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2017 Barents Sea Red King Crab and Snow Crab

Preliminary assessment to the Marine Stewardship Council standardOdyssey Seafood

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SCORES SUMMARY FOR 2017

This document provides the scoring results for the Barents Sea Red King (Paralithodes camtschaticus) and Snow Crab (Chionoecetes opilio) fisheries as assessed preliminarily against the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) standard.

The fisheries were reviewed against all 28 indicators and their 60, 80 and 100 score posts, where 80 is a passing score.

The purpose is to understand more about the fisheries and their current status relative to the sustainability definitions of a global standard. Any areas identified with scores less than 80 are potential areas for fishery improvements.

The crab trap fisheries are managed by Norway and Russia. King crab is managed by a joint commission for Russian and Norwegian vessels land. Snow crab is managed by Norway. Fleets from other European countries have requested access to Norway’s access-limited snow crab fishery, which currently allows access to Norwegian vessels only.

Uniquely, fishing itself is part of the strategy to maintain equilibrium in the Barents Sea ecosystem. It serves as the only balance to expansion of red king and snow crab species, which are invasive to the area. Red king (“Kamchatka”) crab were introduced to the Barents Sea region. There was no crab in the ecosystem in 1965 consequently no predators. Reportedly Soviet scientists introduced king crab. Snow crab origins are unclear. Both populations expanded rapidly and pose a threat to benthic organisms. Recently, crab biomass appears to be stabilizing, suggesting fishing at current rates is an effective control.

Preliminary Scores against the Marine Stewardship Council standard

KeyInformation suggests fishery is not likely to reach SG60 and therefore would fail on this PI

<60

Information suggests fishery will reach SG60 but may need a condition for this PI60-79

Information suggests fishery is likely to exceed SG80 resulting in an unconditional pass for this PI ≥80

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Summary of pre-assessment scoring

Principle Component PI #Performance

IndicatorRed King Crab

2017 ScoreSnow Crab2017 Score

1 Outcome 1.1.1 Stock status 80 100Management 1.2.1 Harvest Strategy 80 80

1.2.2 Harvest control rules and tools 80 <60

1.2.3 Information and monitoring 80

80

1.2.4 Assessment of stock status 100 80

2 Primary species 2.1.1 Outcome 100 1002.1.2 Management strategy 100 1002.1.3 Information 100 80

Secondary species

2.2.1 Outcome 80 802.2.2 Management 60-79 60-792.2.3 Information 80 60-79

ETP species 2.3.1 Outcome 80 802.3.2 Management 80 60-792.3.3 Information 80 60-79

Habitats 2.4.1 Outcome 80 802.4.2 Management 80 802.4.3 Information 80 80

Ecosystem 2.5.1 Outcome 100 1002.5.2 Management 100 80

2.5.3 Information 100 803 Governance and

Policy3.1.1 Legal and customary

framework 8060-79

3.1.2 Consultation, roles and responsibilities 80

60-79

3.1.3 Long term objectives 80 60-79Fishery specific management system

3.2.1 Fishery specific objectives 80

60-79

3.2.2 Decision making processes 80

60-79

3.2.3 Compliance and enforcement 80

80

3.2.5 Management performance evaluation 80

60-79

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Barents Sea Crab Fisheries

MSC Principle 1: Conservation of Target Stocks

Key Sources for Principle 1: Havforskningsinstituttet 2016: King crab in Norwegian zone Population Assessment and counseling 2016. Published online October 2016 www.imr.no/filarkiv/2016/11/bestandsvurderinger_av_kongekrabbe_for_2017_final_vers.pdf/nn-no; Translated from Norwegian.

NEAFC 2016: Presentation on Barents Sea Snow Crab Current Status and Future Directions; http://ldac.chil.me/attachment/6a589142-2f90-47fb-a8d0-c5b54f271a62

Sundet JH and S Bakanev 2014: Snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) –a new invasive crab species becoming an important player in the Barents Sea ecosystem. ICES CM 2014/F:04. http://www.ices.dk/sites/pub/CM%20Doccuments/CM-2014/Theme%20Session%20F%20contributions/F0414.pdf

Misund OA et al 2016: Norwegian fisheries in the Svalbard zone since 1980. Regulations, profitability and warming waters affect landings, Polar Science (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2016.02.001

PINRO 2014: Assessment and management of invasive crab stocks in the Barents Sea. Workshop, Stockholm, 3-6 September 2014, Spatial issues in Arctic Marine Resource Governance, Sergey Bakanev Polar Research Institute (PINRO), Murmansk, Russia.

MSC Indicator 1.1.1 specifies that the stock be at a level that maintains high productivity and has a low probability of recruitment overfishing.

The Barents Sea Red King Crab and Snow Crab fisheries meets the 80 guidepost. The stocks are highly likely to be above the point where recruitment would be impaired, and the stocks are at or fluctuating around the level of a target reference point.

Red King Crab Status (From Norwegian:) After a period of introduction of king crab (1960s and 1970s) the population of the stock increased quickly. In line with the increasing fishing mortality beyond 2000- the population is reduced to a level midway between B lim and B MSY with an increasing trend in recent years. High quota and high fishing mortality in 2016 has again brought stock index down under B MSY. Fishing mortality increased steadily from the start of the fishery in 1994 and in the period since 2008 remained at or above F MSY.

Bigger quota in 2016 and a decrease in population caused fishing mortality to increase sharply from 2015 to 2016 at 1.6 F MSY (Median) with a 40% risk that F is greater than 1.7 MSY. Stability t High fishing mortality limit proliferation spot shawl westward but leads

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http://www.imr.no/filarkiv/2016/11/bestandsvurderinger_av_kongekrabbe_for_2017_final_vers.pdf/nn-no




simultaneously to a reduced population. This will increase variation in expected future fisheries yield. Rhythm of the change in expected catch increases sharply and exponentially when fishing mortality becomes greater than 1.7F MSY. Such high taxation marks a theoretical upper limit for a relatively stable long-term yield can be maintained. In 2016 our fishing mortality closely at this level (median = 1.6F MSY).

Snow Crab The snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) is the second and most recent large non native decapod that has become invasive to the Barents Sea, in addition to the red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) (Alsvåg et al. 2009, Agnalt et al. 2010, Falk-Petersen and Renault 2011). The extent of distribution and crab density indices reveal that the total stock size must be considerable. Recordings of berried female snow crabs and numerous juveniles confirm that this species is self reproducing in the Barents Sea. It is therefore obvious that the propagule pressure for further spread in this arctic region is high and that new areas further north and west is likely to be invaded. The snow crab in the Barents Sea will probably adopt a more northerly distribution than the red king crab; the other invasive crab species in the area. A commercial fishery started in 2013 and counts now 15 vessels fishing for the snow crab in the Barents Sea.

The abundance increase and spread of the snow crab stock in the Barents Sea have taken place at a much higher rate than what was the case with the red king crab in this area. The snow crab is now distributed in the whole northern part of the Russian Economic Zone (REZ), parts of international waters, and is also observed in the Svalbard Fishery Protection Zone.

Relative to:-- Recruitment impairment

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The spread of red king crab west of the quota-regulated area looks not to have changed significantly since 2010. The free fishing and decimation fishing west of Nordkapp therefore appears to have effect.

The snow crab stock at the moment is dominated by juveniles indicating successful recruitment recently, although the abundance and density of large (commercial) males are high enough to support an ongoing commercial fishery in international waters.

-- Achievement of MSYCatch statistics data is available since 1994, and catch rates are estimated based on daily vessel reports; CPUE were calculated using catch rates from 2007-2015 in the recent stock assessment. Stock assessments have been undertaken using data from catch statistics as well as trawl and trap surveys, trap observations by divers and onboard observer data from fishing vessels (FAF 2016).

The population size biomass of red king crabs (CL ≥ 130 mm) has increased in recent years, but observed a decrease in 2016 so that stocks are now located just below B MSY the biomass that provides the maximum sustainable yield. Fishing increased steadily from the start of the fishery in 1994 but since 2011 fell slightly. Stocking net production of 2016 (biomass available for fishing) is located on par with MSY.

For snow crab 15 large vessels from several nations are fishing for this crab in the Barents Sea, and forecast models indicate that the commercial snow crab stock in this region may reach the same level as in eastern Canada (Hvingel and Sundet 2014). The snow crab is expected to spread further north and west in the Barents Sea, and will probably invade most areas around the Svalbard archipelago. Preliminary stomach content analysis show that the crab feed on slow moving benthic animals, where species groups such as bivalves, polychaetes and crustaceans dominate in the diet. “In conclusion we therefore foresee a severe impact of the snow crab on the arctic benthic ecosystem in this region, which must be followed up by investigations to provide knowledge on this issue for the managers” (ICES 2014).

1.1.1 Preliminary score: Red King crab 80 Score range; Snow crab 100 due to a high degree of certainty that recruitment is robust and not impaired.

MSC indicator 1.2.1 specifies that the harvest strategy be expected to achieve stock management objectives reflected in target and limit reference points.

The Barents Sea Red King Crab and Snow Crab fisheries meet the 80 guidepost. The harvest strategies are likely to work to meet stock management objectives, based on prior management of these and other stocks from this area. Monitoring is in place to determine whether the harvest strategies are working.

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-- Design

Red King Crab Industry and the Havforskningsinstituttet fisheries science institute of the Norway Fisheries Ministry (NFD) have defined crab management in two zones, both inside and outside the quota-regulated area of Norway waters. Within them, the objective is to maintain a long-term commercial fisheries simultaneously with the proliferation of crab westward minimized. Outside them, the objective is to keep the lowest possible crab population through a free fishery. Reference points used to describe population status and degree of fishing pressure (“taxation” translated from Norwegian):• MSY = maximum sustainable yield (Maximum Sustainable Yield) or maximum production.• B MSY = Population size (biomass) that provides MSY. In the model this a relative value equal to 1.• Carrying capacity = it maximum population size ecosystem can is maintained the in absence of fisheries. In the model this a relative value equal to 2.•B lim = 0.3 B MSY (Precautionary limit population size, a limit to the closure offished). This limit applied other populations such. shrimp and proposed that provisional applications also for king crab.• F MSY = Fishing mortality (taxation degree) that provides MSY ie the taxation driver population against B MSY.• 1.7F MSY is the fishing mortality (catch levels) engaged population against B lim (0.3BMSY).

Calculation Methodology: Data from expeditions and fisheries calibrated in a mathematical model are used to describe population trends, make forecasts and for risk analyser (Model is described in Hvingel and Kingsley 2006). The model calculates the population sizes in relative- instead of absolute values. MSY (maximum sustainable yield) is used as reference point. In the following indicated both population size and fishing ride mortality on a relative scale in which the value 1 corresponds respectively. the biomass and the fishing mortality corresponding to MSY (see consulting note from 2012).

Snow Crab Fishing is controlled by Norway in an access-limited fishery with a harvest strategy designed to achieve the objective of controlling the density of the snow crab population. The stock response to fishing is monitored closely. The Fishery Goal, stated by Norway, is to limit, by eventually adopted technical measures, further spreading of snow crab in Norwegian waters and maintain the lowest possible stock and thus reduce risk for damaging effects on the ecosystem.

-- Evaluation and Monitoring, Review

Trends in relative population size of male Red King crab (CL≥130 mm) In Norwegian zone 1975 - 2016 (A) and fishing mortality (B) in the same period. dashed black horizontal lines indicate respectively biomass (B MSY) And fishing mortality (F MSY) that provides the maximum sustainable yield. Solid red lines indicate precautionary values for population size

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(B lim) And fishing mortality (F lim). Vertical bars show 95% confidence interval, while vertical columns shows inter quartiles (25-75 percentile).

1.2.1 Preliminary score: 80 Score Range for Red King Crab. 80 for Snow Crab because the harvest strategy is responsive to the stock.

MSC indicator 1.2.2 requires that there are well-defined and effective harvest control rules in place.

The Barents Sea Red King Crab fishery meets the 80 guidepost. Well-defined harvest control rules are in place that are consistent with the harvest strategy and ensure that the exploitation rate is reduced as limit reference points are approached. Selection of harvest control rules takes into account main uncertainties, and the available evidence indicates that the tools in use are appropriate and effective in achieving the exploitation levels required under the harvest control rules. Harvest rules are in place through TAC in both Russian and Norwegian waters for this stock.

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-- Design and applicationBased on surveys in 2016 by Havforskningsinstituttet the Norwegian government recommends that the total catch in 2017 does not exceed 1,500 tons in the quota-regulated area. Fishing outside the quota area is unrestricted.

1.2.2 Preliminary score: 80 Score Range for Red King Crab; <60 for Snow Crab

Fishery improvement potential to encourage reference points.

MSC Indicator 1.2.3 requires that the information needed for the harvest strategy is being collected.

The Barents Sea Red King Crab fishery meets the 80 guidepost. Information is available related to stock structure, stock productivity, fleet composition and other data is available to support the harvest strategy. Stock abundance and fishery removals are regularly monitored at a level of accuracy and coverage consistent with the harvest control rule one or more indicators available and monitored with sufficient frequency to support the harvest control rule. There is good information on all other fishery removals from the stock.

The Barents Sea Snow Crab fishery meets the 80 guidepost because sufficient relevant information is available on stock structure, stock productivity and other data are available to support harvest strategy. Composition of the fleet composition is known. However new vessels may enter if Norway allows EU countries future fishing access.

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“The red king crab in the Barents Sea is managed as a joint stock between Norway and Russia, and the main body deciding upon management actions is the Joint Russian-Norwegian Fishery Commission. Therefore, all research on this species is performed in cooperation between the two nations’ scientists. The Commission sets a common TAC limit, which is divided between the two nations dependent on the standing stock in each economic zone” (ICES 2005). For more information on population structure, distribution biology, current status and abundance of Barents Sea Red king crabs see Jørgensen and Spiridonov (2013); FAF (2014); Sundet and Berenboim (2008); WWF (2005) reports.

Registered landings of crab from the quota regulations, and from the free fishing in Norwegian zone. During the period 1995-, Inclusive. October 2016 (Source: Norwegian Raw Fish Organisation)

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Crab monitoring stations and catches of crab in the fjords of the quota regulated area, Autumn 2016

Monitoring stations and catches of crab in the open seas in 2016.

Monitoring of both crab stocks in the Barents Sea is very good.

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1.2.3 Preliminary score: 80 Score Range for Red King Crab; 80 for Snow Crab.

MSC Indicator 1.2.4 requires there to be adequate assessment of the crab stocks.

The Barents Sea Red King Crab Fishery meets the 100 guidepost and the Snow Crab fishery meets the 80 guidepost. Current assessments are appropriate for the stock and for the harvest control rules. The assessments take account of the major features relevant to the biology of the species and the nature of the unit of assessment as well as uncertainty, and is checked with peer review. Alternative hypotheses for evaluating stock status and reference points are employed for red king crab in a probabilistic way.

(From Norwegian:) Survey is based on fangstdata from fishing and two research cruises: Population survey of crab in Varangerfjord Tanafjord, Laksefjorden and Porsangerfjord trawls and traps, in August / September 2000-2016. (Tanafjord was omitted in 2016 because of lack fartøytid). Population surveys in the open ocean 2000-2016. The Was not cruises in the open area in 2015 but new expeditions were conducted in autumn 2016. Measurements of quantity, size and gender made via these sorties. Stock index is calculated basest on catch King crab from these surveys (methodology is described in a Hvingel al 2012). Estimated population index is from expedition used as most important data sources in a population dynamic model to estimate stocks development, ask stands status, forecasts and risk analysis (see stocks development and projection). Calculation Methodology data from expeditions and fisheries calibrated in a mathematical model used to describe population trends, make forecasts and risk analysis (Model is described in Hvingel and Kingsley 2006). The model calculates the population sizes in relative- instead of absolute values. MSY (maximum sustainable yield) Is used as reference point. In the following indicated both population size and fishing ride mortality on a relative scale in which the value 1 corresponds respectively. the biomass and the fishing mortality corresponding to MSY.

The Joint Russian-Norwegian Fishery Commission collects all the relevant stock assessment data and assigns TAC using the best available stock assessment and scientific methods. These assessments are mainly based on the results of the Norwegian and Russian researchers' joint research work, stipulated in an annual joint programme. See (http://www.jointfish.com/eng) Joint Russian-Norwegian Fisheries Commission website for more information on this aspect. See (IMR 2014; Sundet and Berenboim 2008; FAF 2014) documents for more information.

Due to difficulties in age reading like other crustacean species, size-based models rather than age-based models have been used for assessments. Some target and limit reference points have been calculated (Natural mortality (M) = 0-1-0.3; Size at maturity; MSY). TACs were set in numbers rather than tonnes for some years so stock assessments are based on compliance with catch limits. However, several stock assessment models have been used to estimate crab densities over large swaths of benthic habitat in the Barents Sea (Hvingel et

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http://www.jointfish.com/eng



al., 2012; IMR 2014; Hjelset et al., 2009; Hjelset 2012; Sundet and Berenboim 2008). Moreover, catches were consistently below the TAC for the past 10 years alluding to good management of the stock. Further, gear and zone restrictions would lead to further increase in stock size and reproductive capacity of the stock.

1.2.4 Preliminary score: 100 Score Range for Red King Crab; 80 Score Range for Snow Crab

MSC Principle 2: Maintenance of Ecosystem Integrity

Sources:

ICES 2016: Barents Sea Ecoregion: Ecosystem Overview. http://www.ices.dk/sites/pub/Publication%20Reports/Advice/2016/2016/Barents_Sea_Ecoregion-Ecosystem_overview.pdf



The Barents Sea is divided into the Russian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and the Norwegian EEZ (agreed since 2010). An EEZ around Svalbard was claimed by Norway in 1977 and is disputed by Russia. Fisheries advice is provided by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES).

The Barents Sea covers an area of approximately 1.6 million square kilometres, has an average depth of 230 m, and a maximum depth of about 500 m at the western end of Bear Island Trough. Its topography is characterized by troughs and basins, separated by shallow bank areas.

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http://www.ices.dk/sites/pub/CM%20Doccuments/CM-2014/Theme%20Session%20F%20contributions/F0414.pdf

http://www.ices.dk/sites/pub/CM%20Doccuments/CM-2014/Theme%20Session%20F%20contributions/F0414.pdf

http://www.ices.dk/sites/pub/Publication%20Reports/Advice/2016/2016/Barents_Sea_Ecoregion-Ecosystem_overview.pdf




The last decade was the warmest on record, with the highest temperatures in 2007 and 2012. Spatial distribution of zooplankton and several fish species has extended northwards in the ice-free period over the last decade. Fisheries landings have decreased since the peak of 1500 thousand tonnes in 2011. In 2014, catches of about 1300 thousand tonnes were reported from the stocks of capelin, cod (Gadus morhua), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), redfish (Sebastes spp.), Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides, and deep-water (northern) shrimp (Pandalus borealis). A fisheries management plan set the upper limits for landings in the region. Snow crabs, Chionoecetes opilio, an invasive species, are increasing in abundance and expanding westwards. Red king crabs Paralithodes camtchaticus, another invasive species, are also established in the ecoregion. Catches in the crab trap fisheries are selective and effectively limited to bottom dwelling crabs.

MSC Indicator 2.1.1 requires a high degree of certainty that main primary species are above the PRI and are fluctuating around a level consistent with MSY.

The Barents Sea Red King Crab fishery and the Snow Crab fishery meet the 100 guidepost. Both populations are known to be above the point of recruitment impairment.

The Barents Sea ecosystem has been well studied and there is very good information from various agencies including OSPAR, ICES, IMR and PINRO. The ICES Working Group on Ecosystem Description and AFWG are also very useful resources for information on this aspect. For the most recent Joint IMR / PINRO State of the Barents Sea Ecosystem Report and other reports see Matishov et al., (2004); Stiansen et al., (2009); Jørgensen and Spiridonov (2013); Sundet and Berenboim (2008).

A useful source of information on the Barents Sea Ecosystem is also available at: http://www.barentsportal.com/barentsportal09/. “A report produced each year by scientists of IMR (Norway) and PINRO (Russia) provides an overview of the ecosystem, and

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seeks to provide scientific-based advice in order to allow the authorities to make management decisions regarding the long-term utilization of the resources in the Barents Sea area” (Honneland et al., 2014).

2.1.1 Preliminary score: 100 Score Range for Red King Crab, 100 Score Range for Snow Crab

MSC Indicator 2.1.2 requires that the fishery must avoid harm to crab populations by managing the retained species to remain at levels within biological limits.

The Barents Sea Red King crab fishery and the Snow crab fishery meet the 100 guidepost. There is a strategy for managing main and minor primary species that is tested and demonstrably effective with high confidence and is maintaining the main retained species at levels that are highly likely to be within biologically based limits.

Crab fishing is selective and gear are fixed in place. The fishing gear is defined as a conical crab pots, made with steel and polypropylene of weight of 18kg, height 650 mm. Crab vessels have pots (catching gear) on bottom all the time. Scientific research was made to address ecological concerns. Crab pot fishery is one of the gear that can minimize interactions with sea bed including VMS. Research on fishing impacts from the harvest strategy were presented to the European Commission on the occasion of considering bottom fishing in the area: “Fishing with pots using chains for anchoring, and restricting fishing to level soft-bottom areas where VMEs are unlikely, are probably the most significant measures reducing the likelihood of significant adverse impacts.”

2.1.2 Preliminary score: 100 Score Range for Red King Crab and 100 for Snow Crab

MSC Indicator 2.1.3 requires that sufficient information is collected for the fishery to understand its impacts on main primary species and an effective management strategy.

The Barents Sea Red King crab fishery meets the 100 guidepost. There is sufficient qualitative information to assess with a high degree of certainty the amount of main retained species taken by the fishery and the fishery’s impact on the main primary species. The Snow Crab fishery meets the 80 guidepost with some quantitative information to assess the impact on the species with respect to status.

Industry and the Havforskningsinstituttet fisheries science institute of the Norway Fisheries Ministry (NFD) have defined crab management in two zones, both inside and outside the quota-regulated area of Norway waters. Within them, the objective is to maintain a long-term commercial fisheries simultaneously with the proliferation of crab westward minimized. Outside them, the objective is to keep the lowest possible crab population through a free fishery.

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Information is sufficient to estimate outcome status with respect to biologically based limits (in addition to the information and sources cited above also see Matishov et al., (2004); Stiansen et al., (2009); Jørgensen and Spiridonov (2013); Sundet and Berenboim (2008).

Since 1980, the Directorate of Fisheries in Norway (www.fiskeridir.no) has collected detailed information on landings from Norwegian fishers, including data about the Svalbard zone. Weight and monetary value, broken down by species, is available from the database of statistics at the Directorate of Fisheries. Data for the years from 2000 to the present are available on line. To combat illegal fishing, a regulation was introduced in 2003 requiring Norwegian fishing vessels larger than 15 m to carry a satellite transmitter sending information about vessel position and speed on an hourly basis to the Fisheries Monitoring Centre at the Norwegian Directorate of Fisheries.


MSC Indicator 2.2.1 requires that the fishery does not pose a risk of serious or irreversible harm to main secondary species, and where a species caught in the fishery bycatch is already depleted, that it does not hinder its recovery.

The Barents Sea Red King crab fishery and Snow Crab fishery meet the 80 guidepost. The main secondary species are highly likely to be within biologically based limits. The fishery also demonstrates that effective mitigation measures are in place such that the fishery does not hinder recovery and rebuilding.

By-catch of other commercially important finfish and invertebrate species is very low in this fishery as most of the king crabs are caught in crab pots, gillnets and longlines in Norwegian waters, while mostly adults are targeted in offshore waters with trawls in Russian waters. Incidental capture of finfish and invertebrates are below the 5% threshold in the crab traps.

Low abundance of cod have forced the fishers to move further west along the coast of northeastern Norway in search of cod, and this has subsequently minimized bycatches of crab. Some available size distribution data for crabs caught in the gillnet fishery shows that few juvenile red king crabs are caught. Most crabs seem to be larger than 120 mm CL. More than 60% of the crabs caught in gillnet fishery for cod in Varangerfjord are females, while large males dominate the bycatches in the lumpsucker gillnet fishery in early summer” (ICES 2005). See Sundet and Berenboim (2008); FAF (2014); IMR (2014) reports for more information.


MSC Indicator 2.2.2 requires a strategy in place for managing main and minor species to ensure the fishery does not pose a risk of serious or irreversible harm.

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The Barents Sea Red King crab fishery and the Snow Crab fishery meet the 69-70 guidepost. There is a partial strategy in place for managing bycatch. It should maintain main bycatch species at levels highly likely to be within biologically based limits and, where a bycatch species is depleted, ensure that the fishery does not hinder their recovery. There must be some evidence that the partial strategy is being implemented successfully. See Sundet and Berenboim (2008); FAF (2014); IMR (2014) reports for more information

2.2.2 Preliminary score: 60-79 Score Range for Red King Crab and 60-79 for Snow Crab

Fishery improvement potential for a full bycatch strategy for the crab trap fishery.

MSC Indicator 2.2.3 requires that information is available on the nature and amount of bycatch. The information must be adequate to determine the risk posed by the fishery and the effectiveness of the strategy to manage retained species.

The Barents Sea Red King crab fishery meets the 80 guidepost. There is adequate qualitative information and some quantitative information are available on the amount of main bycatch species affected by the fishery. Information is sufficient to estimate outcome status with respect to biologically based limits. Information is adequate to support a partial strategy to manage main bycatch species.

“Fishing with pots using chains for anchoring, and restricting fishing to level soft-bottom areas where VMEs are unlikely, are probably the most significant measures reducing the likelihood of significant adverse impacts.” (NEAFC 2016) Sufficient data continue to be collected to detect any increase in risk to main bycatch species (e.g. due to changes in the outcome indicator scores or the operation of the fishery or the effectiveness of the strategy). See Sundet and Berenboim (2008); FAF (2014); IMR (2014) reports for more information.

The Snow Crab fishery meets the 69-70 guidepost with some information available but insufficient to confirm the catch levels of non-target species are under 5%.

2.2.3 Preliminary score: 80 Score Range for Red King Crab and 60-79 for Snow Crab

Fishery improvement potential for a full accounting of any non-crab catches in the fishery.

MSC Indicator 2.3.1 requires that the fishery meets national and international requirements for protection of endangered, threatened and protected species (called ETP species in the MSC program). It must be shown that the fishery does not pose a risk of serious or irreversible harm to ETP species and does not hinder recovery of any ETP species that are depleted.

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The Barents Sea Red King crab fishery and the Snow Crab fishery meet the 80 guidepost. No marine mammals or protected, endangered or threatened species with the potential to interact with the gear targeting king crabs are reported in the Barents Sea.

The main impacts of the fisheries are known and are highly likely to be within limits of national and international requirements for protection of ETP species. The known impacts are highly unlikely to create unacceptable impacts to ETP species. Indirect effects are also considered and thought to be unlikely to create unacceptable impacts.

“The Barents Sea is an important area for marine mammals. The PINRO/IMR Joint Ecosystem work concludes that the most common marine mammal in the Barents Sea is the white-beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris – IUCN Least Concern). Of the baleen whales, minke (Balaenoptera acutorostrata – IUCN Least concern), humpback Megaptera novaeangliae – IUCN least concern) and fin (Balaenoptera physalus – IUCN endangered) were the most numerous. Only the latter is protected by CITES, whilst two other species that are also protected by CITES: sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis – IUCN endangered) and blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus - IUCN endangered) are rarer and occasionally observed in the Barents Sea (Joint PINRO / IMR ecosystem report). Harp Seals (Pagophilus groenladicus - IUCN least concern) are also present in the Barents Sea, but are not protected by CITES.” (Honneland et al., 2014).

“A review of the impact of Norwegian offshore demersal trawl fisheries on marine mammals is available through the ICES Study Group for Bycatch of Protected Species (SGBYC: ICES 2009), which concludes that larger offshore demersal trawl vessels“ are regarded as having a relatively low risk for bycatches of marine mammals” (Honneland et al., 2014). See Anonymous (2011) for more information.


MSC Indicator 2.3.2 requires that the fishery has in place precautionary management strategies designed to: (1) meet national and international requirements, (2) ensure the fishery does not pose a risk of serious or irreversible harm to endangered, threatened or protected (ETP) species, (3) ensure the fishery does not hinder recovery of ETP species, and (4) minimize mortality of, or injuries to, ETP species.The Barents Sea Red King crab fishery meets the 80 guidepost. A strategy is in place for managing the fishery’s impact on ETP species, including measures to minimize mortality and designed to achieve the ETP Outcome PI 80 level of performance or above. The Snow Crab fishery meets the 60-79 guidepost because the measures are not as formal and fishing unlimited by licensed vessels and despite no known interactions with ETP species it is arguable whether or not the fishery is highly likely to achieve requirements.

Bycatch in this fishery is low and does not regularly include threatened, endangered or protected species. Most of the adult king and snow crabs are caught using traps and pots, where there is very little interaction with any Protected, Threatened or Endangered Species.

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2.3.2 Preliminary score: 80 Score Range for Red King Crab and 60-79 Snow Crab

Fishery improvement potential to formalize the ETP strategy for the Snow Crab fishery.

MSC Indicator 2.3.3 requires that relevant information is collected to support the management of fishery impacts on ETP species, including (1) information for the development of the management strategy, (2) information to assess the effectiveness of the management strategy, and (3) information to determine the outcome status of ETP species.

The Barents Sea Red King crab fishery meets the 80 guidepost. There is sufficient information to determine whether the fishery may be a threat to recovery of the ETP species and if so, to measure trends and support a full strategy to manage impacts. See Sundet and Berenboim (2008); FAF (2014); IMR (2014); WWF (2005) reports for more information.

The Snow Crab fishery meets the 60-79 guidepost. While fishing impacts in the Snow Crab fishery are often presumed to be the same as in the Red King Crab fishery, posing no threat to ETP species, there is insufficient information to prove it.

2.3.3 Preliminary score: 80 Score Range for Red King crab and 60-79 for Snow Crab

Fishery improvement potential for information gathering on ETP catch impacts in the Snow Crab fishery.

MSC Indicator 2.4.1 requires that the fishery does not cause serious or irreversible harm to habitat structure, considered on a regional or bioregional basis, and function, in relation to ecosystem services.

The Barents Sea Red King Crab fishery and the Snow Crab fishery meet the 80 score range guidepost. The fishery is unlikely to reduce habitat structure and function to point where there would be serious or irreversible harm. In the Barents Sea molluscs and echinoderms mostly make up the crab diet (Sundet et al. 2000). But as the crab abundance increases, echinoderms as percentage of the diet have decreased while polychaetes have become important components of its diet (Jørgensen et al. 2005).

Recent studies have shown that Red King crabs have a negligible effect on local bottom communities (Britayev et al., 2010). Critical habitat areas (e.g., spawning areas) for this species are protected by management using time/area closures, marine reserves, etc. Red King Crabs and Snow Crabs are usually found in muddy, soft bottom sediments where dropping traps and pots do little damage. For more information on impact of red king crabs

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on soft and bottom habitats in Norwegian and Russian EEZ check Jørgensen and Spiridonov (2013); Petryashov et al., (2002); Sundet and Berenboim (2008).

2.4.1 Preliminary score: 80 score range for Red King Crab and 80 for Snow Crab

MSC Indicator 2.4.2 requires there to be a strategy in place that is designed to ensure the fishery does not pose a risk of serious or irreversible harm to habitat types.

The Barents Sea Red King Crab fishery and the Snow Crab fishery meet the 80 score range guidepost. There is a partial strategy in place to achieve the Habitat Outcome 80 level of performance or above. There is also some evidence that the partial strategy is being implemented successfully.

The Barents Sea covers an area of approximately 1.6 million square kilometres, has an average depth of 230 m, and a maximum depth of about 500 m at the western end of Bear Island Trough. Its topography is characterized by troughs and basins, separated by shallow bank areas. Red King Crabs and Snow Crabs are usually found in muddy, soft bottom sediments where dropping traps and pots do little damage. For more information on impact of red king crabs on soft and bottom habitats in Norwegian and Russian EEZ check IMR (2014); Jørgensen and Spiridonov (2013); Petryashov et al., (2002); Matishov et al., (2004).

2.4.2 Preliminary score: 80 Score Range for Red King Crabs and 80 for Snow Crabs

MSC Indicator 2.4.3 requires that information be available that is adequate to determine the risk posed to habitat types by the fishery and the effectiveness of the strategy to manage impacts on habitat types.

The Barents Sea Red King Crab fishery and Snow Crab fishery meet the 80 score range guidepost. The nature, distribution and vulnerability of all main habitat types in the fishery area are known at a level of detail relevant to the scale and intensity of the fishery. Sufficient data is available to allow the nature of the impacts of the fishery on habitat types to be identified and there is reliable information on the spatial extent, timing and location of use of the fishing gear. Sufficient data is collected to detect any increase in risk to habitat (e.g. due to changes in the outcome indicator scores or the operation of the fishery or the effectiveness of the measures). For more information on impact of red king crabs and snow crabs on soft and bottom habitats in the Barents Sea check ICES 2014; Jørgensen and Spiridonov (2013); Petryashov et al., (2002); Sundet and Berenboim (2008).


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MSC Indicator 2.5.1 requires that the fishery does not cause serious or irreversible harm to the key elements of ecosystem structure and function.

The Barents Sea Red King Crabs fishery and Snow Crab fishery meet the 100 guidepost. There is evidence the fisheries are highly unlikely to disrupt key elements underlying ecosystem structure and function to where there would be serious or irreversible harm.

Impacts of the crab on the ecosystem, as an invasive species, are well understood. The fishery’s impact on the ecosystem are well studied.

-

The crab’s role as a carrier of parasites and as a predator is well understood due to ongoing research into the impacts to the Barents Sea ecosystem from the introduction of red king crab as an invasive species in the 1930s. Results indicate no significant impact from crab parasites on other species including cod, and no significant predation by crab on lumpsucker, capelin, Iceland scallops or green urchins in terms of ecosystem impacts that can be discerned at the population level (Research Works 2014).

Red king crabs predate on eggs of commercial fish such as capelin (Mallotus villosus) and lumpsucker (Cyclopteropsis macalpini) and Iceland scallops (Chlamys islandica) in the Barents Sea (Anonymous 2011; Falk-Petersen et al., 2011; Anisimova et al., 2005; Jorgensen 2005).

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The snow crab is in an active period of acclimatization in the Barents Sea and spreading with an increasing area and abundance, with further expansion expected, and causing significant impacts to benthic communities on the ocean seabed (NEAFC 2014). The snow crab is expected to spread further north and west in the Barents Sea, and will probably invade most areas around the Svalbard archipelago. Preliminary stomach content analysis show that the crab feed on slow moving benthic animals, where species groups such as bivalves, polychaetes and crustaceans dominate in the diet. A severe impact of the snow crab on the arctic benthic ecosystem in this region is anticipated and must be followed up by investigations to provide knowledge on this issue for the managers (ICES 2014).

Long-term investigations have shown that king crab predation mainly affects sipunculoids, crustaceans, gastropods, starfish and brittle stars (FAF 2014; Anisimova 2013). Important crab prey species include large epibenthic organisms whose structures also represent important habitat. Impacts on commercial and non-commercial fish species, through egg predation or indirect interactions, are difficult to detect and predict (Falk-Petersen et al., 2011).

A 50 years presence in Motovsky Bay since crab were introduced has caused a slight decline in the abuncance and biomass of benthos, which however occurred with considerable changes in community structure (FAF 2014).

When red king crab was introduced to the Barents Sea it was meant to be introduced together with its predator the sea otter as a population control. Instead fishing on red king crab has served as the predatory and an effective means of population control (FAF 2014). Red king crabs are usually found in muddy, soft bottom sediments where dropping traps and pots do little damage. Trawl gear has a higher impact on benthic species.

For more information on impact of red king crabs on soft and bottom habitats in Norwegian and Russian EEZ check Anonymous (2011); IMR (2014); FAF (2014); Jørgensen and Spiridonov (2013); Petryashov et al., (2002); Matishov et al., (2004).


MSC Indicator 2.5.2 requires that there are measures in place to ensure the fishery does not pose a risk of serious or irreversible harm to ecosystem structure and function.

The Barents Sea Red King Crabs fishery meets the 100 guidepost with a strategy consisting of a plan for addressing the main impacts of the fishery on the ecosystem, being to control the population of invasive crab. The Snow Crab fishery meet the 80 guidepost with a partial strategy in place that takes into account available information and is expected to restrain impacts of the fishery on the ecosystem.

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New research on benthic fauna in Porsangerfjord was published in 2015 (Fuhrmann et al 2015) and results of this work indicate the same type of effects of king crab on the bottom fauna it has previously shown for Varangerfjord (OUG et al 2011). Consistent investigation of ecosystem level changes due to the introduction of crab has led to the inclusion of ecosystem factors in the fishery’s management by PINRO. The impacts from capture of red king crab as bycatch in other commercial fisheries are also well studied. See Jorgensen (2005) for more information.

Existing information from Norwegian and Russian research has revealed that red king crabs prey on a wide variety of organism and their effect on other commercial species is not significant in the Barents Sea. Red king crabs can prey on lumpsucker, but research from PINRO suggests that this species is distributed over a vast area in the Barents Sea and introduction of red king crabs has not resulted in changes to lumpsucker abundance in the Barents Sea. Similarly the effects of king crabs on capelin populations are low and insignificant at the population level. Research has revealed that king crabs are only capable of consuming 0.003% of the total biomass of eggs laid by capelin (Anisimova 2005; FAF 2014; Mikkelsen and Pedersen 2014). Similar trends of insignificant impact have been observed for other species such as Iceland scallop (Zolotarev 2007; Zolotarev 2010; Denidenko and Denisenko 1990; Anisimova 2005; FAF 2014) sea stars (Zolotarev 1997) and green sea urchins (FAF 2014).

Ongoing studies present a sufficient strategy for the trap segment of the fishery due to the low impact of this gear on the seabed and benthos layer of the Barents Sea ecosystem.

2.5.2 Preliminary score: 100 for the Red King Crab fishery and 80 for Snow Crab.

MSC Indicator 2.5.3 requires that there is adequate knowledge of the impacts of the fishery on the ecosystem.

The Barents Sea Red King Crabs fishery meets the 100 guidepost. There is adequate information to broadly understand key elements of ecosystem, to allow some of main consequences for ecosystem to be inferred, and have been investigated in detail. Sufficient data continue to be collected to detect any increase in risk level.

The Snow Crab fishery meets the 80 guidepost with some investigation of impacts on key ecosystem elements in detail (Misund et al 2016; ICES 2014).

The Barents Sea ecosystem is well studied and there are several coordinated efforts through ICES, OSPAR, Norwegian and Russian governments to understand the effects of fisheries using various gear types on the benthic ecosystems (Misund et al 2016; ICES 2014; ICES 2007; Stiansen et al., 2007; WWF 2004; WWF 2005; Jorgensen 2005). See comments for MSC Indicator 2.5.2 for more information.

2.5.3 Preliminary score: 100 Score Range for Red King Crab and 80 for Snow Crab.

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MSC Principle 3: Effective Management

Major Sources:

Hansen H 2015: Norwegian College of Fishery Science Snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) in the Barents Sea Diet, biology and management , Harald Sakarias Brøvig Hansen Master thesis in International fisheries management (30 ECTS) May 2015

Havforskningsinstituttet 2016: King crab in Norwegian zone Population Assessment and counseling 2016. Published online October 2016 www.imr.no/filarkiv/2016/11/bestandsvurderinger_av_kongekrabbe_for_2017_final_vers.pdf/nn-no

Jørgensen L. L., and Spiridonov V., 2013. Effect from the king and snow crab on Barents Sea benthos. Results and conclusions from the Norwegian-Russian Workshop in Tromsø 2010. Fisken og Havet nr. 8/2013. Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway, 41 pp http://www.imr.no/filarkiv/2013/10/fh_8-2013_kongekrabbe_siste.pdf/en



PINRO 2014: Assessment and management of invasive crab stocks in the Barents Sea. Workshop, Stockholm, 3-6 September 2014, Spatial issues in Arctic Marine Resource Governance, Sergey Bakanev Polar Research Institute (PINRO), Murmansk, Russia


The Barents Sea Red King Crab fishery was initiated by the Joint Russian-Norwegian Fishery Commission as a research fishery in both national waters in 1994. At the same time surveys of the crab stock started. Only male crabs larger than a fixed carapace length were legal for catch from the start. Today, the agreed minimum legal size is 132 mm, but a minimum legal size of 137 mm is practised in Norwegian waters. The research fishery for the crab continued until 2002 and the TAC was, during that period, divided equally between Russia and Norway. In 2002 new agreed fishery regulations were introduced and in Norway the king crab fishery became an ordinary commercial fishery with a Norwegian quota of 100

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http://www.imr.no/filarkiv/2013/10/fh_8-2013_kongekrabbe_siste.pdf/en





000 crabs. A total of 124 Norwegian vessels participated in this fishery in 2002. In Russia the king crab fishery is still a research fishery and is carried out from large vessels (~130 m length)” (ICES 2005).

Since 2008 the Norwegian crab fishery is subject to two different management regimes. Inside a commercial area (east of 260 E and inside 12 nm) the crab is managed as a sustainable fishing resource. Outside this area there is an open, non-legislated fishery. The crab’s population in the western part of its extended range seems not to have increased recently, indicating possible success for the open (culling) fishery. East of 26º E a TAC (Total Allowable Catch) has been proposed by the Joint Russian-Norwegian Fishery Commission. For 2009/2010 the quota is 1075 tonnes of male crabs, 110 tonnes of crabs with injuries (males), and 106 tonnes of females. This quota is calculated to correspond (approximately) to 474,000 males and 50,000 females” (ICES 2009).

According to national statistics, the total landed value of king crab was close to NOK 130 million in 2009 involving over 500 small-scale fishers. Since the right to harvest the crabs is given to small scale fishers, the crabs have been an important contributor to the economy in fishing communities along the coast (Falk-Petersen and Armstrong 2013).

MSC Indicator 3.1.1 requires that the fishery is managed with an appropriate and effective legal and customary framework for governance.

The Barents Sea Red King Crabs fishery meets the 80 guidepost. The management system is generally consistent with local, national or international laws or standards that are aimed at achieving sustainable fisheries in accordance with MSC Principles 1 and 2. It has organized cooperation across parties. The management system incorporates or is subject by law to a transparent mechanism for the resolution of legal disputes which is considered to be effective in dealing with most issues and that is appropriate to the context of the fishery. The management system or fishery is attempting to comply in a timely fashion with binding judicial decisions arising from any legal challenges. The management system observes the legal rights created explicitly or by custom of people dependent on fishing for food or livelihood in a manner consistent with the objectives of MSC Principles 1 and 2.

The Snow Crab fishery meets the 60-79 guidepost. The management system is generally consistent with local, national or international laws or standards that are aimed at achieving sustainable fisheries in accordance with MSC Principles 1 and 2. It has organized cooperation across parties but lacks yet a formal framework similar to Red King Crab.

The red king crab in the Barents Sea is managed as a joint stock between Norway and Russia, and the main body deciding upon management actions is the Joint Russian-Norwegian Fishery Commission. Therefore, all research on this species is performed in cooperation between the two nations’ scientists. The Commission sets a common TAC limit, which is divided between the two nations dependent on the standing stock in each economic zone” (ICES 2005; Jørgensen and Spiridonov (2013); FAF (2014); Sundet and Berenboim (2008).

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In the Russian waters, red king crab fishery in the Barents Sea is regulated and restricted by directives under Article 26 of the Federal Fisheries Law (FAF 2014). Fisheries regulations for the Northern Fisheries Basin require the following restrictions:

Management tools in Norwegian-Russian King crab fishery include fleet control programs; catch limits through TACs, minimum size limits, area and seasonal closures, and gear restrictions. Substantial management measures are in place over a large portion of the species range and have demonstrated success in achieving conservation and sustainability goals. Further, to prevent IUU fishing, a minimum annual catch limit is placed on red king crab per vessels under the Order of Rosrybolovstvo No. 82 of 8 February 2008. Supplementary restrictions for the Russian fleet are revised each year and imposed by following orders of the federal executive fisheries bodies:

Order of Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation No. 28 of 31 January 2014 “On Establishment of Restrictions on Red King Crab Fishery in the Barents Sea in 2014.”

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Red King crab fisheries are regulated in Barents Sea can be summarised as well managed under the following criteria (Gjelsvik 2014):

1. Participation access2. Quotas3. Minimum Size4. Start of season5. Control measures6. Other joint Russian-Norwegian Fisheries Commission measures.

Cooperation between Norway and Russia relating to marine research dates back to the start of the previous century, and was formalised towards the end of the 1950s. As a result of such close research cooperation, the Barents Sea and the Norwegian Sea are now among the best-managed sea areas in the world. Norwegian ecosystem-based management plan for the Barents Sea is described in Olsen et al., (2007).

The management of red king crab in Norway has been regulated nationally since 2008. Since then the objective of the king crab management is to limit further spreading of king crab in Norwegian waters and maintain lowest possible stock outside quota regulated area and thus reduce risk for damaging effects on the ecosystem. At the same time the king crab stock inside the quota regulated area should be managed in a way that enhances employment and activity in the industry in the area. As these management objectives should be evaluated after five years, this work has now started in the Directorate of Fisheries. The main issue will be evaluation of the established strategy. The strategy is to maintain a high harvest level inside the quota area to keep the stock at low level to prevent spreading. Outside the quota regulated area decimation catch has been carried out since 2010, in addition to free catch since 2004. Some other issues in evaluation will be conditions for participation in the quota regulated catch, the border for the quota regulated area and control measures for more effective control (Gjelsvik 2014); Anonymous (2011); Jointfish (2014) for more information.

The fishery goal for Snow Crab, stated by Norway, is to limit, by eventually adopted technical measures, further spreading of crab in Norwegian waters and maintain the lowest possible stock and thus reduce risk for damaging effects on the ecosystem. The goals of the management of the snow crab could be related to the goals of the Norwegian management of the red king crab – another invasive species in the Barents sea (NEAFC 2016).

- Norwegian vessels are engaged in commercial fishing of snow crab from 2014 in NEAFC and SFPZ, but starting July 2015 nearly all fishing efforts by Norwegian crabbers are in Svalbard zone.

- Only 5 boats are catching on regular basis in 2016. Until October their average catches are approx. 841,4 tons per vessel. By the end of this year it should reach the level of 1000 tone per vessel.

- Up to now Norwegian boats do not have any limit. - No science-based recommendation for any catch limitation in Svalbard - Norway has extended the number of the licenses from 11 in 2015 to 20 in 2016.

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- So far, no management plans, based on scientific advice, have been developed. - No precedent for distribution of rights of new resources- by Norway in Svalbard. - Several issues need to be addressed when designing a management regime.

Regarding effective management, EU Member States do not have the historical track record of the commercial catches of the snow crab in Svalbard but currently several EU states are in deliberations seeking access to the Snow Crab fishery from Norway:

“The access must be considered from the conditions of the Svalbard Treaty only- with respect to the Treaty of Paris’ non-discriminatory regime- then: EU vessels must not have limits on number of vessels, TAC or number of pots- if Norwegian vessels do not have such either. Fishing for snow crab in the Svalbard FPZ must be separated from the EU/Norway Fisheries Agreement. It has to be non-discriminatory, and can’t be the subject of neither any quota exchange nor any cod equivalent compensation with Norway. The EU operators, in cooperation with scientific institutes, will carry a scientific data collecting programs. In addition; it has to be noted that Latvian and Polish fishery operators, have already invested in the landing and processing infrastructure in Finnmark (in Batsfjord and Kongsfjord) contributing to the local society and local economy in Norway. Such investments in the Arctic are promoted objectives of the EU’s cohesion policy for the Arctic, as stated in the document ‘An integrated European Union policy for the Arctic’. The EU snow crab industry expects prompt notification of Union crab vessels to Norway in accordance with the position presented in the Note verbale. The text of the Note Verbale has received the support from the Committee on Fisheries of the EU Parliament” (NEAFC 2016).


Fishery improvement potential for formalizing the management system upon settlement of the access rights of EU and Norwegian vessels in the Snow Crab fishery.

MSC indicator 3.1.2 requires that the management system offer effective consultation processes open to fishery stakeholders and to other interested and affected parties. The management roles and responsibilities must be clear and easily understood.

The Barents Sea Red King Crabs fishery meets the 80 guidepost. The Snow Crab fishery meets the 60-79 guidepost. Organizations and individuals involved in the management process have been identified. Functions, roles and responsibilities are explicitly defined and well understood for key areas of responsibility and interaction. The management system includes consultation processes that regularly seek and receive relevant information from all stakeholders. The management system demonstrates consideration of the information obtained. The consultation process provides opportunity for all interested and affected parties to be involved.

In relation to king crab, only research quotas were agreed upon by the parties from the mid-1990s to 2002. Commercial harvesting of king crab was permitted with effect from the

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2002-2003 season. The quotas in the Norwegian and Russian zones were established at 15 % of the estimated number of adult male crabs in each respective zone. In 2006, the parties reached an agreement to individually manage the stocks of king crab (Joint Russian Norwegian Fisheries Commission website, 2014). See Anonymous (2011) for more information.

The Snow Crab fishery has binding and explicitly defined functions, roles and responsibilities for Norway but not yet for EU fleets.


Fishery improvement potential for formalizing management roles and responsibilities upon settlement of the access rights of EU and Norwegian vessels in the Snow Crab fishery.

MSC Indicator 3.1.3 requires long-term objectives for the fishery that reflect a precautionary approach and are consistent with the MSC principles and criteria.

The Barents Sea Red King Crabs fishery meets the 80 guidepost. Clear long-term objectives are in place for the fishery to guide decision-making. They are consistent with MSC Principles and Criteria and the precautionary approach. The objectives are also explicit within the management policy. See Anonymous (2011) for more information.

The Snow Crab fishery meets the 60-79 guidepost because it is not yet formalized with long-term objectives based on fishing reference points, although parallel development to the red king crab fishery is expected.


Fishery improvement potential for long-term objectives based on fishing reference points in the Snow Crab fishery.

MSC Indicator 3.2.1 requires that the fishery have clear and specific objectives designed to achieve the outcomes of MSC Principles 1 and 2.

The Barents Sea Red King Crab fishery meets the 80 guidepost. Both short and long term objectives are explicit within the fishery management plan. The objectives are consistent with MSC Principles 1 and 2.

The Snow Crab fishery meets the 60-79 guidepost. The fishery has a clear long term objective to control the invasive population of crab with fishing and has short-term objectives for Norwegian vessels and small-scale fishers; however it does not yet have a fishery strategy that is based on the biomass of snow crab or on fishing by non-Norway vessels in the region. The Svalbard areas is claimed by Norway but disputed by Russia.

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Fishery improvement potential for short- and long-term objectives based on Norway improving the regional strategy for the Snow Crab fishery.

MSC Indicator 3.2.2 requires that the fishery have effective ways for decisions to be made that result in fishing measures and strategies to meet the objectives.

The Barents Sea Red King Crab fishery meets the 80 guidepost. The Snow Crab fishery meets the 60-79 guidepost.

The Red King Crab fishery has established decision-making processes through the Joint Russian-Norwegian Fisheries Commission that result in measures and strategies to achieve the fishery-specific objectives. Decision-making processes respond to serious and other significant issues identified in relevant research, monitoring, evaluation and consultation, in a transparent, timely and adaptive manner and take account of the wider implications of decisions. Decision-making processes use the precautionary approach and are based on best available information. Explanations are provided for any actions or lack of action associated with findings and relevant recommendations emerging from research, monitoring, evaluation and review activity. See Joint Russian Norwegian Fisheries Commission website, 2014; FAF (2014); Anonymous (2011); Sundet and Berenboim (2008) for more information.

The Snow Crab fishery has established decision-making processes taking advice from ICES and limiting the number of vessels in the fishery, and these meet short-term objectives for Norway. Norway has not yet opened the fishery to the EU vessels although there is a call to do so making the future of decision-making processes unknown.


Fishery improvement potential for decision-making processes in the Snow Crab fishery.

MSC Indicator 3.2.3 requires that monitoring, control and surveillance mechanisms ensure there is compliance with the fishery’s management measures and also enforcement with the measures.

The Barents Sea Red King crab fishery meets the 80 guidepost. The Snow Crab fishery meets the 80 guidepost.

Monitoring, control and surveillance system has been implemented in the fishery under assessment and has demonstrated an ability to enforce relevant management measures, strategies and/or rules. Sanctions to deal with non-compliance exist, are consistently

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applied and thought to provide effective deterrence. Some evidence exists to demonstrate fishers comply with the management system under assessment, including, when required, providing information of importance to the effective management of fishery. There is no evidence of systematic non-compliance. These apply both to Red King and Snow Crab.

Traditionally, the federal body for fisheries management (since 2004: the FFA) has been responsible for all fishery-related issues in Russia, including enforcement. In 1997, the President decided to transfer responsibility for enforcement in the REZ to the Federal Border Service, which was incorporated into the Federal Security Service (FSB) in 2003. The Border Service of the FSB – in the following referred to as the Border Service – inspects fishing vessels at sea during fishery operations (based on spot checks) or trans-shipment, to see whether the catch log, fishing gear and catch on board are in compliance with the requirements of fishery regulations. The FFA and its regional branches continued to enforce fishery regulations in Russian territorial waters and convention areas – in addition to inland fisheries. Quota control in the northern basin is performed by the BBTA, based on daily catch reports by all fishing vessels, which are also sent to the Border Service. The VMS data are also collected and analysed by the BBTA. (Honneland et al., 2014).

3.2.3 Preliminary score: 80 Score range for Red King Crab; 80 for Snow Crab

MSC Indicator 3.2.4 requires that there be an evaluation of the fishery’s management on a regular periodic basis to see if it is meeting its objectives.

The Barents Sea Red King crab fishery meets the 80 guidepost. The fishery has in place mechanisms to evaluate key parts of the management system. The fishery specific management system is regularly reviewed internally and occasionally externally as well by both IMR and PINRO. See Joint Russian Norwegian Fisheries Commission website, 2014; FAF (2014); Anonymous (2011); Sundet and Berenboim (2008) for more information.

The Snow Crab fishery meets the 60-79 guidepost. IMR mechanisms evaluate some parts of the fishery specific management system (Misund et al 2016).

The challenge for the Snow Crab fishery is evaluating the effectiveness of the system while the system itself is in development and the extent of the crab population is expanding rapidly. The non-native, commercially attractive snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) has entered the Arctic part of the Barents Sea, where it is rapidly increasing in abundance and conquering new areas (Misund et al., 2016; Alvsvåg et al., 2009 and Pavlov and Sundet, 2011). With landings of more than 4000 tons in 2014, this crab already represents a significant fishing resource, and model simulations indicate a potential for annual catches to reach between 25 and 75 thousand tons within a few years (Hvingel and Sundet, 2014). The most likely future distribution of this Arctic cold water species suggests that most of these catches will be in the east part of the Svalbard zone which still probably will be rather cold even in times of global warming (Hvingel and Sundet, 2014).

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1873965216300044#bib14







Whether the red king crab (Paralitodes camtschaticus), abundant and commercially fished in the eastern fjords of Finnmark in Northern Norway and off the Kola Peninsula could enter the Svalbard waters remains more uncertain. This species seem more related to the shallow coastal areas of the Southeastern Barents Sea, and for the last 25 years there have been no major changes in its distribution further north in the Barents Sea (Misund et al., 2016; Pinchukov and Sundet, 2011).


Fishery improvement potential for evaluation of the Snow Crab fishery.

Other Comments:

The Barents Sea Red King crab fishery has specific measures and strategies that demonstrate control over the degree of exploitation of the resource, including, but not limited to:- Setting catch levels that will maintain the target population and and account for the non-target species (or size, age, sex) captured and landed in association with, or as a consequence of, fishing for target species.- Identifying appropriate fishing methods that minimise adverse impacts on habitat, especially in critical or sensitive inshore zones such as spawning and nursery areas.- Providing for the recovery and rebuilding of depleted fish populations to specified levels within specified time frames through long-term closures and restrictions on fishing effort in inshore areas where females and juveniles congregate in large numbers.- Contains appropriate procedures for effective compliance, monitoring, control, surveillance and enforcement which ensure that established limits to exploitation are not exceeded and specifies corrective actions to be taken in the event that they are.

A good review of King Crabs fishery in the Barents Sea is provided in Jørstad et al., (2002); IMR (2014) documents.

Sources:

Anisimova, N., Berenboim, B., Gerasimova, O., Manushin, I., and Pinchukov, M. (2005) On the effect of red king crab on some components of the Barents Sea ecosystem. Ecosystem dynamics and optimal long-term harvest in the Barents Sea fisheries. Proceedings of the 11th Russian–Norwegian Symposium, Murmansk, Russia. IMR/PINRO Joint Report Series, 2005/2: 298–306.

Anisimova, N.A. and Manushin, I.E. (2003) Red King crab feeding in the Barents Sea. In The Red King Crab in the Barents Sea, pp. 170-189. Edited by B.Berenboim., PINRO Press, Murmansk (In Russian).

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Anonymous (2011) The Barents Sea Ecosystem, Resources, Management, Half a century of Russian – Norwegian cooperation, Edited by Tore Jakobsen and Vladimir K. Ozhigin, Tapir Academic Press, Trondheim, Norway, 826 pages.

Anonymous. (2009) Bestandsvurderinger av Kongekrabbe i. 2009. Population Estimates of King Crab in 2009. Bestandsvurderinger av Kongekrabbe. http://www.imr.no/

Buhl-Mortensen, L., K.E. Ellingsen, P. Buhl-Mortensen and K. Skaa, (2012) Trawling Impact on Habitat-forming Organisms in the Barents Sea: Indication of Resilience and Implications for Sustainable Management. In: Report of the Benthos Ecology Working Group (BEWG), 7-11 May 2012, Sandgerdi, Iceland. ICES CM2012/SSGEF:07.56pp.

Bjordal, Å. (2002) The use of technical measures in responsible fisheries: regulation of fishing gear. In: Cochrane, K.L. (ed.), 2002. A fishery manager’s guidebook. Management measures and their application. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper no. 424. FAO, Rome, 231 p. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/004/y3427e/y3427e00.pdf

Britayev T. A.,Rzhavsky A. V.,Pavlova L. V., Dvoretskij A. G. (2010) Studies on impact of the alien red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) on the shallow water benthic communities of the Barents Sea. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 2010;26 (Suppl. 2):66-73.

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