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UNIT I ATTITUDE AND EMOTIONAL INTELLEGENCE

An attitude is an expression of favour or disfavour towards a person, things, place or event. An attitude can be define as a positive or negative evaluation of people ,objects, events activities, ideas or anything in the environmentAn Attitude is an state of mind. Attitude is mind set. It is the way one can look at the things mentally.An Attitude is a psychological response to a person, an objects, events, activities, ideas, or just above anything in your environment.

Importance of attitude:1. Determines meaning of Environment:

Attitudes helps an individual in judging the environmental circumstance by creating either a favorable bhehaviour or unfavorable behaviours towards it.

2. Rationalize the action:Attitude helps in resolve the contradictions created due to different opinions. People with appropriate attitude can easily understood and interpret these differences.

3. Organized facts:Attitude helps in organized relevant fact as variety of opinions received by different people given an idea of about the goal to be achieved.

4. Facilitates selection of factsPositive people always focused on the positivity of others. Attitude helps in selection of positive facts which lead to maintenance of good working environment.

5. Develops relationshipsAttitude served as one way to organized our relationship with our world they value our interaction more predictable offering a degree of control.

6. Develop personality:Our personality is a combination of our believes & social programming and in way it is something sacred. Which is unique to us. Expect the aspects of our personality that are defined by quality such as kindness, creativity & true spiritual power.

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Characteristics of attitude:1.feelings and beliefs of individuals:The feeling s and beliefs of individuals or groups of individuals

2.Directed towards other people:The feelings and beliefs are directed towards other people, objects or ideas.

3.Result in behavior:Attitudes tend to result in behavior.4. Cannot be observed directly:They constitute a psychological phenomenon which cannot be observed directly.5. Not inborn:Attitudes are not inborn. They are gradually acquired over a period of time.6. Evaluate statements :Attitudes are evaluated statements ranging from favorable to unfavorable.7. All people, irrespective of their status:All people, irrespective of their status and intelligence hold attitudes.

8. Unconsciously held:An attitude may be unconsciously held

9. Motivational aspects:Attitudes have emotional and motivational aspects.

Components of Attitude:1.Affective component (feelings): this involves a person‟s feelings / emotions about the attitude object.For example: “I am scared of spiders”, “I have immense respect for my Team Leader ”

2.Behavioral (or cognitive) component(actions &reactions): the way the attitude we have influences how we act or behave.For example: “I will avoid spiders and scream if I see one”, “I always listen to my team leader‟s advice and work accordingly”

3.Cognitive component(thoughts): this involves a person‟s belief / knowledge about an attitude object.


For example: “I believe spiders are dangerous”, “My Team Leader is very knowledgeable and always willing to help the team perform better”

POSITIVE THINKINGPositive thinking means how a positive attitude &positive behavior towards our self as well as towards others. It is a state of mind which increases the self confidence of an individuals.Positive Thinking – is characterized by feelings of optimism, happiness, sense of

purpose, high energy levels, high self esteem and self worth.

Positive Attitude:Positive attitude results from positive thinking where an individual’s starts

becoming more optimistic, confident, motivated and replaces his negative thinking with positive ones is called is called positive attitude. It means developing positive attitude within himself.Features of positive Attitude:A person with positive attitude has the following features.1. Being true to them self always.2. Smiling3. Motivating those around with appositive word.4. Being friendly to those they don’t know.5. Understanding that relationships are more important than materials things.6. Having a good time even when he is losing.7. Using the power of a smile to reverse the tone of a situation. 8.Enjoying the unexpected9.Paying a compliment, even to a total stranger. 10.Makes someone’s day11.Not letting other people’s negativity bring down.12. It is not complaining no matter how unfair things appear to be. 13.Having positive future vision.Positive attitude effects organizational growth,


1. It helps to enhance employee morale 2.It leads to enhanced productivity.3.It results in effective team building abilities,


4.It helps in optimum utilization of resources. 5.Healthy competition among the employees.6. It inspires employees to perform at their best to improve productivity. 7.It encourages creativity.8.It helps in creating a harmonious workplace.Negative attitude effects organizational growth in the following manner.1. It leads to inefficient work2. Reduced quality3. Poor Communication4. It creates an atmosphere of distrust among employees5. Poor coordination and co operation among employees.6. It restricts creativity.7. It leads to high turnover and a loss of experienced staff members.How to develop positive attitude:1. Choose to be happy : yes it is matter of choice .when negative thoughts enter your mind just refuse to look at them, substituting with them with happy thoughts. 2.Look at the brighter side of the life.3. Choose to be optimistic.4. Find reasons to smile more often5. Have faith in yourself, and believe that the universe can help you 6.Associate yourself with happy people.7.Read inspiring stories8.Read inspiring quotes Affirmations help one to feel inspired and motivated 9.Learn to be mater of your thoughts10.Visualizing the success and the best things which you want yo happen. what you want to happen


Negative Attitude:A negative attitude is self defeating and reflects a state of mind that has negative emotions. A negative attitude is a gate way towards the darker side of the life and pain of depression.Negative Thinking – is characterized by feelings of pessimism, low self esteem, low self-

worth, self pity, depression, misery and helplessness.Features of Negative attitude:A person with negative attitude exhibits the following features.1.He actively rejects the positive things that will be happening to him.2.He jumps into conclusions about others opinion without any factual proof. 3.He will take things personally .4. he will always blaming others 5.He will makes always promises6.He will focus always the dark side of the life. 7.He will always see the pain8. He will not believe himself for right things and excess dependent on others. 9.He will say always excuses.10.He will convert all opportunities into problem.

Consequences of Negative attitude:1. Negative attitudes shorten the life.2. Negative attitude creates unpleasant future.3. Negative attitude harms others.4. limiting beliefs.5. Negative family or friends

6. Creates negative environment all round

7. Unsatisfying circumstances /life

8. High levels of tension, anxiety, stress and worry – towards real or imaginary problems and issues9. The presence of multiple health concerns /


issues 10.Exhaustion and lack of energy


11.Hormonal issues12.Blood pressure, blood sugar issues, cardiac trouble 13.Frequent illnesses, lowered immunity to common ailments 14.People avoid one‟s company, at work and outside 15.Broken relationships, both professional and personal 16.Decreased performance / enthusiasm at work17.Feelings of resentment and bitterness towards everyone around

Inter personal relationship: Interpersonal relationshipsThe relationship between two individuals is known as” inter personal Relationship” theserelations hip enable the individuals to understand each other and their feelings like respect, love ,Anger etc

An association of two or more people who interact and fulfill one or more physical, emotional and intellectual needs. Associations maybe fleeting or enduring .Interpersonal relationships are formed on the context of social, cultural and professional contexts.Importance or significance of interpersonal relationship:Good relationship play significant role in both personal as well as professional life of an individual. The rate of interpersonal relationship in personal and professional life is mentioned below.1.Personal life:a)Helps people to enjoy better family life:people having capability to manage interpersonal relationship appropriately can easily develop strong and wealthy interpersonal relationship with their family members.

b)Helps in enjoying better social life:the individual capable of managing interpersonal relations develop better social life as they are capable of adjusting themselves according to the demand of the society.

c)helps to reduce stress:human being are not machines who can work at stretch. We need people to talk to and share


our feelings. An individual working in isolation is more prone to stress and anexity.


2. Professional Life:Healthy interpersonal relationship among the members of the organization not only result in proper working of the organization but also help in developing trust between them.

a) facilitate mutual understanding among employees and management:healthy relationship among members of the organization is very crucial to create healthy working environment.b)Supports team work:The strong interpersonal relationship among the employees at the work place inspire them to work by team.

c)Motivate employees:Healthy inter personal relationship are good sources of motivating employees. It makes them happy and confident and increase their job satisfaction level.

d)Helps to develop trust:Good interpersonal relationship helps in the development of trust among the individual and develop positive feeling among people.

Tips for improving Interpersonal relationship:1. Smile2. Be appreciative3. pay attention to others 4.practice active listening 5.Bring people together 6.Resolve conflicts 7.Communicate clearly 8.Humor9.see it from other’s side 10.Dont complain

Types of Interpersonal RelationshipFamily – Children, parents, siblings, cousins and relatives Romantic – Spouse


Professional – Superior – subordinate, peers, student – teacher, mentor-mentee Friendships & acquaintances – neighbors, peers


Factors affecting Interpersonal relationships1.Compatibility and rapport 2.Uniqueness and irreplaceability 3.Communication and self disclosure 4.Honesty, trust and accountability 5.Adjusting and compromising 6.Forgive and forget attitude.

Emotional IntelligenceEmotional intelligence means it is a way of determining the degree of maturity level of an individual to handle his emotions.

Importance of Emotional Intelligence:1.Building strong relationship:Emotional Intelligence turns out to be very beneficial not only while working in the organization but also in maintaining healthy personal relationship.

2.Improves communications with others:Presence of Emotional Intelligence factor with in an individual helps him to develop certain strategies and skills.

3.Better empathy skills:The most important characteristics of Emotional Intelligence skill is Empathy. Lack of empathy skills are problem to the building of relationship.

4.Acting with integrity:An individual having the ability of Emotional Intelligence is always motivated to act with integrity. He is not only focus on his personal interest but looks after the interest of others as well.

5.Respect from others:


Presence of Emotional Intelligence along with empathy and honesty in an individual helps him to gain respect and trust from others.


6.Improved career prospects:Emotionally Intelligence people are needed in every organization and at all levels of organization because they know how to balance all the situations.

7.Manage change more confidently:Emotionally Intelligence individuals are capable of adopting themselves as for the changes in the external environment.

Characteristics of Emotional Intelligence:1. Self awareness:People with high Emotional Intelligence understand their emotions and they don’t let their feelings rule them. They know their strengths and weakness and they work on these areas so they can perform better.

2.Self regulations:This is the ability to control emotions and impulses. people who regulate typically don’t allow themselves to become too angry or jealous and they don’t make impulsive, careless decisions. they think before they act.

3. Motivation:People with the high Emotional Intelligence are willing to defer immediate results for long term success. They are high productive, love a challenge and are affective in whatever they do,

4.Empathy:This is the ability to identify with and understand the wants, needs and viewpoints of those around you. Empathetic people avoid stereotyping and judging too quickly and they live their lives in an open, honest way.

5.Social skills:people with strong social skills are typically team players. Rather focus on their own success, they help others to develop and shine. They can manage disputes, are excellent communicator and are masters at building and maintaining relationships.

6. Change agents:


People with strong Emotional Intelligence are often ready to change for the good and are open to adopt changes for their betterment.


7. Managing our own emotions:Handling feelings so that they are appropriate is an ability that builds on self awareness. this component will examine the ones own feeling. People who are poor in this ability are constantly battling feeling of distress, while those who excel in it can be bounce back far more quickly from life’s setbacks and upsets.

8. Motivating ourselves:Marshalling emotions in the service of a goal is essential for paying attention ,for self motivation and mastery and for creativity.

9. Handling relationships:The art of relationship is in large part, skill in managing emotions in others. most of the people who meets these people like them and as a result they have many friends and often enjoy high level of success in their careers.

Elements of Emotional Intelligence:Various elements of emotional intelligence are as follows:1. Empathy:The ability to understand what other people are feeling will make one more sensitive and aware. this result in more meaningful relationships.2. Recognition:Ones action have consequences. This understanding will enable him to make conscious choices in his life and to avoid unnecessary difficult.3. Good Judgment:The gift of making well thought out decisions and seeing people for who they really are will maximize the possibilities of success in all areas of one’s life.4. Personal responsibility:When one hold himself accountable and does not blame anyone else for his mistakes or misfortunes, he is empowered to change things for the better. Other people respect him because he owns up to his part in the relationships.5.Insight:The ability to see oneself clearly and to understand one’s own motivations allows for the possibility of personal growth. Insight into others allows one to have a greater impact in his relationships.


6. Mental Flexibility:Being able to change his mind or to see things from different points of view makes it possible for him to navigate all sorts of relationships. Also to succeed where other more rigid thinkers will fail.

7.compassion:Being honest with oneself can be painful but with the kind of gentle attitude, its much easier . this type of compassion facilitates personal transformation while compassion toward others supports deeper more loving connections.

8. Integrity:Following through on commitments and keeping one’s promises creates much goodwill in personal and professional relationships. Its promotes success in both arenas.

9.Impulse control:Thinking before speaking or acting gives one a chance to make deliberate ,even sophisticated choices about how one present himself to others.

10. Ability to defer gratification:It’s one thing want to something but the ability to put off having it is empowering mastery of one’s need allows one to prioritize around the life goals.


UNIT II. VISON, GOAL SETTING AND TIME MANAGEMENT

A vision statement can be referred statement defining companies long term goals According to miller and dess vision is the category of intensions that are broad ,all inclusive and forward thinking.

Examples:

BSNL vision: To become the largest telecom service provider in Asia

INFOSYS: To help our clients meet their goals through our people, services and solutions.

Objectives of Vision :

1.To guide strategic planning and implementation

2.To establish a more productive, goal oriented corporate culture.

3.To provide direction and helps the organization prepare for the

future 4.To provide guidance for decision making

5.To provide purpose and sources of inspirations.

6.To reflect an organization’s core values and beliefs.

7.To empower people and helps focus their efforts.

8.To set priorities and guidelines in planning.


Significance of Vision statement:

1.Acts as a measure of excellence:

A strategic vision acts as the measure of excellence .it motivates and inspires the employee to achieve the level of excellence and skills in their work.

2.Overcome the gap:

The vision statement is created for future. A good vision takes the organization from its present to future.

3.Helps in solving internal and external issues:

A good strategic vision helps the organization in dealing with both internal and external issues.

4.Helps in setting goal for future:

Vision statement highlights were the organization is now and where it wants to be in the future.

5.Creates the sense of responsibility:

Strategic vision creates the sense of responsibility in the employees which internally motivates them to work towards organizational goals.

6. Provides a reason for existence:

A vision statement provides a reason to the organization for its existence by projecting the ideal image of the future.


Features of vision:1.Vision gives direction:Vision is where are you want to be, over time the vision becomes a sources of energy.2.Vision give the foresight:What you want to become. Individual or organization will visualize the future and aspired to have reached the goals in the desired way.3.Vision is long term goal:Many a time vision and goal seem alike but in true sense vision is complimentary to goals. Vision helps in setting up of goals. For example a student’s vision is to see himself as best student. For this student has to set goal in academics and other extracurricular activities. 4.Vision set tone for change:Vision set tone for change and carry forward change,& those that which needs to be changed.

5.Vision is time bound:Vision gives clear indication about what you working toward and hence one must also know as the time it might take to accomplish the same. Tasks accomplished in given time frame only can lead to success.6.Says what you want out of life:Vision normally brings out persons aspirations and ambitions. One can clearly understand what one wants to achieve in life by reading the vision. Vision is not only for the organization but also individuals can set.7.Details principles and beliefs:Values, principles and ethics of the organization are well imbibed in the vision statement .the companies core purpose and objectives. Gives you the power to create and design your life around your personal values.8.It defines the person you are:Vision statement would help people to know the personality of the person who sets it. when we look at 3M vision statement i.e the 3M vision “achieving breakthrough performance for our customers, Employees, and Share holders” this show the concern towards every stake holder.


Doing things for right purpose:When a person does the right things correct decisions for the right purpose he feels happy and satisfaction from his deeds reasons for doing right things for the right purpose are as follows.1. facilitates correct decision making:Right purpose helps in taking correct decisions while wrong decisions are the result of wrong purpose. If a person has right purpose in his mind to do activity the he will select right decisions to perform right activity .Example .if a manager has right purpose in his mind to do his right job. i..e to earn money but in honest manner .this purpose will helps the manager in taking right decision like not to take bribe.2. Helps to avoid feeling guilt:Choosing an action with wrong purpose may lead people to regret in future. Doing things for the right purpose helps a person to deal with their regrets which they face in daily life.3.Enhances possibility of positive outcomes:A person can achieve success in any activity or field if he has taken a decision keeping in the mind the right purpose.Example: a person has decided to become a Doctor with an aim and determination to serve people and not just making only money.How to do things for the right reasons:To know whether a person is doing things for the right purpose or not a person should has following questions to himself.1. Whether reasons are beneficial for long term or not:It is normal human nature that short term impact of a decision is only considered while taking decision. although it is wrong attitude. A person has to ask himself whether reasons for making any decisions are beneficial for only short term then the person should not such a decision.2. Whether or not reasons are fruitful for individual or all:A person should ask himself a question whether a reason for doing something contributes benefit to only him or others as well. A person should always select those reasons that bring happiness for all.


3. Whether or not reasons bring happiness or pleasure among Individuals:There is difference between happiness and pleasure. Pleasure is for short term whereas happiness is a feeling of long term. Happiness tells the permanent status of mind.Example. If a manager takes bribe it will gives him pleasure in terms of money for short term but in long terms he may be sent to prison for taking bribe.

Setting and achieving goals:Every individual sets goals to be achieved in his life. Individual can set goals for any aspect of his life. Goals decide a future of an individuals.Dictionary definition: is a desired purpose or direction. Goal setting:Goal setting is the process of deciding what do you want to accomplish and devising a plan to achieve the result you desire.

Importance of goals:1. Helps in understanding the priority of events or things:Setting goals depends on two elements they are essential and supplementary. Essential elements focused on basic needs and supplementary thinks focused on luxurious wants so the first preference is given to the needs than for wants.2. Helps in assessing one’s Assets and liabilities:Goal settings helps in assessing what qualities and resources an individual have and problems can occur in achievement of their goals here resources means assets and problems means liabilities.3. Helps in scheduling time:Goal setting helps in making time table to the whole process of goal achievement. It sets time for each activity to be done to achieve goals. Ex a student wants to get first position to achieve this goal has to study whole year by making suitable timetable for himself.4. Helps in exploring goals:Setting goals involves lot of works .goal setting helps in exploring different aspects to know more about achieving goals. The identify assets and liabilities, individual has to study books, take experts opinion, or start doing internships.


5. Helps in making sense of life:A person without any goal for his life is just like animal wandering here and there with no purpose. goal gives sense of living to individuals. A person with no goal in life has no value in life.6. Helps in increasing concentration towards Goal achievement:A person may make several goals to be achieved in life but only day dreaming cannot help to achieving those goals. Individuals some time do not put efforts for the goal achievement . key to success is to remain focused on the goal. Goal setting helps in initiating individual from time to time about his goals. Thus goal setting not only gives purpose to one’s life but also helps in concentrating how to achieve goal.7. Helps in avoiding delays:Since the goal setting is in written form it helps to remind time to time .it will increase focus and commitment of individuals towards goals achievement thus goal setting helps in avoiding delay in the process of goals achievements.

Periodicity of goals:Continuously to motivate individuals a proper goal must be selected goals once set should be periodically evaluated.a). Short term goals:short term goals are those goals which are made for short period of time. It is very important to set particular reason of up to which one has to achieve the goals short goals may be made for one day ,one week, one month or for a year.b). Medium term goals:medium term goals are made to fulfill individual s performance which are to be achived between short and long term period of time two to five years is the time period for which mid term goals are set.c)Long term goals:long term goals are those goals which are made to achieve after 5 years.Example: Short term goal: I want to speak in English fluently in one month.

Medium term goal: I want to complete degree with 85%


Long term goal: I want to establish audit firm by next 5 years.


Methods to Achieve set goals:Individuals must focus on SMART goals in order to be successful in attaining the goals they have set SMART goals.1) S =SpecificS stands for the specific goals should be set. goals should be simply state what one wants to achieve it should motivate individual to work more effectively to achieve goals.2. M=MeasurableM stands for measurable. It means that goal should be able to be measured. Individuals should be able to easily track the progress of goal.3. A=AttainableA stands for attainable . it means that one must make all the possible efforts to attain a goal. Among several goals a person should start with most important goal to be achieved.4. R= Realistic:R stands for the word realistic. it means that goals set should not be vague. Goals should be such that a person should be able to achieve it. For example a middle class person makes a goal to buy a Mercedes benz car within a week. this type of goal is not realistic goal.5. T= TimelyT stands for the word time .time should be set within which each and every goal should be achieved. Time puts pressure and motivates individual to complete the goal effectively. time may be set as one week, one month, or one year etc.2.set goals that motivates:When one’s set goal it is important that they motivate, this means making shape that there are important and there is value in achieving them. it can has little interest in the outcome they are going to give larger picture then the chance of putting in the work to make them happen or motivates to achieving goals.3.Set goals in writing:The physical act writing down will make goals real and tangible you have no excuse for forgetting about it.4.Make an action plan:This step is after missing in the process of goals setting you get so focused on the outcome that you forget to plan all of the steps that are needed along the way by writing out the


individual step and men causing each are of as you complete you will realize that you are


making progress towards your ultimate goals. This is specially important if your goal is being and demanding long term.

TIME MANAGEMENTTime ManagementManaging your time well means managing your life well. It refers to managing time effectively for right purpose. It‟s the art of arranging one‟s schedule to work effectively.

Time management is a set of principles, practices and skills applied to get more value out of time with the aim to improve the quality of time.Importance /advantages of time management:1. Minimize stress:Time management enhances efficiency and productivity which leads to a happier professional life and reduces stress.2. Provides a sense of achievement:Good time management facilitates and enables timely completion of tasks and achievement of goals.3.Enhance productivity:Good time management also enhances productivity as rational use of time results in more output.4. Minimises efforts:Time management makes work easy requiring less time and efforts to achieve the same task. it is an effort saving technique.5. Reduces wastages of time:By care full planning and managing time one is able to optimize the use of available time there by avoiding or reducing wastage .this is important because time is a very important resource.6. provides free time:Time managed is time saved which can thus be utilized for leisure and recreational activities. With the family or on socializing. which are very crucial for improving for improving the efficiency of work as well as the overall quality of life.7. Improves reputation:Good time management enhances efficiency thereby improving performance. professionals who manage time better. Perform better and achieve more and thereby earn good reputation for delivering on time.8. Reduces re work:Proper time management also reduces errors at work thus preventing the need for need for


redoing things.


Time Management Strategies / Principles of Time Management:

1.Create a daily plan:Plan your day before it unfolds .Do it in the morning or even better, the night before you sleep. The plan gives you a good overview of how the day will plan out.2.Use a calendar:Having a calendar is most fundamental step to managing your daily activities.3.Keep time limit to each task:Be clear that you need to finish X task by 10 am.Y task by 3pm,z task by 6pm. This prevents your work from dragging on and eating into time reserved for other activities.4.Use an organizer:The organizer helps you to be on top of everything in your life.Its your central tool to organize information, to do lists, projects and other miscellaneous items.5.Know your dead lines:When you need to finish your task? Mark the deadlines out clearly in your calendar and organizer so you know when you need to finish them.6.Say No to non essential tasks:Learn to say no to tasks that are not essential for attainment of goals so that the focus can remain in important one.7.Target to be early:When you target to be on time, you will either be on time or late. most of the time you will be late. However if you target to be early ,you will most likely be on time. For appointments, strive to be early for your deadlines submit them early than required.8. Time box your activity:This means restricting your work to within X amount of time.9.Micro planning:Take a long term prospective set your goals and draw up a broad plan. This gives an our views and broad frame work to work within.10. prioritise tasks:Always prioritize the tasks at hand so that the important and urgent one get completed first. This would prevent last minute rush.11. Delegete:Delegation is the key to good management. one cannot do everything himself hence it is essential to delegate certain task to others based on their competencies.12 .Take the time required to do a quality job:


Do not compromise on time required to do important and difficult tasks. Certain tasks require more time than others. Allocate time accordingly.


13. Take a break when you needed:Take a break from the routine to refresh and recharge your batteries. Leisure has a great thereuptic value. Always allocate time for it. Many organizations make it compulsory for their employees to take their annual leave so that get away from rigorous and monotony of professional life.14. Reducing time wasting activities:The people involve themselves in unnecessary activities which lead to time wastage. The individual must track the daily activities and find out time wasting activities. Analyze the activities on day to day basis. put an effort to reduce or eliminate the same by using appropriate time management techniques.

STRESS MANAGEMENT

Stress:Stress involves a series of workers responses when he is require to meet that demands that do not match his knowledge, Skills or abilities.

According to Davis : “ stress is a condition of strain on one’s emotions ,thought process and physical conditions.

Stress can be defined as an under load or overload of matter ,energy or information input to, or output from, a living system.

Stress ManagementStress management means it is a process of assessing and overcoming the stress and increase the level of motivation and efficiency of the employees.

Reasons of stress:1. Career concern:If an employees feels that he is very much behind in the corporate leader than he may experience stress .hence unfulfilled career expectations are the significant source of stress. 2.Role of ambiguity:It occurs when the persons does not know what he or she supposed to do on the job. When


the tasks and responsibilities are not clear so it results in stress.


3.Routing work shifts:Stress may occur in those individuals who work on different work shifts.Working in day and night shifts create psychological and physical problems.4.Occupational demands;Some jobs are more demanding than others job that involve risk and danger are more stressful.5.Work Over Load:Excessive work load leads to stress as it puts a person under the tremendous pressure.6.work under load:In this case too little work or very easy work is expected on the part of the employee. Doing less work or jobs of routine and simple nature would lead to monotony and boredom ,which can lead to stress.7.Poor working conditions:Employee may be subject to poor working conditions .it would include good lighting and ventilation, noise and dust also increases stress.8.Organisational Changes:When changes occurs people have to adopt to those changes and this may cause stress.

Symptoms of stress:1.Hair loss

2.Problem in remembering

things 3.Poor concentration.

4.High or low blood pressure

5.Confused mind

6.Sudden and unwanted anger

7.Loss of confidence

8.Eating too much or too little

9.Sleeping too much or too little

10.Constant head ache

11. poor judgement

12.hypersensitive and moody


How to over come stress

Following habits can remarkably help to relieve stress.1. Regular Meditation 2.Physical exercise 3.Balance diet 4.Focused thinking 5.Control of anger 6.Managing depression7.maitaining calmness in stressful situations 8.Having positive attitude towards life 9.Harmony towards self and others.10.Listening music11. Taking rest 12.conflict resolution Types of stress: 1.Acute stress 2.chronic stress


QuestionsSection A (2 marks)1. What is vision?2. State two elements of vision?3. What is the meaning of goal?4. State any two tips for setting and achieving goal5. What is stress? 206. What is stress management?7. What is time management?8. Any two principles of stress management?


9. What are long term goals?Section B (6 marks)


1. Explain the benefits of creative vision?2. What is the importance of setting goals?3. Explain the various types of goals4. Explain the tips for setting and achieving goalsSection C (14 marks)1. Explain the general principles of time management2. Explain the general principles of stress management


SNR DEGREE COLLEGE,JIGANIPage 1

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UNIT I ATTITUDE AND EMOTIONAL INTELLEGENCE

An attitude is an expression of favour or disfavour towards a person, things, place or event. An attitude can be define as a positive or negative evaluation of people ,objects, events activities, ideas or anything in the environmentAn Attitude is an state of mind. Attitude is mind set. It is the way one can look at the things mentally.An Attitude is a psychological response to a person, an objects, events, activities, ideas, or just above anything in your environment.

Importance of attitude:1. Determines meaning of Environment:

Attitudes helps an individual in judging the environmental circumstance by creating either a favorable bhehaviour or unfavorable behaviours towards it.

2. Rationalize the action:Attitude helps in resolve the contradictions created due to different opinions. People with appropriate attitude can easily understood and interpret these differences.

3. Organized facts:Attitude helps in organized relevant fact as variety of opinions received by different people given an idea of about the goal to be achieved.

4. Facilitates selection of factsPositive people always focused on the positivity of others. Attitude helps in selection of positive facts which lead to maintenance of good working environment.

5. Develops relationshipsAttitude served as one way to organized our relationship with our world they value our interaction more predictable offering a degree of control.

6. Develop personality:Our personality is a combination of our believes & social programming and in way it is something sacred. Which is unique to us. Expect the aspects of our personality that are defined by quality such as kindness, creativity & true spiritual power.



Characteristics of attitude:1.feelings and beliefs of individuals:The feeling s and beliefs of individuals or groups of individuals

2.Directed towards other people:The feelings and beliefs are directed towards other people, objects or ideas.

3.Result in behavior:Attitudes tend to result in behavior.4. Cannot be observed directly:They constitute a psychological phenomenon which cannot be observed directly.5. Not inborn:Attitudes are not inborn. They are gradually acquired over a period of time.6. Evaluate statements :Attitudes are evaluated statements ranging from favorable to unfavorable.7. All people, irrespective of their status:All people, irrespective of their status and intelligence hold attitudes.

8. Unconsciously held:An attitude may be unconsciously held

9. Motivational aspects:Attitudes have emotional and motivational aspects.

Components of Attitude:1.Affective component (feelings): this involves a person‟s feelings / emotions about the attitude object.For example: “I am scared of spiders”, “I have immense respect for my Team Leader ”

2.Behavioral (or cognitive) component(actions &reactions): the way the attitude we have influences how we act or behave.For example: “I will avoid spiders and scream if I see one”, “I always listen to my team leader‟s advice and work accordingly”

3.Cognitive component(thoughts): this involves a person‟s belief / knowledge about an attitude object.



For example: “I believe spiders are dangerous”, “My Team Leader is very knowledgeable and always willing to help the team perform better”

POSITIVE THINKINGPositive thinking means how a positive attitude &positive behavior towards our self as well as towards others. It is a state of mind which increases the self confidence of an individuals.Positive Thinking – is characterized by feelings of optimism, happiness, sense of

purpose, high energy levels, high self esteem and self worth.

Positive Attitude:Positive attitude results from positive thinking where an individual’s starts

becoming more optimistic, confident, motivated and replaces his negative thinking with positive ones is called is called positive attitude. It means developing positive attitude within himself.Features of positive Attitude:A person with positive attitude has the following features.1. Being true to them self always.2. Smiling3. Motivating those around with appositive word.4. Being friendly to those they don’t know.5. Understanding that relationships are more important than materials things.6. Having a good time even when he is losing.7. Using the power of a smile to reverse the tone of a situation. 8.Enjoying the unexpected9.Paying a compliment, even to a total stranger. 10.Makes someone’s day11.Not letting other people’s negativity bring down.12. It is not complaining no matter how unfair things appear to be. 13.Having positive future vision.Positive attitude effects organizational growth,1. It helps to enhance employee morale 2.It leads to enhanced productivity.3.It results in effective team building abilities,



4.It helps in optimum utilization of resources. 5.Healthy competition among the employees.6. It inspires employees to perform at their best to improve productivity. 7.It encourages creativity.8.It helps in creating a harmonious workplace.Negative attitude effects organizational growth in the following manner.1. It leads to inefficient work2. Reduced quality3. Poor Communication4. It creates an atmosphere of distrust among employees5. Poor coordination and co operation among employees.6. It restricts creativity.7. It leads to high turnover and a loss of experienced staff members.How to develop positive attitude:1. Choose to be happy : yes it is matter of choice .when negative thoughts enter your mind just refuse to look at them, substituting with them with happy thoughts. 2.Look at the brighter side of the life.3. Choose to be optimistic.4. Find reasons to smile more often5. Have faith in yourself, and believe that the universe can help you 6.Associate yourself with happy people.7.Read inspiring stories8.Read inspiring quotes Affirmations help one to feel inspired and motivated 9.Learn to be mater of your thoughts10.Visualizing the success and the best things which you want yo happen. what you want to happen



Negative Attitude:A negative attitude is self defeating and reflects a state of mind that has negative emotions. A negative attitude is a gate way towards the darker side of the life and pain of depression.Negative Thinking – is characterized by feelings of pessimism, low self esteem, low self-

worth, self pity, depression, misery and helplessness.Features of Negative attitude:A person with negative attitude exhibits the following features.1.He actively rejects the positive things that will be happening to him.2.He jumps into conclusions about others opinion without any factual proof. 3.He will take things personally .4. he will always blaming others 5.He will makes always promises6.He will focus always the dark side of the life. 7.He will always see the pain8. He will not believe himself for right things and excess dependent on others. 9.He will say always excuses.10.He will convert all opportunities into problem.

Consequences of Negative attitude:1. Negative attitudes shorten the life.2. Negative attitude creates unpleasant future.3. Negative attitude harms others.4. limiting beliefs.5. Negative family or friends

6. Creates negative environment all round

7. Unsatisfying circumstances /life

8. High levels of tension, anxiety, stress and worry – towards real or imaginary problems and issues9. The presence of multiple health concerns / issues 10.Exhaustion and lack of energy



11.Hormonal issues12.Blood pressure, blood sugar issues, cardiac trouble 13.Frequent illnesses, lowered immunity to common ailments 14.People avoid one‟s company, at work and outside 15.Broken relationships, both professional and personal 16.Decreased performance / enthusiasm at work17.Feelings of resentment and bitterness towards everyone around

Inter personal relationship: Interpersonal relationshipsThe relationship between two individuals is known as” inter personal Relationship” theserelations hip enable the individuals to understand each other and their feelings like respect, love ,Anger etc

An association of two or more people who interact and fulfill one or more physical, emotional and intellectual needs. Associations maybe fleeting or enduring .Interpersonal relationships are formed on the context of social, cultural and professional contexts.Importance or significance of interpersonal relationship:Good relationship play significant role in both personal as well as professional life of an individual. The rate of interpersonal relationship in personal and professional life is mentioned below.1.Personal life:a)Helps people to enjoy better family life:people having capability to manage interpersonal relationship appropriately can easily develop strong and wealthy interpersonal relationship with their family members.

b)Helps in enjoying better social life:the individual capable of managing interpersonal relations develop better social life as they are capable of adjusting themselves according to the demand of the society.

c)helps to reduce stress:human being are not machines who can work at stretch. We need people to talk to and share our feelings. An individual working in isolation is more prone to stress and anexity.



2. Professional Life:Healthy interpersonal relationship among the members of the organization not only result in proper working of the organization but also help in developing trust between them.

a) facilitate mutual understanding among employees and management:healthy relationship among members of the organization is very crucial to create healthy working environment.b)Supports team work:The strong interpersonal relationship among the employees at the work place inspire them to work by team.

c)Motivate employees:Healthy inter personal relationship are good sources of motivating employees. It makes them happy and confident and increase their job satisfaction level.

d)Helps to develop trust:Good interpersonal relationship helps in the development of trust among the individual and develop positive feeling among people.

Tips for improving Interpersonal relationship:1. Smile2. Be appreciative3. pay attention to others 4.practice active listening 5.Bring people together 6.Resolve conflicts 7.Communicate clearly 8.Humor9.see it from other’s side 10.Dont complain

Types of Interpersonal RelationshipFamily – Children, parents, siblings, cousins and relatives Romantic – SpouseProfessional – Superior – subordinate, peers, student – teacher, mentor-mentee Friendships & acquaintances – neighbors, peers



Factors affecting Interpersonal relationships1.Compatibility and rapport 2.Uniqueness and irreplaceability 3.Communication and self disclosure 4.Honesty, trust and accountability 5.Adjusting and compromising 6.Forgive and forget attitude.

Emotional IntelligenceEmotional intelligence means it is a way of determining the degree of maturity level of an individual to handle his emotions.

Importance of Emotional Intelligence:1.Building strong relationship:Emotional Intelligence turns out to be very beneficial not only while working in the organization but also in maintaining healthy personal relationship.

2.Improves communications with others:Presence of Emotional Intelligence factor with in an individual helps him to develop certain strategies and skills.

3.Better empathy skills:The most important characteristics of Emotional Intelligence skill is Empathy. Lack of empathy skills are problem to the building of relationship.

4.Acting with integrity:An individual having the ability of Emotional Intelligence is always motivated to act with integrity. He is not only focus on his personal interest but looks after the interest of others as well.

5.Respect from others:Presence of Emotional Intelligence along with empathy and honesty in an individual helps him to gain respect and trust from others.



6.Improved career prospects:Emotionally Intelligence people are needed in every organization and at all levels of organization because they know how to balance all the situations.

7.Manage change more confidently:Emotionally Intelligence individuals are capable of adopting themselves as for the changes in the external environment.

Characteristics of Emotional Intelligence:1. Self awareness:People with high Emotional Intelligence understand their emotions and they don’t let their feelings rule them. They know their strengths and weakness and they work on these areas so they can perform better.

2.Self regulations:This is the ability to control emotions and impulses. people who regulate typically don’t allow themselves to become too angry or jealous and they don’t make impulsive, careless decisions. they think before they act.

3. Motivation:People with the high Emotional Intelligence are willing to defer immediate results for long term success. They are high productive, love a challenge and are affective in whatever they do,

4.Empathy:This is the ability to identify with and understand the wants, needs and viewpoints of those around you. Empathetic people avoid stereotyping and judging too quickly and they live their lives in an open, honest way.

5.Social skills:people with strong social skills are typically team players. Rather focus on their own success, they help others to develop and shine. They can manage disputes, are excellent communicator and are masters at building and maintaining relationships.

6. Change agents:People with strong Emotional Intelligence are often ready to change for the good and are open to adopt changes for their betterment.



7. Managing our own emotions:Handling feelings so that they are appropriate is an ability that builds on self awareness. this component will examine the ones own feeling. People who are poor in this ability are constantly battling feeling of distress, while those who excel in it can be bounce back far more quickly from life’s setbacks and upsets.

8. Motivating ourselves:Marshalling emotions in the service of a goal is essential for paying attention ,for self motivation and mastery and for creativity.

9. Handling relationships:The art of relationship is in large part, skill in managing emotions in others. most of the people who meets these people like them and as a result they have many friends and often enjoy high level of success in their careers.

Elements of Emotional Intelligence:Various elements of emotional intelligence are as follows:1. Empathy:The ability to understand what other people are feeling will make one more sensitive and aware. this result in more meaningful relationships.2. Recognition:Ones action have consequences. This understanding will enable him to make conscious choices in his life and to avoid unnecessary difficult.3. Good Judgment:The gift of making well thought out decisions and seeing people for who they really are will maximize the possibilities of success in all areas of one’s life.4. Personal responsibility:When one hold himself accountable and does not blame anyone else for his mistakes or misfortunes, he is empowered to change things for the better. Other people respect him because he owns up to his part in the relationships.5.Insight:The ability to see oneself clearly and to understand one’s own motivations allows for the possibility of personal growth. Insight into others allows one to have a greater impact in his relationships.



6. Mental Flexibility:Being able to change his mind or to see things from different points of view makes it possible for him to navigate all sorts of relationships. Also to succeed where other more rigid thinkers will fail.

7.compassion:Being honest with oneself can be painful but with the kind of gentle attitude, its much easier . this type of compassion facilitates personal transformation while compassion toward others supports deeper more loving connections.

8. Integrity:Following through on commitments and keeping one’s promises creates much goodwill in personal and professional relationships. Its promotes success in both arenas.

9.Impulse control:Thinking before speaking or acting gives one a chance to make deliberate ,even sophisticated choices about how one present himself to others.

10. Ability to defer gratification:It’s one thing want to something but the ability to put off having it is empowering mastery of one’s need allows one to prioritize around the life goals.



UNIT II. VISON, GOAL SETTING AND TIME MANAGEMENT

A vision statement can be referred statement defining companies long term goals According to miller and Dess vision is the category of intensions that are broad ,all inclusive and forward thinking.

Examples:

BSNL vision: To become the largest telecom service provider in Asia

INFOSYS: To help our clients meet their goals through our people, services and solutions.

Objectives of Vision :1.To guide strategic planning and implementation2.To establish a more productive, goal oriented corporate culture.3.To provide direction and helps the organization prepare for the future 4.To provide guidance for decision making5.To provide purpose and sources of inspirations. 6.To reflect an organization’s core values and beliefs. 7.To empower people and helps focus their efforts.8.To set priorities and guidelines in planning.Significance of Vision statement:1.Acts as a measure of excellence:A strategic vision acts as the measure of excellence .it motivates and inspires the employee to achieve the level of excellence and skills in their work.2.Overcome the gap:The vision statement is created for future. A good vision takes the organization from its present to future.3.Helps in solving internal and external issues:A good strategic vision helps the organization in dealing with both internal and external issues.4.Helps in setting goal for future:Vision statement highlights were the organization is now and where it wants to be in the future.



5.Creates the sense of responsibility:Strategic vision creates the sense of responsibility in the employees which internally motivates them to work towards organizational goals.6. Provides a reason for existence:A vision statement provides a reason to the organization for its existence by projecting the ideal image of the future.

Features of vision:1.Vision gives direction: Vision is where are you want to be, over time the vision becomes a sources of energy.2.Vision give the foresight:What you want to become. Individual or organization will visualize the future and aspired to have reached the goals in the desired way.3.Vision is long term goal:Many a time vision and goal seem alike but in true sense vision is complimentary to goals. Vision helps in setting up of goals. For example a student’s vision is to see himself as best student. For this student has to set goal in academics and other extracurricular activities. 4.Vision set tone for change: Vision set tone for change and carry forward change,& those that which needs to be changed.5.Vision is time bound:Vision gives clear indication about what you working toward and hence one must also know as the time it might take to accomplish the same. Tasks accomplished in given time frame only can lead to success.6.Says what you want out of life:Vision normally brings out persons aspirations and ambitions. One can clearly understand what one wants to achieve in life by reading the vision. Vision is not only for the organization but also individuals can set.7.Details principles and beliefs:Values, principles and ethics of the organization are well imbibed in the vision statement .the companies core purpose and objectives. Gives you the power to create and design your life around your personal values



8.It defines the person you are:Vision statement would help people to know the personality of the person who sets it. when we look at 3M vision statement i.e the 3M vision “achieving breakthrough performance for our customers, Employees, and Share holders” this show the concern towards every stake holder. Mission : A mission statement is a sentence describing the company’s function, markets and competitive advantages, a short written statement of your business goals and philosophies.

A mission statement is statement of the purpose of a company ,organizations or persons its reason for existing a written declaration of a organization’s core purpose and focus that normally remains unchanged overtime.

Doing things for right purpose:When a person does the right things correct decisions for the right purpose he feels happy and satisfaction from his deeds reasons for doing right things for the right purpose are as follows.1. facilitates correct decision making:Right purpose helps in taking correct decisions while wrong decisions are the result of wrong purpose. If a person has right purpose in his mind to do activity the he will select right decisions to perform right activity .Example .if a manager has right purpose in his mind to do his right job. i..e to earn money but in honest manner .this purpose will helps the manager in taking right decision like not to take bribe.2. Helps to avoid feeling guilt:Choosing an action with wrong purpose may lead people to regret in future. Doing things for the right purpose helps a person to deal with their regrets which they face in daily life.3.Enhances possibility of positive outcomes:A person can achieve success in any activity or field if he has taken a decision keeping in the mind the right purpose.Example: a person has decided to become a Doctor with an aim and determination to serve people and not just making only money.



How to do things for the right reasons:To know whether a person is doing things for the right purpose or not a person should has following questions to himself.1. Whether reasons are beneficial for long term or not:It is normal human nature that short term impact of a decision is only considered while taking decision. although it is wrong attitude. A person has to ask himself whether reasons for making any decisions are beneficial for only short term then the person should not such a decision.2. Whether or not reasons are fruitful for individual or all:A person should ask himself a question whether a reason for doing something contributes benefit to only him or others as well. A person should always select those reasons that bring happiness for all.3. Whether or not reasons bring happiness or pleasure among Individuals:There is difference between happiness and pleasure. Pleasure is for short term whereas happiness is a feeling of long term. Happiness tells the permanent status of mind.Example. If a manager takes bribe it will gives him pleasure in terms of money for short term but in long terms he may be sent to prison for taking bribe.

Setting and achieving goals:Every individual sets goals to be achieved in his life. Individual can set goals for any aspect of his life. Goals decide a future of an individuals.Dictionary definition: is a desired purpose or direction.Goal setting:Goal setting is the process of deciding what doyou want to accomplish and devising a plan to achieve the result you desire.

Importance of goals:

1. Helps in understanding the priority of events or things:Setting goals depends on two elements they are essential and supplementary. Essential elements focused on basic needs and supplementary thinks focused on luxurious wants so the first preference is given to the needs than for wants.



2. Helps in assessing one’s Assets and liabilities:Goal settings helps in assessing what qualities and resources an individual have and problems can occur in achievement of their goals here resources means assets and problems means liabilities.

3. Helps in scheduling time:Goal setting helps in making time table to the whole process of goal achievement. It sets time for each activity to be done to achieve goals. Ex a student wants to get first position to achieve this goal has to study whole year by making suitable timetable for himself.4. Helps in exploring goals:Setting goals involves lot of works .goal setting helps in exploring different aspects to know more about achieving goals. The identify assets and liabilities, individual has to study books, take experts opinion, or start doing internships.5. Helps in making sense of life:A person without any goal for his life is just like animal wandering here and there with no purpose. goal gives sense of living to individuals. A person with no goal in life has no value in life.6. Helps in increasing concentration towards Goal achievement:A person may make several goals to be achieved in life but only day dreaming cannot help to achieving those goals. Individuals some time do not put efforts for the goal achievement . key to success is to remain focused on the goal. Goal setting helps in initiating individual from time to time about his goals. Thus goal setting not only gives purpose to one’s life but also helps in concentrating how to achieve goal.

7. Helps in avoiding delays:Since the goal setting is in written form it helps to remind time to time .it will increase focus and commitment of individuals towards goals achievement thus goal setting helps in avoiding delay in the process of goals achievements.



Periodicity of goals:Continuously to motivate individuals a proper goal must be selected goals once set should be periodically evaluated.a). Short term goals: short term goals are those goals which are made for short period of time. It is very important to set particular reason of up to which one has to achieve the goals short goals may be made for one day ,one week, one month or for a year.b). Medium term goals:Medium term goals are made to fulfill individual s performance which are to be achived between short and long term period of time two to five years is the time period for which mid term goals are set.c)Long term goals: long term goals are those goals which are made to achieve after 5 years.Example: Short term goal: I want to speak in English fluently in one month.

Medium term goal: I want to complete degree with 85%Long term goal: I want to establish audit firm by next 5 years. Methods to Achieve set goals:

Individuals must focus on SMART goals in order to be successful in attaining the goals they have set SMART goals.1) S =Specific: S stands for the specific goals should be set. goals should be simply state what one wants to achieve it should motivate individual to work more effectively to achieve goals.2. M=Measurable: M stands for measurable. It means that goal should be able to be measured. Individuals should be able to easily track the progress of goal.3. A=Attainable: A stands for attainable . it means that one must make all the possible efforts to attain a goal. Among several goals a person should start with most important goal to be achieved.4. R= Realistic: R stands for the word realistic. it means that goals set should not be vague. Goals should be such that a person should be able to achieve it. For example a middle class person makes a goal to buy a Mercedes benz car within a week. this type of goal is not realistic goal.



5. T= Timely: T stands for the word time .time should be set within which each and every goal should be achieved. Time puts pressure and motivates individual to complete the goal effectively. time may be set as one week, one month, or one year etc.2.set goals that motivates:When one’s set goal it is important that they motivate, this means making shape that there are important and there is value in achieving them. it can has little interest in the outcome they are going to give larger picture then the chance of putting in the work to make them happen or motivates to achieving goals.3.Set goals in writing: The physical act writing down will make goals real and tangible you have no excuse for forgetting about it.4.Make an action plan:This step is after missing in the process of goals setting you get so focused on the outcome that you forget to plan all of the steps that are needed along the way by writing out the individual step and men causing each are of as you complete you will realize that you are making progress towards your ultimate goals. This is specially important if your goal is being and demanding long term.

TIME MANAGEMENTTime ManagementTime management is a set of principles, practices and skills applied to get more value out of time with the aim to improve the quality of time.

Managing your time well means managing your life well. It refers to managing time effectively for right purpose. It‟s the art of arranging one‟s schedule to work effectively.

Importance /advantages of time management:1. Minimize stress:Time management enhances efficiency and productivity which leads to a happier professional life and reduces stress.2. Provides a sense of achievement:Good time management facilitates and enables timely completion of tasks and achievement of goals.3.Enhance productivity:



Good time management also enhances productivity as rational use of time results in more output.

4. Minimises efforts:Time management makes work easy requiring less time and efforts to achieve the same task. it is an effort saving technique.5. Reduces wastages of time:By care full planning and managing time one is able to optimize the use of available time there by avoiding or reducing wastage .this is important because time is a very important resource.6. provides free time:Time managed is time saved which can thus be utilized for leisure and recreational activities. With the family or on socializing. which are very crucial for improving for improving the efficiency of work as well as the overall quality of life.7. Improves reputation:Good time management enhances efficiency thereby improving performance. professionals who manage time better. Perform better and achieve more and thereby earn good reputation for delivering on time.8. Reduces re work:Proper time management also reduces errors at work thus preventing the need for need for redoing things.

Time Management Strategies / Principles of Time Management:

1.Create a daily plan:Plan your day before it unfolds .Do it in the morning or even better, the night before you sleep. The plan gives you a good overview of how the day will plan out.2.Use a calendar:Having a calendar is most fundamental step to managing your daily activities.3.Keep time limit to each task:Be clear that you need to finish X task by 10 am.Y task by 3pm,z task by 6pm. This prevents your work from dragging on and eating into time reserved for other activities.4.Use an organizer:The organizer helps you to be on top of everything in your life.Its your central tool to organize information, to do lists, projects and other miscellaneous items.5.Know your dead lines:



When you need to finish your task? Mark the deadlines out clearly in your calendar and organizer so you know when you need to finish them.

6.Say No to non essential tasks:Learn to say no to tasks that are not essential for attainment of goals so that the focus can remain in important one.7.Target to be early:When you target to be on time, you will either be on time or late. most of the time you will be late. However if you target to be early ,you will most likely be on time. For appointments, strive to be early for your deadlines submit them early than required.8. Time box your activity:This means restricting your work to within X amount of time.9.Micro planning:Take a long term prospective set your goals and draw up a broad plan. This gives an our views and broad frame work to work within.10. prioritise tasks:Always prioritize the tasks at hand so that the important and urgent one get completed first. This would prevent last minute rush.11. Delegete:Delegation is the key to good management. one cannot do everything himself hence it is essential to delegate certain task to others based on their competencies.12 .Take the time required to do a quality job:Do not compromise on time required to do important and difficult tasks. Certain tasks require more time than others. Allocate time accordingly.13. Take a break when you needed:Take a break from the routine to refresh and recharge your batteries. Leisure has a great thereuptic value. Always allocate time for it. Many organizations make it compulsory for their employees to take their annual leave so that get away from rigorous and monotony of professional life.14. Reducing time wasting activities:The people involve themselves in unnecessary activities which lead to time wastage. The individual must track the daily activities and find out time wasting activities. Analyze the activities on day to day basis. put an effort to reduce or eliminate the same by using appropriate time management techniques.



STRESS MANAGEMENT

Stress:Stress involves a series of workers responses when he is require to meet that demands that do not match his knowledge, Skills or abilities.

According to Davis : “ stress is a condition of strain on one’s emotions ,thought process and physical conditions.

Stress can be defined as an under load or overload of matter ,energy or information input to, or output from, a living system.

Stress ManagementStress management means it is a process of assessing and overcoming the stress and increase the level of motivation and efficiency of the employees.

Reasons of stress:1. Career concern:If an employees feels that he is very much behind in the corporate leader than he may experience stress .hence unfulfilled career expectations are the significant source of stress. 2.Role of ambiguity:It occurs when the persons does not know what he or she supposed to do on the job. When the tasks and responsibilities are not clear so it results in stress.3.Routing work shifts:Stress may occur in those individuals who work on different work shifts.Working in day and night shifts create psychological and physical problems.4.Occupational demands;Some jobs are more demanding than others job that involve risk and danger are more stressful.5.Work Over Load:Excessive work load leads to stress as it puts a person under the tremendous pressure.6.work under load:



In this case too little work or very easy work is expected on the part of the employee. Doing less work or jobs of routine and simple nature would lead to monotony and boredom ,which can lead to stress.

7.Poor working conditions:Employee may be subject to poor working conditions .it would include good lighting and ventilation, noise and dust also increases stress.8.Organisational Changes:When changes occurs people have to adopt to those changes and this may cause stress.

Symptoms of stress: 1.Hair loss

2.Problem in remembering things

3.Poor concentration.

4.High or low blood pressure

5.Confused mind

6.Sudden and unwanted anger

7.Loss of confidence

8.Eating too much or too little

9.Sleeping too much or too little

10.Constant head ache

11. Poor Judgment

12.hypersensitive and moody

How to overcome stress

Following habits can remarkably help to relieve stress.1. Regular Meditation2. Physical exercise3. Balance diet4. Focused thinking5. Control of anger6. Managing depression



7. Maintaining calmness in stressful situations8. Having positive attitude towards life9. Harmony towards self and others.10. Listening music11. Taking rest 12.Conflict resolution

Types of stress:

1. Acute stressShort term stressor leads to acute stress .It evolves all of a sudden, is extremely sharp and vanishes rapidly.

2. Chronic stress:Chronic stress is a prolonged stress that exists for weeks, months or even years. this type stress is usually experienced by those constantly relocating from one place to another or changing jobs frequently.

3. Hyper stress: hyper stress occurs when an individual is asked to do something which is beyond his or her capacity. Overloaded or over work are the reasons for hyper stress.

4. Hypo stress:Hypo stress is the opposite of hyper stress . Hyper stress occurs when an individual feels that jobs is boring or challenging. People who experienced are often restless and uninspired. A factory worker who performs repetitive tasks might experience hyper stress.

General principles of stress management

1.Time Management:One should manage his time properly. he should avoid setting unrealistic goals. preparation of to do list helps managing time effectively. One should also note that he should accept responsibilities over and above his capacity.

2.Prioritze tasks:Make a list of task you have to do and tackle them in order of importance. Do the high priority items first. This helps to completing the work more pleasantly.

3.Relax and Breathe deeply:



Our body cannot maintain the same level of energy without that extra oxygen. Therefore it is necessary to breathe deeply to get extra oxygen. This releases considerable amount of stress. 4.Take more breaks from your work:Working continuously without break causes monotony, boredom and stress. Therefore taking break in between helps us to relax, break monotony and reduce stress. One should get away from the desk and move out for few minutes and resume work.5.Delegate Responsibility:Management is all about getting things done by others. One should learn the art of delegation of responsibilities to others. If the task is properly distributed to the capable persons in the organization, the considerable amount of stress can be reduced.

6.Get more sleep:Stress causes due to lack of sleep also. One should take enough sleep in order to stay fresh and fit to work the next day .taking proper sleep increases energy level and ability to concentrate.

7.Spend more time with optimistic people:It is necessary to have people with positive attitude. Negative people will create negative thoughts, leading to a stressful situation. To be cool and calm it requires that one should practice positive attitude.

8.Practice effective communication:Communication is most essential for preventing tensions .one should communicate in the language of the receiver. He should be good in both verbal and non verbal communication. He should also pay attention to co worker ‘s gesture, tone of voice and posture.

9.Developing good working relationships:Trust, respect, understanding and compassion are necessary in any relationship. Co-workers have to function as a team and reach the common goal. Good work relationships will relive stress. one should spend little time with co-workers to improve inter personal relationship.

10. Exercise regularly:Aerobic exercise such as walking and swimming, produces brain chemicals that fit uplift your mood and mental well being. Exercise also improves sleep and gives you time to think and focus on other things.11. Eat healthy foods , practice of yoga and meditations:



One should have proper food at specific intervals. He should never skip meals. It is necessary to take time out for lunch no matter how busy he is. And also practice of yoga and meditations are the best medicine to the stress.

12 .Anger Management:Anger is normal and healthy emotions that helps people to detect and respond to a threatening situation. If people can channelize anger it can be a powerful motivating force. The uncontrolled anger can seriously harm personal and professional life.



QuestionsSection A (2 marks)1. What is vision?2. State two elements of vision?



3. What is the meaning of goal?4. State any two tips for setting and achieving goal5. What is stress? 206. What is stress management?7. What is time management?8. Any two principles of stress management?9. What are long term goals?Section B (6 marks)1. Explain the benefits of creative vision?2. What is the importance of setting goals?3. Explain the various types of goals4. Explain the tips for setting and achieving goalsSection C (14 marks)1. Explain the general principles of time management2. Explain the general principles of stress management

SNR DEGREE COLLEGE,JIGANI Page 1


Creative MindUNIT III CREATIVITY

A mind that is quick to grasp any happening around it and by associating with his current knowledge and experience to generate something meaning full is termed as creative mind. Characteristics/Features of creative mind:1.Uniqueness:Creative minds do not comply with set standards and resolutions. Usually they are rebellious as they prefer doing things out of the box.2.Motivation:They are target oriented belief in performance, have a creative attitude and have the determination to resolve challenging situations.3.Ambition:They are desire of being power full and center of attraction. they struggle to achieve goals.4.Flexibility:They process the capacity to visualize issues from various angles and come with the best resolution.5.Low emotional stability:Creative minds easily loss their self confidence, face, mental and emotional problems like negativity.6.Not cordial:They are less thought full and tend to point out errors and weakness in others.

Introduction to creativity:Creativity is an ongoing process as it constantly needs to identify improved ways to expand the business how ever difficult it might be or how limited the resources may be.

Creativity is an added advantage to the person in their capacity to invent something new, not only in theory but also in concrete.

Definition: According to Linda Naiman, ”creativity has the act of turning new and imaginative ides into reality. Creativity involves two processes thinking and producing”.



Importance of creativity: 1.Ability to discover new solution:creativity is one concept that has remained unexplored in depth. It has the capacity to look up for better solutions to issues and inventing new things. Hence creativity is appreciated as owners are always ready to solve problems.2.Increases efficiency: It acts as a main source to develop ideas in order to increase the efficiency and usefulness of a system.3.Enhances knowledge:Creativity provides the benefits in depth knowledge and skills to the people and also widens the scope of a knowledge.4.Assets in exploring opportunities:In the initial stage new ideas might be developed by thinking totally out of the box or by following a dynamic process or alternative set of action.5.Faith and confidence:When we create ,we recognize that our work does matter even if it is not published ,displayed or presented to the public. we trust our strength and gain confidence carries over into decisions we make in other areas of life.6.Stress relief:Being creative makes us happy. art is fun and doing anything that brings joy reduces our stress levels and improves our quality of Life.

Elements of Creativity:1.Learn:The people must learn something new every day. The people enhance their learning capabilities to competitive in the present scenario. In order to achieve their dreams and be successful in life the people must involve themselves in continuous learning.2.Finding relationship between factsThe creative thinkers produce ideas by finding the relationship between facts .Facts merely on their own are useless until one sees the connection between them. When you see the connection between facts. You are able to create something different.3.Make a List:Creative thinkers use as mental roadmaps. Now take a good look at your list. Keeping in mind the habits of creative thinking.



4.Avoid interruption:You don’t want someone knocking down your ideas before those ideas flourish. when it comes to bring a freelancer though, we have to some times tone down our creative mind.5.Broad perspective:Come up with the creative ways to take one person’s vision and make it a well rounded piece. The person must put efforts to think beyond a one way street. As a creative free lancer. You need broad perspective. Creative minds also curious about how the world works.6.Take risks:Its ok to be wrong. By definition to be creative you must consider new and therefore untested, ideas. Einstein said that he could have ninety nine ideas that were wrong before he got the one that was right.7.Enjoy the creation process:Do not focus on the result. Enjoy the process of creations. If you constantly break the flow to check to how the final result will look to others, to ask yourself “will it sell’? “will it win”?you will subvert the process and possibly damage your creation.8.Implement:Don’t wait for the perfect moment. It wont arrive. Painter paint, scrape the paint off and paint again. Writers write and delete. They don’t wait until they can do it perfectly before they start. You do not need twelve sharpened pencils and perfect silence before you put pen to paper.

Factors affecting creativity:There are two factors that are impact creativity such as individual and organization factors.I. Individual factors:There numbers of individual factors which are associated with creativity.1) Education: The acquire knowledge and expertise is influence on creativity. 2).Family: the atmosphere ,background, nature and size of the family also influence on creativity.3.Creative thinking: Imagination, flexibility and thinking out of the box can influence creativity. 4.Living Environment: Location ,society, Friends and leisure activities can also influence on creativity.5.Age: the creative activities which always tend to decrease with the increasing age.6.Personlity: Varied interests, self confidence, value and honesty also contribute for creativity.



II. Organizational Factors:1. Encouragement:a) Organizational:Two way flow of ideas between employees and management makes employees feel happy. Positive feedback through performance related evaluation, reward and bonus also encourage employees.b) Supervisory: The excellent communication with middle level management can solve the problems of employees.c) Work group: Team members from different backgrounds have different behaviours which also improves the creativity.d) Autonomy or Freedom: Structured way of managing tasks to do list and working hours dedicated to the task.e) Resources: Adequate financial resources and human also contribute for the development of the employee.f) Creative Location:

geographical location, staff canteens and variety of facilities good ventilation and lighting improves the employee status.g) Security &Safety:Safety of Employees ,security of job (No hire and Fire mentality)health and hygiene in working environment.h) pressure: Stress factor due to work pressure as the immediate influence on employees.

Methods of Enhancing creativity:1.Stimulate Yourself:The people who involve in stimulating themselves with a variety of new sounds, conversations, taste, people etc. leads to enhance creativity within self. The stimulations lead to enhance performance in the individuals.2.Identify creativity mood:The individual they must know their creative moods. When people are stressed due to daily routine it is better for them to break the routine and involve in some other activities. For example the individual can take rest by going sleep. The individuals can go for holiday. So that they get back their energy for doing creative things. The creative moods can result in evolving new ideas and concepts.



3.Give space for yourself:The people involving in continuous work lead to stress. The people manage stress by giving space for themselves in busy schedule. For example people work on daily basisi but release stress by taking holiday or rest for one day in a week.4.Avoid Ideal time:

Time plays vital role in every one’s life. The individual’s practices to be productive enhance efficiency in them. Ideal time leads to many worries. The people engaging in bringing new ideas ,perspectives, questions and experiences to the problems to the problems that helps to solve problems. Effective and optimum utilization of time leads to achievements in life.5.Leadership:Leadership is key linkage between individual creativity, knowledge and organizational innovation. Leadership influences motivation. The organization communicates value to the people based on innovation. Leaders motivate people in developing a sense of pride in them which results they can achieve individual and common goals.6.Enhance Imagination:The most powerful characteristics possessed by the people is creativity. The enhanced creative imaginative power has helped brilliant thinkers, generous and ordinary people to discover fantastic theories and concepts. The imagination power of the people helps to boost creativity. 7.Situations:The people experience majority of ideas into mind in every day situations. For example the idea can be generated while working, talking , walking etc. The individual must focus to catch these ideas and work on it in appropriate direction to be successful in life..8.Capture Ideas: the people Experience best ideas unexpectedly. The idea may generate inconvenient situations. It is important to make some preparations to catch hold ideas. The people can make use of mobiles, laptops, Computers, Notepads etc. to capture these ideas and get more benefits from the ideas.9.Variation:Variation helps people to enhance creativity. It supplies lot of new experiences, feelings, thoughts ,Ideas and insights in the individuals. For example the people can involve in listening to new Music, Conversation with friends etc. Routine can be barrier to innovation and creativeness.



10. Brain storming:The creative potential of brainstorming can be beneficial to enhance creativity. Brainstorming Helps to establish associations and integrate different ideas with each other. A brain storming session can help to generate many new ideas, concepts and associations.11. Evolve Ideas:The people have to accept the fact that may secrets have already been hidden, theories constructed and many ideas discovered. This process allows people to find new ideas as a result of existing thoughts. For example people can ask questions for themselves like how could I solve this problem? How can I improve this idea?.12. Thinking out of the box:The ability to think out of the box is a fantastic characteristic that creative people possess. Thinking out of the box means approach things completely different than you would have. The people must have openness to different ideas or thoughts. Thinking out of the box enhances creativity.

Qualities of Creative person:1. Challenge the status quo 2. Avoid assumptions3. Exhibit curiosity 4. Future oriented5. Highly imaginative 6. Explore all possibilities7. Adaptable to changing circumstances 8. Adaptable to different work environment.9. Like taking risks 10.Never think anything impossible11. Are visual thinkers 12. Look beyond the first idea.13. Risk taker 14. Confident15. Self disciplined 16. Divergent thinker17. Self actualizing 18.Self knowledge19.Sense of Humour 20.Energetic and flexible.21.self Motivation 22.Ambition 23.Emotional stability.



Barriers to creativity

1. Laziness and complacency2. Fear of Failure3. Suppression of curiosity and creativity4. Narrow thinking5. Negative attitude6. Non adaptability to changing circumstances7. Isolation from social environments and interactions8. Negative social environment9. Physiological inability10. Believing the myths about creativity

Methods of Enhancing CreativityRephrasing the problem to give it a fresh perspective Breaking up the problem into smaller, manageable partsUsing different language structures: Put it positively, put it in question form, make it exciting Stimulate yourself to think beyond the obviousHabituate yourself to try learning something new everyday Trust your intuitive abilitiesEnhance imaginationCapture ideas that occur to you – any place, anytime Take risks, have courage to be creative.Ask questions, look for different perspectives Interact, be aware of social environmentBe physically and emotionally fit

Techniques of Creativity 1.BrainstormingBrain storming is technique of finding a creative solution to a problem which involves an individual or a group who discuss the problem.Brain storming is one of the most popular techniques of creativity. It is a process for generating creative ideas and solutions through concentrated and freewheeling group discussion. It combines a relaxed, informal approach to problem solving with imaginative thinking.Brain storming is a conference technique by which a group attempts to find a solution for a specific problem by amassing all the ideas spontaneously by its members.Brain storming is the creation of an optimal state of mind for generating new ideas.



Advantages of Brainstorming:1. This technique can be used to anywhere where the new creative solution is required.2. It can be used in small and large groups3. one may not be expert in the topic of brainstorming4. It leads to development of new innovative ideas.5. It is a cost effective method of group discussion.6. It is a quick way of generating ideas.Disadvantages of Brainstorming:1. It is a lengthy process2. Depends on facilitator or moderator3. Quantity based approach4. Not suitable for small industries5. It may lead to repetitive ideas

Brain storming sequence:1.Review the rules:To support to the participants in spontaneously proposing ideas and solutions. Certain ground rules need to be established and role designated.2.Set a Time limit:Brainstorming sessions must start with set time limit. For example the group of students can brainstorm on topic “ Today’s education system and employability” for 30 minutes.3.State the question:While starting the brainstorming session one must start with a question for which the answer has to find out the answer. For example Do we have education system which helps students to become employable in job market?. Do collect as many ideas as possible from all participant with no criticisms or judgment made while ideas are being generated.4.Collect Ideas:Do welcome all ideas are welcome no matter how silly or far out they seem. Be creative the more ideas better because at this point you don’t know what might work.5.Record and display ideas:Do write all ideas on flip chart or board so the whole group can easily see them.6.Clarify the meaning:A facilitator asks for elaboration when necessary and when no one else in the group does.7.Eliminate duplications:Sometimes a participant repeats a response that already exists. Encourage the participant to come up with her own idea.



2.Attributes listingIn this technique, when a problem is confronted we have to list all the attributes of the problem. This gives us a direction to think on those lines required. It breaks down a problem into smaller parts to enable us to examine each part.Attributes listing technique is popular in business enterprise as the permutation & combination of different attributes & features of products will help come out with a novel product/service. It is an effective method for generating new ideas by making new combinations of the components.

3.Mind mappingMind mapping facilitates the structuring & visualization of problem situations. It is technique for drawingvisually information in diagrams,Process:

A big sheet of paper, colour pencils / crayons of different colours are requiredThe mind map is created around a single work or text placed in the Centre called central key

work/idea to which associated ideas words & concepts are added as branchesThe individuals must use multiple colours throughout the mind map for visual stimulation &

also to encode or group ideas togetherIndividuals can develop their own personal style of mind mapping

4.Six thinking hatsThe 6 thinking hats philosophy was proposed by Edward De Bono. He identifies 6 distinct directions in which the brain can be challenged; each direction is assigned a colour which signifies a direction of thinking, the colours as follows1. White hat - here the problems are analysed by studying the past of data & trends are noted to identified to some solutions to the problem2. Red hat – In this thinking process emotions, feelings etc., work to find creative solutions to a problem3. Black hat – This thinking focuses on judgment & evaluation4. Yellow hat – This a positive and optimistic way of thinking. It identifies & explores positive ideas for benefits & value5. Green hat - Focuses on possibilities alternatives new perception & concepts6. Blue hat - The focus here is on control & looking at the big picture

Ideas to create value for both customer and business

1.creativity relates to thinking up new things1. Innovation related to doing new things 2.creativity is a personal act or task2.Innovation is a team effortcreativity is an enabler3.Innovation leads to value creation.creativity the main emphasis idea generation4.innovation emphasis implementation new



5.Synectics(re –arranging):This technique of creative problem solving was developed by William j j gorden and George m prince. Synectics means bringing together diverse and external elements. It attempts to solve problems through metaphors. the main purpose using synectics technique is to re think and re arrange the common ways of observation and option by whole society.

6.Heuristics(learning/life experience)Heuristics is a problem solving approach based on the learning drawn from experience. It is an applied method which may not be ideal or best solution to the problem but is adequate to accomplish quick decision making.

Difference between creativity and innovation

Creative process1.Explorin opportunity: Look for the concepts which need creative thinking

2.Information search: Collect facts about the conceived concepts.

3.Problem location: Find the real problem that needs creativity.

4.Idea finding:Starting point of creativity. Brainstorming &other methods are adapted to find the ideas that look creative.5.Filtering ideas:All ideas are to be filtered through discussion or any other method &select the one which is creative.6.Acceptence:The idea selected will have to be accepted by the concerned. Get the acceptance with suggested changes. If any.



UNIT IV. COMMUNICATION SKILLS

Communication in simple words is transfer of information between people.

Communication is a process in which people share information, ideas, and feelings,expressions of thoughts and emotions through words.Communication is defined as the transfer of information from the sender to the receiver, with the information being understood by the receiver

W.H.Newman and C.E summer” communication is an exchange of facts ,ideas, opinions or emotions by two or more persons”.

Elements of Communication/ Process of Communication

Communication is the process of passing information and understanding from one person to another. The communication process involves the following elements

1.sender: the communication begins from the sender who wants to transmit the message to another person.

2.Message: The idea or information in physical form is known as message.

3. Encoding: putting the message into appropriate words, symbols or gestures known as encoding.

4. Channel: The channel or medium is the method or vehicle used to transmit the message.

5. Receiver: The receiver is the person to whom message is sent and he perceives the message and attaches some meaning to the message.

6. Decoding: Decoding means attaching meaning to the message sent .The communication will be effective when senders message commensurate with the receivers understanding.

7.Feedback: The reversal in communication process is the feedback whereby the receiver express the response of the sender’s message.

Sender Encoding Message Media Decoding Receiver feedback

PUBLIC RELATIONS AND CORPORATE COMMUNICATION



Significance of communication:

1.Helps in achieving coordination:

Modern business firms which are organized on large scale consist of workers working on the basis of division of labour and specializations to achieve the company common goals.

2.Helps in smooth working:

To achieve the goals of the enterprise co-operative action of the persons workings in its diffent activities is necessary. Co-operative action in turn depends on the communication process prevailing in the organization.

3.Increased managerial efficiency:

It is said most managers time spent on communication. this helps the manager in performing his duties quickly and systematically.

4.Helps in decision making:

For taking any sort of decisions and also for its effective implementation a good communication system in the enterprise is a primary requirement. information from different levels which helps the process of decision making.

5.Helps in maintaining industrial peace

Lack of communication or improper communication may result in industrial disputes between management and worker. communication helps in maintaining industrial peace.

6.Helps in recruitment process:

Communication is needed in the recruitment process to acquaint potential employees with the merits of working for the enterprise. The recruits are told about the company organization structure, its policies and practices.

7.Helps employees to perform effectively

Employees are require to know their job relationship and importance to the overall operation. This knowledge makes it easy for them to identify themselves with the organization mission.




8.Helps to acquaint subordinates with their evaluation

It is needed to acquaint the subordinates with the evaluation of their contribution to the enterprise activity. It is matter of some motivational importance for subordinates to know their superior how they and what future may hold for them.

9.Helps in teaching employees about personal safety:

Communication is needed to teach employees about their personal safety on the job,to reduce accidents to lower compensation to maximize legal costs and to reduce recruitment and training costs for replacement.

10. Helps in manager performing his functions.

It helps the manager in performing his managerial functions such as planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing and Controlling. Plans requires detailed communication among the managerial and other personnel.

Types /Forms of communication

The different types of communication are as follows

1.Oral Communication:

Oral communication refers to spoken words through face to face or through the electrical devices such as phone, teleconferencing, Public address system etc.

2.Written communication:

Communicating message through writing, typing, printing is called written communication . it includes written words graphs ,charts , Reports diagrams and pictures etc.

Ex. Report, Letter, Memo, Circular, Order

3.Verbal communication:

Communication through words and language is called verbal communication. It includes oral as well as written communication. Ex. Speech, Meeting




4.Non-Verbal communication: Communication through symbols is called non verbal communication. It includes paralanguage, facial expression smile, eye to eye contact posture, visual symbols, auditory symbols.5.Formal communication:

Formal communication refers to the communication that flows along formal organizational structure. It flows through the established chain of command. Ex. Circulars, departmental meetings.

6.Informal communication:

The communication that takes place outside the formally prescribed network or channel is called informal communication. It is spontaneous and has no set of rules and regulations.

7.Upward communication:

The communication that flows from subordinates to their superior is called upward communication. Its main purpose is to get feedback regarding the performance of job.

8.Downward communication:

The communication that flows from the superior to their superior is called down ward communication . The main purpose is to educate and train the employee Ex. Motivating, Order

9.Horizontal communication:

Horizontal communication also known as Lateral communication refers to the communication that flows between persons at the same hierarchical level. Ex. Compliant boxes

10. Diagonal communication:

The communication that flows between manager of a department and the workers of the departments is called diagonal communication. The manager communicate diagonally to collect information.

11. Internal communication: Internal communication refers to flow of communication within the organization in a well defined pattern of hierarchy.




12.External communication :

The communication that flows between the organization and outside is known as external communication. IT may be inward or outward.

13.One-way communication:

The communication where in the sender communicates without expecting a feedback from the receivers called one-way communication

14.Two –way communication:

The communication where in the sender receives the feedback from the receiver is called two- communication.

Importance of communication

1.Every business concern has certain specified objectives.

2.Communication is basic to an organization’s existence

3.Assists the manager in performing his managerial functions

4.Providing information on the company’s activities

5.Helps in decision making

6.Communicating the business targets

7.Workers to express their views and opinions.

8.Employes in understanding their role.

9.Improves the physical and mental health by reducing stress caused by misunderstanding

10.Ensures conveying of idea in letters and spirit.

11.Leads others to mutual benefits and win –win situation

12.Motivates other for better performance and productivity

13.Generates meaningful and fruitful conversation.

14. It facilitates conveying clear instructions and

discussions. 15.Overcomes the misunderstanding caused by




rumor.




Barriers to communication

Any type of hurdles, blockade, stoppage, bottleneck, etc. In the way of effective communication is called Barrier to communication. These barriers make the communication incomplete , un forceful and ineffective. The management must identify such barriers and overcome it ,otherwise it becomes difficult to discharge their functions smoothly and efficiently. The measures that can be taken to overcome the barriers are as follows.

I. Semantic Barriers:

The problems in process of encoding and decoding the message into words or other impressions are considered as semantic barriers.

1.Poor vocabulary:The usage of inappropriate words and inadequate words will not make the idea to be communicated clear. It is not possible for the communicator to convey the message in the right sense.2.Different language:In an organization if the employees do not have a common language it becomes a barrier to convey the ideas and feeling.3.Different context for words and symbols:There are certain words and symbols which have several meanings. So the receiver must know the context of words and symbols ,otherwise there is a possibility of misrepresentation and misunderstanding.II. Physical barriers:The obstacles that prevent a message from reaching the intended recipient are known as physical barriers.1.Noise:Noise is any disturbance that reduces clarity of communication . Noise distract the person communicating and acts as a barrier to communication.2.Improper time:The message must be conveyed at proper time otherwise. It looses is effectiveness for instance, if the superior asks his subordinates to attend some urgent work during closing hour of work, it may cost resentment in subordinate who is in a hurry to catch a train to reach his house.




3.Distance :The distance between sender and receiver acts as a barrier in the communication process. If the distance is more, the communication will be ineffective unless proper use of fax, telephone is made.4.Overloaded Information :If the information is overloaded, the readers attention gets distracted. The theme of the message is diluted.III. Organization Barriers :1.Rules and regulations of the organization :Due to rigid rules and regulations relating to communication, there is a delay of message and it is a discouragement to employee in conveying their innovative ideas and creativity.2.Hierarchical Relationship :Hierarchical i.e., formal superior-subordinate relationship restricts the free flow of communication in an organization. Specially, upward communication is intentionally distorted. 3.If meetings are not conducted :If organizations are not conducting staff meeting often, it lacks free flow of communication widens the communication gap between persons.4.Choice of channel :Due to wrong selection of channels to communicate, it becomes a barrier. For example if written communication is used to communicate to the illiterates it will not convey any message to them. It becomes useless.III. Psychological Barriers :These barriers arise from emotions, motives, social values etc.1.Perceptions : Based on needs, motives, experience we perceive certain things and ignore certain things. Different people with different perceptions may misinterpret the message conveyed to them.2.Attitude : The attitude of superior and subordinates also affects the flow of communication. If the superiors lack confidence in themselves it may filter the communication.The subordinates attitude also affects the communication.3.Poor Listening : Poor listening is one of barrier which retards the communication flow and prevents understanding the real meaning of the message conveyed.4.Egotism : A person with egoism looses his level of understandings persons emotions, attitudes, feelings etc. Which result in hindrance of communication process.




5.Emotions : A person with negative emotion (Hatred, angry, anxiety etc.) cannot think rationally and cannot communicate effectively to others and at the same time cannot receive the message as it is. For effective communication one require affection compassion and a silent mind.6.Using appropriate channels : Wrong choice of channels to communicate is one of the barrier communication. This can be overcome by using appropriate channels depending upon the different situations. For instance, to communicate most confidential matters, the best form communication is oral communication. Similarly, one must use symbol, picture to communicate effectively to illiterates who cannot read and understand the written communication.7.Improving the skill of listening : Effective listening is an essential requirement for effective communication. While listening one must concentrate on the speech and they must not be selective and partial listeners, but total and deep listening is essential.8.Improving upward communication : To take a communication effective, it is essential that it must be understood by the receiver and get feedbacks from them regarding this. In an organization feedback is possible only if there is upward communication system. So, management is required to improve upward communication and encourage subordinates to express freely their opinions and problems if any.

Listening Skills:According to Johnson” listening as the ability to understand and respond effectively to oral communication.”Listening is the process of receiving, interpreting and reacting to the messages received from the communication sender”.Need and importance of Listening:1. To develop trust2. To gain information3. To enhance Reputation4. Enhances Understandability5. To reduce conflict6. To motivate employees.7. To Enhance workers productivityBenefits of listening:1. It leads enhanced knowledge2. It enhances relationship with co-workers3. It ensures supports for others.4. It helps in working team based environment




5. It resolves problems with customers, co workers and management6. It enhances overall organizational development7. It reduces stress8. It ensures proper understanding9. It enhances decision making skills.10. It helps in problem solving.Listening process:1.Hearing 2.Attending 3.Understanding 4.Remebering 5.Evaluating 6.Responding Problems of listening:1.Distraction in the mind 7.External noise and disturbance 2.planning to reply 8.lengthy message3.lack of interest 9.Egoism4.tendency to criticize 10.Perceptions5.Avoiding what is difficult 11.Quick evaluation and judgement 6.Poor health 12. Lack of training

Communication GapCommunication gap is a state that occurs when what is being said is not been communicated to the addressee properly and completely. Communication gap in the organization means that the goals and objectives that are set by top management are either not communicated to the employees of the organization at all levels .

Causes for communication gap:1. Fear 2. Mistrust3. Body language and tone 4. Improper communication medium5. Inappropriate language 6. lack of focus and clarity7. The lack of enthusiasm 8. lack of empathy and trust9. External noise 10.Confusing facts.11.Overloaded information 12. Making assumptions and ignoring details

Grape wine communication:Informal communication is also known as grape vine communication. In grapevine communication information coverage a long way by passing from one person to another person leaving no indication from which point it started.




Body languageBody language means the changes that occurs in body position in the moments that shows what a person is feeling and thinking.An important factor in oral communication is body language. When message is communicated through face to face, number of other factors are also communicated such as facial expressions, posture, gestures, clothing and other body movementsKINESICS means the study of body motion at the time of face to communication.

Different aspects of body language:1.Appearance:

The persons general appearance depends on several thinks. Two of the important factors that contributes to appearance or grooming, hygiene care of skin, nails feet and hair and expected sandals. A person who neglects these aspects makes an unpleasant impression. 2.Clothing and accessories:Clothing is very important aspect of body language .it requires good test or judgment to make a suitable design, cut, feeling combine to make up of dress.3.Posture:Posture is the way we hold our self the way we stand or sit. It indicates something about our feelings thoughts ,attitudes and health.4.Facial expression:The expression on the face is the most obvious aspects of the body language. The clear full face or glam face influence most people cheerful smile displace from a look of surprise and several anger expression of face can convey with or with words the attitude feelings and reaction of the communication.5.Smile :Smile is universal gesture . it is understood by every one is generally un mistakable and clears the atmosphere. It is believed to create feeling of happiness.6.Eye Contact: Eye movement is a key part of facial behaviour directly others attention or showing surprise or happiness and other emotional displays. Eye contact tells how interested a listener or a speaker in a speech.7.Gesture:

gesture are movements of hands ,head, legs and body they are the natural accompaniment of speech.8.Energy:

Energy and Enthusiasm is a aspect of body language. In hard to described. Energy conveys competencies and inspires respect.




9.Space:The distance we keep from the other persons while speaking indicates the relationships with close people we reduce distance and who are not close win increase extra distance.10. Time:

our use of time is an even nonverbal factors in communications some persons seen to be in a hurry and make the other persons feel uneasy by appearing on time. Others may get the impression that hey are not being given enough time.

Tips for good Body language:1.The greeting 2.Dont blink constantly

3.Dont cross arms or legs 4,maintained a relaxed

posture 5.Have eye contact don’t stare 6.Relax your shoulders.

7.Smile and laugh 8.Use your hands more

confidently 9.Dont touch your face 10Sit up straight

11.lean but not too much 12.Dont be afraid to take up some

space 13.Keep a good attitude 14.Dont stand too close.

15.Donot cover mouth with your hand

Basics of managerial speaking skillsThe actions of conveying information or expressing once feelings in speech is called speaking The process of conveying information in an organization. Corporate or management is called as managerial speaking.

Features:1.proununciation:It means the way we make the sound of the word

2.Stress: It is the amount of breath or process or energy that is put into a sound.

3.Voice: The tone reflex the speaker’s attitude the tone usually carries the emotion behind the words .EX Angry tone, sad tone, Cheerful tone,

4.Intonation:Raise and follow the voice in speaking is called intonation.

5.Accent:Accent is the way of sound is made. Ex. Finance – fenence, Director – derecter

6.Rate of speech :It is the speech with which we speak that is speaking slow or fast.

7.Volume: Volume means it is a loudness or softness of your voice.

8.Articulation: It means saying words distinctly and clearly.




Basic Aspects Of Effective Speaking.1. Quality of Voice:Speaker’s speech is considered to be normal and good when it posses good quality of voice,means pleasant voice.

2. Pitch:Speaker should use his optimum pitch where output is maximum with less vocal efforts. That means he should not deviate from his optimum speech. Pitch should not go too high ,too low or monotonous or stereotype.

3. Loudness:The speaker’s loudness should be normal. i.e in range of 40-80db.Loudness should not be micro phonic or macro phonic.

4.Intonation:Intonation means variation of pitch or fluctuation of pitch during delivery of speech.

Speech is considered having good characteristics when there is proper use intonation or tone.

5. Rate of Speech:It refers to the number of words or syllables uttered in a particular time period. Speakers rate of speech should be 140words/minute &300 syllables /minute or 2.5 words /second & syllables/second. Being too fast may result in omission of syllable and articulation may not be similar.

6. Rhythm:Rhythm refers to easy and smooth flow of speech or continuity of speech. A good speaker’s easy flow of speech can be observed during his delivery of his speech. that means he should not have any struggle while giving speech. He should not repeat, hesitate, pause nor stops in syllable.

7.Stress:It refers to extra pressure given on particular syllable during speech. Speaker considered to have good speech if he does not lay stress on making us clear his speech.

8. Positive feed back:Speaker should have positive feedback from the listeners like clapping. then the speech is considered to have good characteristics of speech.




Characteristics of good speech: Characteristics of good speech are:1.Clarity:A good speech should be clear to the audience or listener. A speech must be successful to attain its objectives by making a clear expression.2.Informal talk:A good speech should be like a chat between two intimate friends. There should be perfect contact between speaker and audience.3.Live and Concrete:A good speech is lived in nature and contains concrete facts which are easy to understand.4.Brevity:Audience on an average cannot concentrate more than 15 to 20 minutes. So Speech should not be longer than this unless audience wants more.5.Intersting:A good speech is an interesting one which involves quotations, anecdotes and humour. Quotations should be original and anecdote should be new and brief. Whereas humours should be gentle with good taste.6.Audience oriented:A good speech is always audience oriented. It considers the age,sex and religion, social and economic view of the listener

PresentationA presentation is a live mode of sharing information with a select audience .It is a form of oral communication in which a person shares factual information with a particular audience.

Techniques of presentation Aids:1.objects:Physical things can be very useful and create a very visceral impact as you use them as direct examples or as metaphors for points you want to make.2.Photographs:Photographs provide a picture of reality and are easily included in slides where they can be used illustrate a point or just provide a background. they are good for illustrating action, evoking emotion and more.3.Diagrams:Diagrams illustrates concepts and ideas by using shapes rather than words. Shapes can have different internal angles and use color with specific effect, such as using red to make something standout or imply danger. Diagrams can be positioned relative to one another for subtle effect.




4.Graphs:Graphs and charts are diagrams that interpret data, visually they include line graph, Bar charts, pie charts, radar diagrams and so on.5Graphs are much better than the tables at showing meaning and communicating the value of the data.5.Charts:Non-Numeric charts can show a number of different things, in particular where individual items have distinct relationships with one another.Flow chart show the relationships between different activities. Organizational charts show who reports to whom. Network diagrams show many to many relationships.6.Maps:Maps are variants of charts that are used to show where things are relative to one another. They may be to scale or simply relative.7.Power point presentation:Microsoft power point is probably now the most commonly used form of visual aid.used well, it can really help in presentation.8.Over head projector slides/Transparencies:A very useful tool found in most lecture and seminar rooms .The OHP projects and enlarges your slides onto a screen or wall without requiring the lights to be dimmed. A useful rule of thumb is to use 18 point text if you are producing slides with text on a computer. This should also helps reduce the amount of information on each slide.

9.White or Black board:White or Black board can be very useful to help to explain the sequence of ideas or routines, particularly in the sciences.

10. Paper handouts:Hand outs are incredibly useful and it is detailed to fit on a slide for audience to have a full record of your findings. one powerful way of avoiding these pitfalls is to give out incomplete handouts at key stages during your presentations.

11. Flipchart:A flipchart is a large pad of paper on a stand .it is a very useful and flexible way of

recording information during your presentation.

12. Video(DVD or VHS): Video gives a chance to show stimulating visual information. Use video to bring movement ,pictures and sound into presentation. Always make sure that the clip is directly relevant to the content.




13. Posters:You can craft a poster in a variety of ways. For example tape or paste a hand drawn

picture on poster board, or use pictures from other sources.

14. Models:A three dimensional model also provides a very effective visual aid. if your speech concern a house ,animal or car, for example you can bring in a smaller version of what you are talking about. Use the model to help the audience understand your key points better

RESUME PREPARATIONA résumé is a brief document that summarizes one’s employment history, education, and experiences that are relevant to one‟s qualifications for a particular job.

Resume gives a complete information about a candidate. Through resume the candidate is introduced to the employer. The resume consists of personal data, Qualification, Experiences and References.

Contents of the Resume:

1.Heading: Name of the candidate is to be highlighted and easily visible. The address (permanent and temporary), phone numbers and e-mail ID to be written clearly and without clutter2.Objective: Has to be specific, concise and clear. Not to be copied from another resume or the internet.3.Educational qualification: Are to be mentioned in chronological order (Preferably beginning with the most recently awarded degree and working backwards). The details to be given include:

Name of the degree or certificate programmeName and location of the institution & University where the degree was granted Year that the degree was granted Percentage / CGPA / Scale

4.Relevant Work Experience: Are to be mentioned in chronological order (Preferably beginning with the most recent employment details and working backwards as required). ). The details to be mentioned include:

Name and address of organization/employerDates of employment, Position title and ResponsibilitiesSkills learned (if job has little relevance to the position for which you are applying) Accomplishments / Achievements on the particular job

5.Related Skill sets and Expertise: Put the most important skills at the beginning. If necessary, separate different categories of skills (software, secretarial, laboratory skills etc.)




6.Achievements and Accomplishments: Mention Noteworthy awards, commendations received. By who, when and why it was conferred on you?7.Activities / Interests / Hobbies: Employers are interested in activities, professional affiliations, volunteer work etc. Include hobbies that are not commonplace.

Remember to limit your activities to those which fit one or more criteria: Shows leadership, communication, creativity and is related to your field

8.References:Mention the references only if it is specifically sought. Else, just mention that the references will be furnished upon request.9.Personal Information: Keep it very brief and to the extent required. The Date of Birth, Gender and Marital status can be mentioned here.A declaration stating that all the information furnished is true maybe written after the personal details. The resume, finally needs to be signed and dated.

GROUP DISCUSSIONGroup discussion is one of the important and popular techniques being used in number

of personality tests. It involves understanding listening, sharing ideas, experience, accepting others point of view and criticism.

It is a systematic oral exchange process. It is a systematic interactive process of exchanging information, views, issues, problems, and opinions about a topic, or situation among members of a group.

Definition: Group discussion may be defined as a form of systematic and purposeful oral process characterized by the formal and structured exchange of views on a particular topic, issue, problem or situation for developing information and understanding essential for decision making or problem solving.

Objectives of Group discussion:1.It helps in producing a range of options or solutions.2.Helps in generating ideas by examining various issues in greater depth,looking at different dimensions of the issues.3.Helps in developing skills in interpersonal communication and in expressing the view a in a clear manner.4.It is an effective mean of changing attitudes through the influence of peers in the group. 5.Group discussion is considered to be a valuable means of obtaining feedback for them on verbal skills, motivation level and personal traits of the participants and characters of the particular group.




FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED BY PARTICIPANTS IN A GROUP DISCUSSION1. Subject knowledge2. Presentation3. Language4. Logical thinking5. Clarity in thoughts6. Body language7. Dress code8. Exchange of information9. Discuss each others interpretation10. Stay on topic.

InterviewInterview is a selection techniques which enables the employers in selecting a suitable candidate for a particular job. Interview is a purposeful exchange of ideas,the answering of questions and communication between two or more persons.

Preparations for Interview and its process:

Interviews are a critical part of the hiring process. Certain guidelines that interviewers can follow are:1.The interviewer are required to prepare themselves first for conducting the interview.The applications received must be stored and scrutinized. The suitable qualified candidates are selected for interviewing.2.Suitable arrangement is to be made in the room where interview is conducted. 3.prepare in advance:The interviewer have to prepare the following before interview. create agenda and structure for the interview ,including time limits. Work with HR,peer and staffs to develop a set of questions.4.Come up with question with four categories:a) fact finding ,Creative thinking questions ,Problem solving questions, Behavioural questions 5.interview the candidate in person whenever possible.6.Create an agenda7.Take notes during the interview8.Pay attention to the candidates nonverbal cues during the interview9. Fact checking or background verifications.




Types of Interviews: 1.Placement Interview:Placement interview refers to the interview which is designed to assign employees to positions or to move them from one position to another .

2.Discipline Interview:A disciplinary interview refers to the interview that provides the opportunity for employee and manager to engage in a full and frank two way discussion.

3.Assesment Interview:This type of interview is also known as appraisal interview. It is one of the methods of periodical assessment of employees.

4.Exit Interview:This type of interview is conducted to know the reason for resigning the job. Exit interview is mainly conducted to get information for the final settlement to an employee regarding final Cheque, Earned Leave, Provident fund etc .

5.Promotion interview:This type of interview is conducted to present employees who are eligible for the higher post. Clarifications about responsibilities ,duties and expectations are made during this type of interview.

6.Stress Interview:Stress interviews are conducted to test the candidates actions ,reactions ,behaviourial pattern etc. Normally this type of interview is conducted selection of personnel for managerial job.

7.Employment Interview:Employment or selection interviews are held to find most suitable candidates for the job. Employment interviews are usually conducted taken by a panel of interview.

8.Tele Interview:Tele interview or telephonic interview is a pre –scheduled interview that takes between a recruiter and candidate. Who has applied for a job role that takes place over the telephone.




Requirements for successful Interview:1. Find out the location of the employer in advance.2. Arrive 15mins early for the interview3. Take minimum 5 copies of resume, and PP photos3. Dress in a conservative and appropriate manner4. Greet the interviewer with a firm handshake.5. Establish good eye contact6. Give the interviewer undivided attention7. Relate your work experience and academic course work directly to the job skills required.8. Be alert the cues that’s the interview is about to end.

Tips for writing Good resume:1. An attractive resume title2. A clear career objective3. A brief and crisp summary of yourself4. Detailed Education Qualification5. Detailed Work Experience6. Key and Important Achievement7. Your strengths and weakness8. Your hobbies and interests9. References 10.Personal details

Gesture:Gesture refers to a form of non verbal communication in which visible bodily actions

communicate particular messages, either in place of speech or together and in parallel with words.

Posture:Posture is a position of a person’s body when standing or sitting.

Dress code:Dress code refers to a set of rules specifying the type of clothing to be worn by a group

or by people under specific circumstances.

Facial expression:Showing the expression on the face is known as facial expression. Ex Smile, Bush, Happiness,




Sadness, Anger, disgust, fear, surprise.




Prepare a resume for the post of Software Engineer in a Company with imaginary details




QuestionsSection A (2 Marks)1. Define communication.2. List 4 impediments to effective communication.3. What is the role of noise in communication process?4. What is a group discussion?5. What is communication gap?6. What are presentation aids? Give examples. Section B (6 Marks)1. Explain the communication process in detail.2. Write a note on the principles of communication3. What are the principles of effective listening?4. How to develop the matter for a speech?5. How does a candidate prepare for attending an interview? Section C (14 Marks)1. Discuss the types and forms of communication in detail.2. Explain in detail the impediments / barriers to communication. What are the strategies to overcome theimpediments / barriers?3. What are the impediments to listening? How can we improve our listening skills?4. What is meant by non verbal communication? Explain the elements of body language.




5. Prepare a resume to apply for the position of Finance Executive at Client Associates, Bangalore.

Public Relations and Corporate Communications



UNIT V . CAREER PLANNING

Career can be defined as an individual’s growth in the his work experience in due course of time and involves numerous activities based on his work which gives a sense of stability, discipline, and significance to his existence.

According to Hall “ A career can be defined as the individually perceived sequence of work related experiences and activities over the span of the person’s life”

According to Veron Zunkar” career is the activities and positions involved in vocations, occupations and jobs as well as related activities associated with an individual’s lifetime of

work”The process that enables individuals to choose their career and the way through which he can

achieve those goals is called career planning.

According to Schermerhorn” career planning is a process of systematic matching career goals and individuals capabilities with opportunities for their fulfillment.

Importance /Objectives of career planning:1. To attract and retain talented employment:The employees feel motivator as they weakness growth in their career and get promoted and

become loyal to words of the organization.2. To guide and persuade employees:The guidance and persuasion provided by career planning helps employees about their

capabilities. It also enlightens employees about their personal interests, skills , strengthens and weakness and their impact on the job.

3. To foresee future vacancies .Career planning foresees vacant job positions at managerial level that might in the future as a

result of resignation retirement or death.4. To asset in growth and development of organization:Career planning helps in growth and development of the organizations as well as it

recognizes the employees that could be used to fill future vacancies.




5. To combine individuals and organizations needs:The main objective of career planning is to integrate employee and organization requirements

career planning scans for employees treats that can be exploited for the growth of the organization

6. TO enhance employees Self Esteem and motivation:Career planning enhance employee’s self esteem and motivation by providing them jobs that

match their set of skills and also at times by providing them promotions.Source of Information1. People:The best sources of information are those people who are already working as the profession

The professionals have the best knowledge of their field.2. Career literatureMagazines , Journals , professional and hand books etc.. are career information.3. Internet and online sources:The internet is another vast pool of easily accessible information based a lot of information

regarding almost every field is easily available on internet.4. Educational program and Institutions:Most progressive schools and educational institutions treat career counseling as an integral

and important component of their main stream activity by organizing lectures about career plan they can create awareness about different career.

5. Major employee:Just an individual are need of an appropriate job major employees like large companies

and organizations are also on the lookout for good and suitable employees such employees themselves take the initiative and discriminate appropriate information so that reaches the targeted section.

6. Organizations of professional and skilled:The people those who are working in the organization that is skilled workers and

professionals employees within the organization will give good information about a particular job.




Choosing a careerSome information considerations while choosing a career are as follows1. Interests:Personal interests are of paramount importance when it comes to choosing a career after

else. If one chooses a profession of his interest not only would be do well professionally but would also be happy and satisfied.

2. Career opportunities:One should carefully weight all the options while making a career choice in terms of working

conditions difficulty of working availability of alternative.3. Education and training :Every individual must also care fully understand the educational and skill requirements of a

career before deciding upon it.

Career counseling.Career counseling/career guidance may be defined as professional expert advice to

individuals on the choice, change and growth of their career.

Career PlanningCareer planning is the systematic determination of the career prospects, career development and career growth of the individual employees in advance for a given future period.According to Edwin B. Flippo, “ a career is define as a sequence of separate but related work

activities that provides continuity , order and meaning in a persons life”.Objectives of career planning:1.TO attract skilled and competent persons 2.TO retaining the employees3.TO motivate the Employees 4.To train the employees5.Future needs of the organization 6.To train and develop the employees




Merits of career planning:1.Knowledge to various long-term career:

The process of career planning helps individuals to have knowledge to various long-term career opportunities.

2. Select career suitable to their lifestyles:This knowledge helps them select career suitable to their lifestyles, preferences. Etc.

3. Job satisfaction:It helps organizations identify internal employees for promotion adding to retention.

Internal promotions, up gradations and transfers motivate employees, boost morale & lead to job satisfaction.4. Employee commitment:Increased job satisfaction enhances employee commitment & loyalty with a sense of belonging to the organization.5. Await his turn of promotion:Employee will await his turn of promotion rather than changing to another organization

which lowers employee turnover.6. Employees performance on the job:It improves employees performances on the job by tapping their potentials this leads to employee growth.7. Satisfies employee’s esteem needs:It satisfies employee’s esteem needs which results in employee retention.For organizations:1. Availability of human resources:Correct career planning & development ensures the availability of human resources with required skill, knowledge and talent.2. Ability to attract and retain:The efficient policies and practices improve the organizations ability to attract and retain highly skilled and talented employees.3. Reduces work frustrations:Career planning satisfies employees expectations and reduces work frustrations leading to job satisfactions & company loyalty.4. Promoting organizational goodwill: By protecting the employee’s interests , career planning & development results in promoting organizational goodwill.




Demerits of career planning:1. Not suitable for small units: Not suitable for small units where there are few opportunities for vertical growth of employees.2. Several environmental factors: Several environmental factors such as government policy, laws of the land, reservation based on castes , regional pressures, union demands etc. may upset career planning and development efforts.3. Do not have scope: Some careers do not have scope for much advancement.4. Influence of technological or economic factors: Career opportunities for certain categories reach the declining stage due to the influence of technological or economic factors. Such problems give rise to career shift.5. Business process reengineering: Business process reengineering, technological changes and business environmental factors force the business firms to restructure the organizations by delayering and downsizing.6. Fails to focus on any of the career: If the individual fails to focus on any of the career related issues clearly, problems may crop up(Eg. Early career issues, mid career issues, late career issues. Minority groups, dual career couples, failure to match task and emotional needs, post retirement issues, forced lay off issues etc)

Sources of potential Employment: I.Internal Sources :1.Transfers 2.Promotions 3.Present Employees II.External Sources:1.Advertisement 2.Employment Exchange 3.Schools ,college and Universities 4.Recomendations of Existing Employees 5.Factory gates 6.Casual callers 7.Labour Unions 8.Labour contractors 9.Former Employees10Employment Exchanges




Career options in commerce:

1.Accountant 2.Accountant

Executive 3.Charted Accountant 4.Compnay

secretary 5.Cost accountant 6.Finance analyst

7.Finance planner 8.Finance manager

9.Finance controller 10.Finance consultant

11.Investment Analyst 12.Stock broker

13.Portfolio manager 14.Tax Auditor

15.Event Mangers 16.Statistician

17.Economist

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