is over the airfield, or after it has passed the airfield? Explain.

8. Spiderman uses friction to climb a wall. To measure how high he has climbed, he drops a rock and times its fall. It takes 2.1 seconds for the rock to hit the ground. How many feet has he climbed?

9. A cruel boy (you may be or know him) has placed a mouse on a disk. He slowly starts to spin the disk, accelerating it faster and faster until the disk and the mouse are both spinning at an alarming rate. What will happen to the mouse if the boy suddenly stops the disk without touching the mouse: will the mouse continue to spin in a circle as it was before; will the mouse stop with the disk; or will the mouse start moving straight, skidding off the disk? Think about what happens if you jump off of a spinning merry-go-round.

10. An ice cube (1.0 kg) slides down an inclined serving tray with an acceleration of 4.0 meters per second squared. Ignoring friction, how much force is pulling the ice cube down the serving tray?

11. A baseball player (75 kg) is running north towards a base. In order to avoid being tagged by the ball, the baseball player slides into the base. If his acceleration in the slide is 5.0 meters per second squared to SOUTH (that is, he is slowing down), what is the kinetic frictional force (which is slowing him down) between the baseball player and the ground?

12. A man pushes a heavy cart. If the man exerts a force of 200 Newtons on the cart to keep it moving at a constant velocity, what is the frictional force between the cart and the ground? Is this kinetic friction or static friciton?

13. A woman pulls a stubborn dog (30 kg). The dog resists the pull with a force of 30 N. In addition, the static friction between the dog and the ground is 20 N, while the kinetic friction is 7 N. How much force must the woman exert to get the dog moving? If the woman ends up dragging the dog with an acceleration of 1.0 meters per second squared to the west, what force is she pulling with (including the friction and resistance she is overcoming)? Remember, the dog is still resisting.


15. When baseball players hit the ball hard enough, their bats can sometimes break or crack. What is exerting a force on the bat, causing it to break?

Short Essay

Write at least 10 sentences discussing how Newton’s Three Laws of Motion help to explain why something you do every day (like walking, running, jumping, driving, etc.) works the way it does. As a guideline, you should be able to give 2-3 sentences describing each law in relation to the action you choose. Don’t forget about friction!

Mr. HosierScience 7

Chapter 11 Test

1. Define the three basic principles of Newton’s Universal Law of Gravity using your own words.

a.

b.

c.

2. Define centripetal force.

3. List the three basic principles of centripetal force as written in the book, notes, or using your own words.

a.

b.

c.

4. List the 4 fundamental forces in creation from weakest to strongest.a.

b.

c.

d.

5. The change in velocity that occurs in a circle (without changing the speed of the object) is known as “centripetal ____________________.”

6. A student drops a ball, and it begins to fall due to the force of gravity that the earth exerts on it. What is the equal and opposite force demanded by Newton’s Third Law of motion?

7. The gravitational force between two objects (mass1 = 5 kg, mass2 = 2kg) is measured when the objects are 10 centimeters apart. If the 5 kg mass is replaced with a 20 kg mass and the 2 kg mass is replaced with a 12 kg mass, how does the new gravitational attraction compare to the first one measured? In other words, how many times greater or smaller is gravity now?

8. The gravitational force between two objects (mass1 = 10 kg, mass 2 = 6 kg) is measured when the objects are 12 centimeters apart. If the distance is increased to 36 centimeters, how does the new gravitational attraction compare to the first one that was measured (how many times greater or less than the original set)? Hint: Don’t forget to square the distance difference!

9. The gravitational force between two objects (mass 1 = 1 kg, mass 2 = 2 kg) is measured when the objects are 12 centimeters apart. If the 1 kg mass is replaced with a 5 kg mass, the 2 kg mass is replaced with an 8 kg mass, and if the distance between the objects is reduced (that is, they are moved closer together) to 4 cm, how does the new gravitational attraction compare to the old?

10. Two moons orbit the same planet at the same distance away. If the first one takes 3 months to make an orbit and the second takes 1 year, which is being subjected to the greatest gravitational attraction? Consider the principles of centripetal force (circular motion) to find the answer.

11. List the planets in order, bracketing [ ] the inner planets and placing the asteroid belt in the proper location.

a.b.c.d.e.f.g.h.i.j.

12. Which planet has the greatest overall temperature? Why?

13. Which part or parts of the comet only appear as it approaches the sun?

14. Label the parts of the comet below:

15. Which way does a comet’s tail point and why?

16. Explain how the Graviton Theory works, supposedly.

17. Why is the Graviton Theory considered relevant, even though there is no evidence yet?

18. Explain in a sentence what the basic idea is behind the General Theory of Relativity in relation to why planets orbit around stars.

19. What were the contributions of Galileo and Newton to Astronomy?

20. How did the Roman Catholic Church limit the science of astronomy? Give examples.

Mr. HosierScience 7

Chapter 12 Test

Let’s compromise: I’ll give you the definition and you give me the word that fits it, only without any extra clues.

1. ______________________. Small packages of light that act just like small particles.

2. ______________________. Charging an object by allowing it to come into contact with an object that already has an electrical charge.

3. ______________________. Charging an object by forcing some of the charges to leave the object.

4. ______________________. The amount of charge that travels through an electrical circuit each second.

5. ______________________. This is the unit used to measure electrical current.

6. ______________________. This is a measure of how much energy each electron passing through an electrical circuit has.

7. ______________________. This is current that flows from the positive side of the battery to the negative side. This is the way current is drawn in circuit diagrams, even though it is wrong.

8. ______________________. A measure of how much a metal impedes the flow of electrons.

9. ______________________. This is a circuit that does not have a complete connection between the two sides of the battery. As a result, current does not flow.

10. ______________________. This is a theoretical magnet that has one rather than two poles.

11. List the three principles of electrical charges using words from the book or your own noggin.

a.

b.

c.

12. James Clerk Maxwell had a huge impact on electromagnetism. Let’s se how much you remember about his impact.

a. What scientist helped him develop his electromagnetic theory?

b. How many equations did he originally come up with for magnetism?

c. At what age was he admitted to a University? Why did he transfer to University of Cambridge?

13. The force between the south pole of one magnet and the south pole of another magnet is measured. If the distance between those magnets is suddenly doubled (so they are twice as far away from each other), a) how will the new force compare to the old one? b.) Is the force attractive or repulsive? Remember to state your answer in number of times greater or less than.

14. A physicist charges an object with a positively charged rod. If the object develops a negative charge, did he charge with conduction or induction?

15. If a circuit has a low voltage, is there any way to get a lot of energy from it? If so, how? If not, why not?

16. You are blindfolded and handed two extension cords. Both have the same current running through them. If the cord in your left hand is warmer than the one in your right hand, which cord is thicker? How could you tell…that is, what knowledge about electricity and its properties of movement through something would enable you to reach that conclusion?

17. Draw the conventional current flow inside the circuit with a dashed line and arrows. Draw the true flow of electrons with a solid line and arrows around the outside.

18. In most chandeliers today, when one light bulb goes out, the rest stay lit. Are the light bulbs wired in series or in parallel?

19. Draw a series circuit.

20. Draw a parallel circuit.

21. On a strand of Christmas lights, you notice that every third bulb along the string is not lighted, but the other two remain bright and glowing. Using your knowledge of circuits, explain how this stand of Christmas lights must be wired.

22. Why can’t you turn your textbook into a giant magnet?

23. You cut a magnet in half, right between the north and south poles. How many north and south poles do you have now total? Explain why this happens. (you may want to draw a diagram).

24. If magnetism is related to the exchange of photons, why doesn’t your compass glow when it points north?

25. Explain why a thin refrigerator magnet can have so much attractive power.

26. Explain how it is that you can see light coming from a light bulb and why it is hot as well.

Mr. HosierScience 7

Chapter 13 Test

Part I—The Periodic Table

1. Tell me what the following symbols stand for:

H

O

N

He

Na

Al

2. List Dalton’s four postulates (It can be in your own words—do not stress!)

A.

B.

C.

D.

3. List the following:

The Field trip is to the _____________________________

The meat being served is _____________________

If I do not bring $_________, I cannot get in.

Questions

1. Which of the two elements, Neon (Ne) or Nitrogen (N), are the most stable, and why?

2. Explain why Sodium and Chlorine work so well together, and what is it that they form?

3. Which element could have an isotope with 12 protons, 12 electrons, and 15 neutrons?

Part II—Definitions

Fill in the blank with the word or definition that best matches the description.

Alpha decayAtomic numberBeta decayDaughter productElementGamma decayYukawaIsotopeMass numberNucleusPionRadioactive isotope

1. ___________________ A collection of atoms that all have the same number of protons.

2. ___________________ The center of an atom, containing protons and neutrons.

3. ___________________ The number of protons in an atom.

4. ___________________ Two or more atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers on neutrons.

5. ___________________ An atom whose nucleus is not stable.

6. __________________ is the man responsible for discovering pions (just last name is OK)

7. ___________________ The decay process by which a neutron turns into a proton by the emission of an electron.

8. ___________________ The sum of the number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an atom.

9. ___________________ The decay process that involves the release of a particle that contains two protons and two neutrons.

10. __________________ The decay process that releases a high energy photon.

11. __________________ This is a short-lived particle that is exchanged in the nucleus of an atom and is responsible for the strong nuclear force.

12. __________________ This is the result of radioactive decay.

Part III—Short Answer

1. What is the heaviest particle in an atom?

2. About how much mass is there in an electron?a. 9.1 x 1024 gb. 9.1 x 10-28 gc. 9.1 gd. 9.1 x 10-10 g

3. Explain how a marble and a baseball stadium relate to the understanding of an atom. (Remember the demonstration outdoors?)

4. Explain why similarly-charged protons in the nucleus do not repel each other, even though they are so close together. In other words, how does strong nuclear force work and why does it require such short distances?

5. How many protons and neutrons would there be in the nucleus of a 23Na atom?

6. List the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the following atoms (AN = Atomic Number)

a. 48Ca (AN = 20)

b. 124Sn (AN = 50)

c. 109Ag (AN = 47)

7.a. What types of compounds are found in column 18 (8A)?

b. What types of elements are found in column 1 (1A)?

Refer to the periodic table on the back to answer 8-10.

8. What is the daughter product in the beta decay of 144Ce (AN = 58)?

9. What is the daughter product in the alpha decay of 220Rn (AN = 86)?

10. What is the daughter product in the gamma decay of 239U (AN = 92)?

11. If a piece of paper is placed between a radioactive isotope and a person, from which kind of radioactive particle will the person be protected?

12. What type of force is responsible for radioactive force?

Appendix A, Doc 38Mr. StutzmanScience 7

Chapter 14 Test

1. What kind of wave has an oscillation (back and forth movement) that runs in a perpendicular direction to its propagation (forward motion)?

2. What kind of wave has oscillation in the same direction as its propagation?

3. What is one example of the type of wave named in number 2?

4. What is the formula for finding frequency?

5. What is the formula for finding the speed of sound?

6. There are four common types of saxophones: soprano saxophone (like Kenny G plays, which looks like a gold clarinet), alto saxophone (which most students start out on), tenor saxophone (used often in jazz and blues), and baritone saxophone (a huge saxophone that some players rest on the ground). Knowing what you know about sound waves and instruments, what would the purpose be of having different sized saxophones?

7. A popular science fiction movie was once advertised with the slogan, “In space, no one can hear you scream.” What makes this a true statement?

8. What is the speed of sound in air that has a temperature of 25 0C?

9. A sound wave traveling through 17 0C air has a wavelength of 2 meters. What is the frequency of the sound wave?

10. Which waves have the longest wavelength: sonic waves, infrasonic waves, or ultrasonic waves?

11. During a thunderstorm, the temperature is 10 0C. If you see a lightning strike and then hear the thunder 2 seconds later, how far away did the lightning strike?

12. A ship blows its horn. Some of the sound waves travel through the air and then hit the water. Will the sound waves travel faster in the water or in the air?

13. Consider questions 12. Will the waves be louder in the air or in the water if the sound starts in the air? Why?

14. A man and a woman are singing a duet. The man sings the low notes and the woman sings the high notes. The woman, since she is singing the melody, is singing more loudly than the man.

a. Are the wavelengths of the man’s sound waves longer than, shorter than, or the same size as those of the woman?

b. Who has the higher and who the lower frequency?

c. Whose amplitude is higher?

d. How do the speed of the sound waves compare (Hint: think of the medium in relation to speed of sound)?

15. A jet travels through 10 0C air at Mach 3. What is its speed in meters per second?

16. Briefly explain what the Doppler Effect is, how or why it happens, and how you might experience it in everyday life.

17. An amplifier takes a 30 decibel sound and turns it into an 80 decibel sound. How many time larger is the intensity of the sound waves coming out of the amplifier as compared to the intensity of the sound going in?

18. Many people wear earplugs while working in loud conditions. If an earplug is designed to reduce the intensity of sound 10,000 times, what intensity will a worker experience in his ear if he is wearing the earplugs around a 120 decibel environment?

Appendix A, Doc 39Mr. StutzmanScience 7

Chapter 15 Test

1. Explain the dual properties of light and how the currently accepted theory (the quantum mechanical model) describes the behavior of light.

2. What does Einstein’s Theory of Relativity have to do with light—what does he say?

3. Compare or contrast the travel of light through different media versus the travel of sound through different media.

4. The speed of light in glass is 185,000,000 m/s. If a particle is traveling through air at 200,000,000 m/s, what has to happen to the particle’s speed if it enters the glass? Why?

5. Which has a higher frequency: green light or yellow light?

6. Which has longer wavelength: ultraviolet rays or radio waves?

7. Why can we consider microwaves, x-rays, or television to be light, even though we can’t see it?

8. Draw what happens to the light ray when it enters the left side of the aquarium and exits the right side.

9. You are on a diving board looking down into a pool. You see a quarter at the bottom of the pool, about three feet in front of you. Why is the quarter really not 3 feet in front of you?

10. You want to concentrate light coming from a weak light source by focusing it all on a single point. What kind of lens would you use to do this?

11. What does the eye do to change its focus?

12. Explain the conditions necessary for the formation of a rainbow and how it works.

13. Why can’t you ever reach the end of the rainbow?

14. Explain how glasses work to correct poor vision.

Additive color key: blue + green = cyan, red + blue = magenta, red + green = yellow.

Subtractive color key: yellow + magenta = red, magenta + cyan = blue, cyan + yellow = green.

15. What do you get if you combine all 3 subtractive colors (magenta, cyan, and yellow)?

16. What do you get if you combine all 3 additive colors (red, blue, and green)?

17. If a computer monitor makes a green dot and then puts a blue dot in the same place, what color will you see?

18. If cyan and magenta ink is mixed, what color ink will you get?

19. If you shine red light on a yellow shirt, what color will the shirt appear?

20. In a photo shop, a developer finds that his picture is a little too greenish. What color could he add or subtract to make it more red and less green?

21. Explain the law of reflection.

Mr. HosierScience 7

Final Exam Study Guide

Chapter 1



Volume: 1 gal = ________ L

2. Convert 4 inches into centimeters.

3. In Seattle I bought 5.8 gallons of gas. I refilled with the same amount in Liters in Vancouver, BC. How many Liters are 5.8 gallons?

Chapter 2



Chapter 3


Chapter 427. Why is water a liquid at room temperature when other chemicals of the same

compound are not?


Chapter 5

1. How and why does adiabatic cooling work?

Chapter 9

1. Explain whether a glass of water sitting on the counter is in motion. Be sure to define and defend your reasoning. Consider reference points in your discussion.

11. Convert the equation for distance (d = r t) into an equation to solve for :c. time

d. rate

12. Convert the acceleration formula for distance (d = ½ a t2) into an equation to solve for:

c. time

d. acceleration


Chapter 10

16. What are Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion?

1. Inertia, which means…

2. Force =

3.



19. An ice cube (1.0 kg) slides down an inclined serving tray with an acceleration of 3.0 meters per second squared. Ignoring friction, how much force is pulling the ice cube down the serving tray?

20. A baseball player (70 kg) is running north towards a base. In order to avoid being tagged by the ball, the baseball player slides into the base. If his acceleration in the slide is 7.0 meters per second squared to SOUTH (that is, he is slowing down), what is the kinetic frictional force (which is slowing him down) between the baseball player and the ground?


22. A woman pulls a stubborn dog (30 kg). The dog resists the pull with a force of 30 N. In addition, the static friction between the dog and the ground is 20 N, while the kinetic friction is 7 N. How much force must the woman exert to get the dog moving? If the woman ends up dragging the dog with an acceleration of 1.0 meters per second squared to the west, what force is she pulling with (including

the friction and resistance she is overcoming)? Remember, the dog is still resisting.


Chapter 11

21. The gravitational force between two objects (mass1 = 5 kg, mass2 = 2kg) is measured when the objects are 10 centimeters apart. If the 5 kg mass is replaced with a 20 kg mass and the 2 kg mass is replaced with a 12 kg mass, how does the new gravitational attraction compare to the first one measured? In other words, how many times greater or smaller is gravity now?

22. The gravitational force between two objects (mass1 = 10 kg, mass 2 = 6 kg) is measured when the objects are 12 centimeters apart. If the distance is increased to 36 centimeters, how does the new gravitational attraction compare to the first one that was measured (how many times greater or less than the original set)? Hint: Don’t forget to square the distance difference!

23. The gravitational force between two objects (mass 1 = 1 kg, mass 2 = 2 kg) is measured when the objects are 12 centimeters apart. If the 1 kg mass is replaced with a 5 kg mass, the 2 kg mass is replaced with an 8 kg mass, and if the distance between the objects is reduced (that is, they are moved closer together) to 4 cm, how does the new gravitational attraction compare to the old?

24. Connect the Graviton Theory to the electroweak force and the strong nuclear force to make an argument for its potential validity.

25. Define the three basic principles of Newton’s Universal Law of Gravity as written in the book, notes, or using your own words.

a.

b.

c.

26. List the three basic principles of centripetal force as written in the book, notes, or using your own words.

a.

b.

c.

Chapter 12

How are the principles of electromagnetic force similar to gravity?

27. The force between the south pole of one magnet and the south pole of another magnet is measured. If the distance between those magnets is suddenly doubled (so they are twice as far away from each other), a) how will the new force compare to the old one? b.) Is the force attractive or repulsive? Remember to state your answer in number of times greater or less than.


29. You are blindfolded and handed two extension cords. Both have the same current running through them. If the cord in your left hand is warmer than the one in your right hand, which cord is thicker? How could you tell…that is, what knowledge about electricity and its properties of movement through something would enable you to reach that conclusion?

30. Explain how it is that you can see light coming from a light bulb and why it is hot as well.


Chapter 13

12. Explain why similarly-charged protons in the nucleus do not repel each other, even though they are so close together. In other words, how does strong nuclear force work and why does it require such short distances?

13. A radioactive isotope has a half-life of 3 hours. If a scientist has 30 grams of the isotope, how much is left after 15 hours?

The Periodic Table

Fill in the Periodic Table for elements 1-18 and answer the following questions. Put the symbols in the boxes and write the names of each element in the numbered spaced below.

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.

Questions

4. Which two elements listed above are the most stable, and why?


6. Which element could have an isotope with 12 protons, 12 electrons, and 15 neutrons?

Mr. HosierScience 7

Final Exam

Chapter 1

1. Convert 9 inches into centimeters.

2. In Seattle I bought 2.9 gallons of gas. I refilled with the same amount in Liters in Vancouver, BC. How many Liters are 2.9 gallons?

Chapter 2


Chapter 3

4. Why does ice FREEZE because of heat?

Chapter 4


Chapter 5-8

6. What are the 3 types of rocks and how are they formed?

7. How is it possible that the earth’s core is both the hottest spot and also solid?

8. What principally influences weather? Explain.

9. What are the four types of clouds?a.

b.

c.

d.

10. What does nimbo mean? Alto? Strato?

11. Explain how a lightning bolt is formed.

12. What are the four basic cloud types? Describe and draw each.

13. What are the four types of fronts? Draw them.

Chapter 9


15. A man is traveling down the highway at 55 miles per hour north and sees a sign that tells him to slow his car down to 25 mph. If he does this in an 18 second time period, what will his acceleration be? Remember that there are 3600 seconds in 1 hour and the acceleration will be in the opposite direction of travel since he is slowing down.

Chapter 10What are Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion?

1. Inertia, which means…

2. Force =

3.




19. A woman pulls a stubborn dog (20 kg). The dog resists the pull with a force of 20 N. In addition, the static friction between the dog and the ground is 10 N, while the kinetic friction is 3 N. How much force must the woman exert to get the dog moving? If the woman ends up dragging the dog with an acceleration of 2.0 meters per second squared to the west, what force is she pulling with (including the friction and resistance she is overcoming)? Remember, the dog is still resisting.


Chapter 11

21. The gravitational force between two objects (mass 1 = 1 kg, mass 2 = 2 kg) is measured when the objects are 12 centimeters apart. Find the change in force if…

a. the 1 kg mass is replaced with a 5 kg mass, the 2 kg mass is replaced with an 8 kg mass

b. the distance between the objects is reduced (that is, they are moved closer together) to 4 cm

Chapter 12


23. How are the principles of electromagnetic force similar to gravity and strong nuclear force?


Chapter 13

The Periodic Table

25. Between Xe and Oxygen, which compound is more stable and why?


27. What compound has 24 protons, 30 neutrons, and 24 electrons?

28. What is the daughter product in the gamma decay of 239U?

Essay Question: Answer the question in 1-2 paragraphs.

1. Centripetal Force, Force of Gravity (and Graviton Theory), Electrical Force, Magnetic Force, Strong Nuclear Force—All these things are related in many ways. Write an essay in which you discuss the similarities between the principles that govern these forces (such as direct and inverse proportions and relationships, like the 3 principles you memorized for each one). Then connect the properties of the various forces to the idea that the Graviton Theory might be true, given all the other circumstantial evidence. Finally, make a practical application as to how these principles and forces help us understand why we would get so much energy out of a nuclear bomb (which splits the nuclei of atoms) and then creates so much light and heat.

Mr. HosierScience 7

Final Exam Essay

Be prepared to write a 5-paragraph essay in class on Friday covering one of the following topics. You may prepare any notes you have on the topic, create an outline, or even write the essay at home. No matter what you do, however, you will need to write the essay in class on Friday within the allowed . Additionally, I will be looking to see that you have made your own connections and conclusions, from your own noggin, so to speak, drawing upon things that we have learned throughout the year. Ideally, you will make connections that are practical to your everyday experience. Obviously, some of these topics don’t appear to be connected on the surface. It is your job to think about what is behind each of these things that make them work or connect in some way. Think of it as an opportunity to explore things more deeply, and show me you understand more about how the world works in lovely synchronicity than when you began the year. So, here we go. Oh, and, P.S.—There is no “easier” essay here. If it seems easier, it means I will look at it more critically. Take the challenge and show me your best stuff.

1. Centripetal Force, Force of Gravity (and Graviton Theory), Electrical Force, Magnetic Force, Strong Nuclear Force—All these things are related in many ways. Write an essay in which you discuss the similarities between the principles that govern these forces (such as direct and inverse proportions and relationships, like the 3 principles you memorized for each one). Then connect the properties of the various forces to the idea that the Graviton Theory might be true, given all the other circumstantial evidence. Finally, make a practical application as to how these principles and forces help us understand why we would get so much energy out of a nuclear bomb (which splits the nuclei of atoms) and then creates so much light and heat. This should be interesting.

2. Adiabatic Cooling, Temperature, Speed of Sound, Friction—Again, all these are related in some way. For example, adiabatic cool is related to expansion and temperature, speed of sound changes in different temperatures and media, and friction can make things hot. Write an essay in which you logically connect all 4

topics and tell how understanding the principles behind each topic helps make sense of why and how the other works.

3. Relative motion and reference points, Doppler effect, friction and the ability to move, Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion, and the movement of tiny particles in atoms—it’s a pretty trippy subject. Write an essay about how reference points work and why they are necessary, and how something like static friction (which involves no apparent movement) allows for us to give things movement at all (like gripping a pen or walking or catching a ball). How do the three laws of motion work the way they do, or how could we even observe or predict the laws of motion without reference points? Finally, we often use the old “glass of water on the table is moving because its atoms are moving” trick. But how do we know that the atoms are moving. Use reference point or anything else you feel you can bring into the discussion to explore and connect all 4 topics.

ambrosescience.weebly.com · Web viewReview quizzes Chapter 3 Test (A10) 4.4 Lab 3.1 Experiment...

Documents

Transcript of ambrosescience.weebly.com · Web viewReview quizzes Chapter 3 Test (A10) 4.4 Lab 3.1 Experiment...