Name: ____________________________________ Date: 3/21/16 Period: _____

Global 1: Ferdinand Magellan

The Age of Exploration was a very important time period in world history. The events of this era gave rise to powerful empires as well as widespread economic change in Europe, Asia and the Americas. The wealth generated by trade and the revolutionary new technology invented to make exploration possible helped make many men very powerful. One of these key players was a Portuguese explorer named Ferdinand Magellan. His actions during the Age of Exploration opened a brand new chapter in European maritime trade and encounters with the diverse people of the world.

1. Who was Ferdinand Magellan? Where was he from?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Magellan grew up during a time when the kings of Europe were increasing their power and wealth by paying for explorers to find new land and collecting taxes from anyone who wanted to use those lands to make money for themselves. Magellan wasn’t rich enough to pay for his own ship but he was an intelligent planner and he decided to use the king of Spain to pay for his own voyage.

2. How did Magellan plan to pay for his voyage?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Ferdinand Magellan was a cartographer (map-maker) from the country of Portugal. He grew up during a time when the Portuguese government was establishing trade routes along the coasts of Africa. He wanted to be a part of this venture when he came of age.

What did the artist of this painting include to let the viewer know that Magellan was an explorer?

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Just like Columbus, Magellan used the money of the King of Spain to pay for ships so he wouldn’t have to pay out of his own pocket.

Magellan’s ability to convince the king to invest millions of dollars is evidence that he was a

A. Bloodthirsty warrior C. Pius ChristianB. Talented negotiator D. Backstabbing traitor

Magellan was a very fair man. He knew that the king of Spain was spending a large amount of money to pay for five ships to sail across the ocean. Magellan agreed to let the king have 95% of the taxes and wealth generated by the discovery of any new lands. Magellan wasn’t in it for the money, he was in it for the adventure.

3. How did Magellan plan to pay the king back for funding his trip?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Magellan wasn’t just a fair man; he was very brave as well. Christopher Columbus had come back from the New World claiming that he had found a way to get to the East Indies (and the spices there) by sailing west. The Spanish soon figured out that North and South America were brand new continents and they were in the way of anyone who wanted to sail to India by going west. Magellan figured out that he could pull it off by going around South America but it would be very dangerous. Magellan decided to do it anyway and become the first man to circumnavigate the Earth (sail around the whole world).

4. What did Magellan want to do that indicated he was very brave?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Magellan was not only brave enough to attempt this trip, he was also willing to let anyone come with him that wanted to no matter where they were from. Magellan’s original crew was made up of people from Portugal, England, France, Spain and Italy but eventually the Spanish government forced him to replace his crew with mostly Spanish sailors because they didn’t trust him not to steal the ships.

Magellan believed strongly in paying back his debts. He agreed to let the king have most of the wealth generated by his voyage.

Does Magellan’s strict code of honor make him a good man? Why or why not?

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Magellan’s plan was to sail around the world by going south, around South America and across the Pacific Ocean to the Indies. It had never been done before

Would you be willing to go on such a dangerous trip? Why or why not?

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Magellan’s ships left Spain in October of 1519 and arrived in South America in November. He and his crew interacted with the native South Americans who were very happy to see them and trade with them. Magellan and his men bartered some of their own personal possessions in exchange for food and fresh water. Magellan’s decision to trade with the locals improved their economy and made South America a better place to live while they were there. Some of the natives were much larger than the Europeans and on the advice of one of his scientists, Magellan decided to let some of the natives come back to Spain with them in order to increase European scientific knowledge on the size and shape of the human body.

5. What action did Magellan take in South America that was beneficial (good for) to both the locals and the Europeans?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

In 1520 Magellan and his crew crossed the Pacific Ocean. Along the way Magellan learned that his men had been abusing their cabin boys (poor European teenagers who worked as servants on trade ships). Magellan’s crew told him that it was none of his business how they treated their own servants and that it was okay for them to do it because the cabin boys were members of Europe’s lower class. Magellan was not convinced by their arguments and ordered the abuse to stop. When several of his crew members mutinied, Magellan and his men had them killed. Magellan proved that he was a kind leader who protected the innocent but he wasn’t afraid to use force to maintain control of his ships.

Magellan and his men traded European jewels for food and other supplies that they badly needed for their trip. The natives were able to use these jewels to improve their own economies by trading them with other native tribes.

How would you feel if you were a native and you saw Magellan coming to shore with valuable things for sale?

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Three of the five captains that served under Magellan tried to revolt against him and take the ships back to Spain. Magellan had them executed for their crimes.

Do you think Magellan’s actions were justified? Why or why not?

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In February of 1521 Magellan’s ships arrived in the Philippines, an archipelago in Southeast Asia. Magellan was the first European to reach these islands and he immediately tried to convince the people there to join his religion (Christianity). The king of the first island that they landed on agreed to be baptized by Magellan’s priests if the Europeans agreed to defeat his enemies for him. Magellan agreed and April 27th, 1521 he landed on the island of Mactan with a small force of soldiers. The Mactanians outnumbered Magellan 100 to 1 but he still tried to keep his promise to the king. Magellan knew that the battle couldn’t be won and ordered his men to get back to their boats and escape. He stayed behind and fought the Mactanians by himself until he was knocked into the water and stabbed to death. Magellan sacrificed himself so his men could get away safely from the island.

6. What happened to Magellan in the Battle of Mactan? Why?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Magellan’s men continued to sail west around Africa and finally back to Spain. They successfully opened a brand new trade route and finally accomplished what Columbus had set out to do in 1492. The Spanish government became even richer than before and named many areas of the route after Magellan. Even though he did not survive the trip, Magellan successfully made history and became one of the most influential people of the Age of Exploration.

Magellan tried to fight the entire army of Mactan by himself in order to allow time for his men to escape to safety.

How do you think Magellan’s men felt about him when they got back to their ships?

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How did Magellan’s actions affect the world in a positive way?

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Name: ____________________________________ Date: 3/21/16 Period: _____

Global 1: Ferdinand Magellan

The Age of Exploration was a very important time period for the people and governments of Europe. The new sources of wealth and cultural diffusion that were created by the explorers allowed the governments of Europe to grow rich and powerful. However the years between 1500 and 1600 were not pleasant for the people of Mesoamerica, South America and the East Indies (Spice Islands). That is because the explorers who arrived there from Europe were cruel, ruthless conquerors who wanted nothing more than to steal everything valuable from these people and exploit them for slave labor. One of the most influential explorers who allowed them to do this was Ferdinand Magellan.

1. Who was Ferdinand Magellan? Where was he from?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Magellan had seen Christopher Columbus return from his voyages in the Caribbean and he heard about all the new lands that the Europeans had not yet taken control of. Magellan soon found out that the land that Columbus found was not India, but he could find a way there by going around the lands that Columbus had found. In order to do this however, he needed a ship and the only person in Europe who could afford to give him one was the king of Spain.

2. How did Magellan pay for his planned trip? Why didn’t he use his own money?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Magellan in 1519

Magellan was an explorer/conquistador from the country of Portugal. He grew up hearing stories about other Portuguese explorers that had taken control of the coasts of Africa and became very rich.

What is Magellan wearing and holding in this image that indicates he is ready for violence?

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Magellan wanted to sail to the New World and exploit the new land to get rich but he didn’t want to spend his own money to do that. In order to pay for the trip, he struck a deal with the King of Spain, Charles V (the fifth).

Magellan’s actions in 1519 indicated that he was;

A. Violent B. Cheap C. Shortsighted D. Uneducated

Magellan was not a very good negotiator. In exchange for the rights to use Spanish ships, he agreed to let the king of Spain own 95% of all the money that was generated by the expedition. Magellan and his crew were the ones taking all the risk but they would be getting almost none of the money that they made through their hard work.

3. Who got the better end of the deal to fund Magellan’s journey? Why?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Once he finally had his ships, Magellan needed to figure out how he was going to get to India by sailing west when so many other explorers had failed. He knew that there was another ocean on the other side of Mesoamerica but he didn’t know how big it was. He decided to try to cross it anyway and complete the first circumnavigation of the world (sailing around the whole world). Magellan was taking a huge risk by setting off on this journey without knowing if he could actually pull it off. He was not only risking his own life, but all of the people under his command. Magellan was being very reckless.

4. How did Magellan plan on getting to the Spice Islands? Why was it so risky?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

As part of their agreement, all of the islands discovered by Magellan would become property of the Spanish government. Magellan and his men were doing all the work and the king was making all the money.

In your opinion, was Magellan an intelligent man? Explain your answer.

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Magellan planned to sail around the entire world, stop in the Spice Island to trade for Spice and return to Spain. He did not know how large the world was or if he had enough food and water for the whole trip.

Would you want to go on this trip if you knew how dangerous it was? Why or why not?

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Magellan wanted to pick his own crew that would support him on his voyage but he was overruled by the Spanish government. Many people in Spain didn’t trust Magellan because he was from Portugal. They were afraid that he would try to steal the ships from Spain and bring the spices to the Portuguese king instead of bringing them back to Spain. Magellan accidently made the situation worse by trying to hire sailors from all over Europe instead of from Spain like he was told to do.

5. Why didn’t the Spanish government trust Magellan? How did he make everything worse?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Despite the problems, Magellan and his ships left Spain in October of 1519 and headed south. They reached South America in November and immediately began trade with the natives that they encountered. The natives were friendly to the Europeans because they had never seen anything like them before and Magellan took advantage of their ignorance. Magellan’s men traded a few small pieces of glass jewelry for tons of food and barrels of fresh water. The natives did not know that the jewels they received were not worth much but Magellan didn’t tell them this. He then decided to take several natives hostage and chained them to the wall in the cargo bay of one of his ships. Magellan wrote in his diary that he was surprised by how tall the natives were and wanted to show them off when he got back to Spain. None of the natives survived the trip and Magellan became an accessory to murder as a result.

6. How did Magellan and his men take advantage of the friendly natives in South America?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Magellan tried to hire crewmembers from England, France, Germany and Italy even though the Spanish already didn’t trust him for being foreign.

Do you think Magellan’s choice of crew was smart? Why or why not?

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Magellan’s men took several South American natives captive because he thought that their large size was “interesting.” He planned to sell them to scientists back in Spain as slaves.

Is there ever a good reason to take a person as a slave? Explain your answer.

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Magellan and his ships crossed the Pacific Ocean in 1520 and it was then that Magellan finally took notice of the crimes that his crew members were committing. For the entire journey Magellan’s men had been abusing and hurting their servants (called cabin boys) and Magellan had turned a blind eye. Magellan didn’t want to stop the abuse because he was worried about how his crew would respond. When he finally did order the abuse to stop, his men turned on him and tried to kill him. Magellan only managed to prevent a mutiny by violently killing the rebelling men and leaving twenty others to starve to death by leaving them behind in a small raft.

7. How did Magellan deal with the rebellion that took place on his ships in 1520?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

In 1521 Magellan’s fleet finally reached the Spice Islands of the Philippines. Magellan tried to convince the local kings to convert to Christianity and his actions eventually lead to his violent death. While negotiating with one king, Magellan agreed to fight and kill another king in exchange for spices and religious conversions. Magellan took 49 soldiers with him and tried to fight his way through 1,500 angry native warriors to the king of the island of Mactan. Magellan was stabbed in the arm with a bamboo spear and then surrounded by hundreds of Mactanian warriors who repeatedly stabbed him until he died. Magellan had died while trying to fight thirty heavily armed natives at the same time.

8. How did Magellan die?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

In 1520 Magellan had a third of his men killed and left twenty of his men drifting in the middle of the ocean in a small boat.

Do you think Magellan made the right choice in dealing with the mutiny? Why or why not?

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Magellan

Magellan believed that his metal armor and weapons would protect him from the wooden and stone weapons of the native warriors. He tried to fight thirty of them at the same time by himself.

Would you want to follow a leader like Magellan into battle? Why or why not?

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After his death, Magellan’s men took his ship, loaded it with spices and returned to Spain. The Spanish government took the spices and sold them to rich landowners all over Europe. The Spanish king was then able to use Magellan’s trade route to send armies of Conquistadors all over the world. These men violently attacked native populations in Asia and South America for another 100 years. Magellan’s actions allowed the governments of Europe to exploit the native people of the world.

How did Magellan’s actions affect the world in a negative way?

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Name: ____________________________________ Date: 3/23/16 Period: _____

Global 1: Socratic Seminar Debate Sheet

Directions: Answer the following questions and read the prompts that follow to prepare to respond to arguments made by the opposing (opposite/enemy) side.

1. Was Ferdinand Magellan a curious explorer looking for new lands and adventure or was he a bloodthirsty conquistador who was only interested in killing innocent people and taking their things by force? (Hint: What kind of clothes did he wear that proves he was harmless?)____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

-When the other side says that he must be a violent conquistador because he wears armor and carries a sword, you could respond that he has to use them to defend himself (he has a very dangerous job after all).

2. How do you know that Magellan was good at negotiating and making deals? (Hint: Who did he convince to pay for his entire journey so he didn’t have to?)____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

-When the other side says that Magellan was cheap because he didn’t want to use his own money, you could say that he was being smart because it’s never a good idea to use your own money when planning a trip that could end badly.

3. Was Magellan honorable? Did he pay his debts? If so, how? (Hint: look to see what deal he made with the king to pay him back)

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-If the other side claims that Magellan was foolish to agree to give 95% of his profits ($ left over after taxes), you could say that Magellan wasn’t in it for the money, he was above things like that and he was a true adventurer. (Also 5% ownership on all the places and things he found is a LOT of money)

4. How do you know that Magellan was brave? What was he willing to do that had never been tried before?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

-If the other side tries to argue that Magellan was foolish or reckless for taking his men somewhere that had never been explored before (which might put them in danger), you could say that that’s the whole point of the Age of Exploration, and Magellan had 5 of the most advanced ships in the world. They could handle anything.

5. What kind of crew did Magellan put together that proves he isn’t racist? (Where were his crew members from?)____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

-If the other side mentions that Magellan was making the political situation in Spain tense by hiring an international crew, you can respond by saying that it doesn’t matter where the sailors were from, as long as they did their jobs better than anyone. (Maybe there weren’t enough talented sailors in Spain alone).

6. How did Magellan’s interactions with the natives in South America help their economy? (What did Magellan give them in exchange for food and water? What were the natives able to do with these things?)____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

-If the other side says that Magellan took advantage of the natives by giving them “worthless” trinkets, you could mention that the jewels that the Europeans gave them were rare in South America and therefor valuable. Also Magellan was trading for supplies, not gold or spices. He needed food and water to survive.

7. In what way did Magellan bow to the pressure put on him by his scientists? (What did he do with the giant natives that they found?)____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

-If the other side tries to argue that taking a native or two hostage is a “crime against humanity,” you could respond that the natives would have much better food, shelter and education in Europe considering that there was none of those things in South America at the time.

8. How did Magellan protect the innocent people on his ships? (What did he do when he found out about the situation with the cabin boys?)

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-If the other side says that Magellan waited too long to help the cabin boys and was a “murderer” for killing the crew members that rebelled, you could argue that Magellan didn’t know about the abuse of the Cabin Boys and that violence is acceptable if it’s in self-defense.

9. How did Magellan die? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

-If the other side claims that Magellan was a fool for attacking hundreds of enemy soldiers by himself, you can respond by saying that Magellan tried and succeeded in sacrificing himself so his men could escape.

10. How did Magellan affect the world in a positive way?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Name: ____________________________________ Date: 3/23/16 Period: _____

Global 1: Socratic Seminar Debate Sheet

Directions: Answer the following questions and read the prompts that follow to prepare to respond to arguments made by the opposing (opposite/enemy) side.

1. Was Magellan an innocent explorer or a conquistador who didn’t care about hurting natives?(How do you know? What is he wearing?)____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

- If the other side claims that Magellan is just an explorer, you could say that it’s obvious that he’s a conquistador because he often dressed for battle in a suit of armor and had a steel sword.

2. How do you know that Magellan was cheap? (Who’s money did he use to pay for his trip?)____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

- If the other side says that Magellan was smart for not using his own money in a risky venture, you can respond by saying that if he had used his own money and he succeeded, he would have gotten a bigger payout.

3. Why was Magellan’s deal with the king of Spain bad for him? (How big of a percent did he have to give back to the king when he got back?)____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________-If the other side tries to claim that Magellan got a large amount of money from just his small 5% you could counter by saying that he would have gotten a lot more if he had the other 95%.

4. What did Magellan plan to do that was very reckless? Why was it so dangerous?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________-If the other side says that Magellan was brave for going somewhere that hadn’t been explored yet you could respond that he wasn’t going alone, he was putting 270 other people in danger and he ended up getting most of them killed.

5. What kind of crew did Magellan want for his ships? (Where were they from?)____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________-If the other side tries to claim that Magellan wasn’t racist for trying to assemble an international crew you can point out that it wasn’t his choice to pick the crew because they weren’t his ships. Also his choice caused political tension which might have ruined his chances of going at all.

6. What did Magellan give to the natives in South America in exchange for food and water? Why was this kind of sketchy? (Think about the value of the rocks that Magellan gave them)____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________-If the other side claims that Magellan gave the natives jewels that were valuable to the natives because they were rare in South America, you could respond by saying that the natives didn’t know any better and Magellan was taking advantage of them. The jewels would eventually become worthless when other Europeans brought more with them to South America later.

7. What did Magellan do to some of the poor natives of South America?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________-If the other side says that Magellan’s kidnapping of the giant natives wasn’t so bad because they would have better lives in Europe you could say that that doesn’t matter because Magellan took them away from their friends and families forever and then let them die on the ships while chained to a wall like animals.

8. Why was Magellan’s handling of the situation with the cabin boys and the mutiny such a mistake? (Think about how long he took to help the cabin boys and the extreme way he stopped the rebellion)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________-If the other side tries to claim that Magellan took so long to help the cabin boys because he didn’t know that they were being mistreated, you can point out that the ships that they were sailing on were small and it would have been pretty hard for the sailors to keep Magellan from finding out before he did. Magellan probably knew about it but ignored it. Also Magellan overreacted by killing the men who rebelled against him. Violence like that isn’t necessary.

9. How did Magellan die?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________-If the other side argues that Magellan was a hero for sacrificing himself to save his men you can respond that he wouldn’t have had to die if he had just left the natives in the Philippines alone. Or he could have reasoned with them. He was really dumb for taking on 1,500 angry warriors by himself and he probably deserved to die for being so stupid.

10. How did Magellan’s voyage negatively affect the world (think about what must have happened to all the natives that were discovered by Europeans after Magellan mapped out their lands)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________