London Metropolitan Archives LMA/4521/C/02/0021

To Rich: Richardson2

att North-Bierlyin YorksheireThese present

SE/193

19 Sept 1704 | Mr James Petiver | an Apothecary in London | a Botanist and Naturalist | and Author of several Vols. | in Botany & Natural History4

Kind and Worthy Sir,

I am very sensible you may justly blame me for being so rude, as not sooner to acknowledge your very acceptible present of dry Specimens which I have so long receiv’d: I was in hopes Mr Buddle5 had in part done it for me, as I desired him, for which reason I did design to deferr it till after Christmass (this being a very busy season with us) and then to have sent you what you want of my Gazophylacick Tables6 with 20 others of East India Shells, which I shall have ready for you assoon as the Hollydays are over, and then I design to write more largely to you concerning what you have sent, and other things, in the interim I heartily wish you a merry Christmass, and a happy new Year.

who am,

Worthy Sir,

Your very affectionate Freind,and humble servant, James Petiver.

London7

December 20th1712.

f. 1r. Adversariorum Hodoeporicum8

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Praefatiuncula.9

Some will expect that I should give a Reason why I tooke this Jorney in hand, in truth I had noe other occasion, nei[ther]10 was there any thing in the world that compelled me to goe, but only meer Love to Learning: We have Learning indeed at home, but in noe such perfection as they have it in the Colledges, or at London; Therefore I was resolved with my self to goe and see Their Fashions, methods, and waies in their Philosophy and natural Learning (where to my Inclination most lead me). But I am not ignorant how that many of my Country men will laugh at me, and ask what it hath got me; Such sordid People as these do not deserve [re]ply only this answer I shall give them That I think I shall [h]ave a Grave, a winding sheet and perhaps a Coffin too, and that is [the] best that the best of them can expect where they have don[e] all they can in the World.

[These] Reasons that induced me to write this short narrative [of] my Jorney was to give some of my kind friends an account there of which I knew would not be unpleasant to some. Secondly to let others know, that I was not for leaveing my Country, as some were pleased to say at that time; if [so had] pleased Allmighty God that some evill should have [befallen me] in the way, so as I should not have got home [as some of] them would have said he is a Rogue he is gone [a way in] Debt But I could have gone softly on my [several words] and have not been affraid to have met [several words] or Acquaintance.

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I began my Jo\u/rney on the 20th day of July 1691 Early in the morning, haveing put 4 Ginnies11 and 20s of money in my Pocket, and humbly implored Gods Blessing on me and mine endeavours.

I made no remora12 till I came at Ingleborough13 I had hard Labour ere I was the Top thereof, I intended to have sought it very dilligently, but a most Dreadefull Thunder fire and Raine took me when I was on the Top of it; soe that I was forct to betake my Self to a Moorish House14, where I found goode hospitallity for that night.

These Plants I observed groweing on the Mount.

Vaccinia rubra buxifoliis..15

Chamaemorus16

Salix pumila folio rotundo.17

Sedum Alpinum ericoides.18

Sedum Alpinum luteum minus.19

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The next day I went to Kighley,20 and saw but little in my way, worth observation, only in the fields about Settle,21 I found great plenty of Cannabis Spuria flore luteo amplo, labro purpureo.22

The next Day about 12 a Clock I came to the Ingenious Dr Richardsons at North-Byerley.23 I staied till about 2 of the Clock the next afternoon, he hath a fine Collection both of Exotick and Spontaneous plants. 24 A Catalogue would be superfluous in this place: These Rarieties he hath kept in Spirit of wine

Serpens vulgaris.25

Lacerta volans.26

the Scolopendra.27

A little Crocodile.The Tarantula.The Phalangium.28

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haveing taken my Leave of him I went to Wakefield,29 I saw nothing of Plants about the Town but such like as I had observed about Carlisle this Summer.

The next day I went to Rotherham,30 here I found nothing but Sideritis folio rotundiore.31

The next day I went to Monkfields and in my way I found plenty of Carduus nutans.32

Conyza cerulea aeris.33

Centaurium luteum perfoliatum.34

The next Day I got to Wolerton Hall,35 now I began to Comb my head and Stroak my Beard and contemplate the gratefull prospect: the Building was High, 4 Square, at every Square a Tower, and a great Tower riseing in the midst all of freestone, built with most exquisit Architecture, the Court walls are set about with Leaden Potts gilded with Gold, with Belvedera growing in them. His Gardens are fine and Spacious he hath only goode Collection of both Spontaneous and Exotick Plants, but now we must goe into the hall, which is as pretty a hall as is in England for the bignes it carries, their Dineing Roomes are large, and hung with Curious Drawn-Pictures, their Tables are of marble, some of Red, some of white, some of black, and bordered with Silver, their Beds are Stately, two pair of Curtaines to one Bed, of Scarlet, they are curiously embossed at head and feet, and gilded with Gold. hence we are carried into the Library. it is well furnished with Bookes I think it is as good as any of the Collegiate Liberary’s at Oxford (I do not compare it with the Publick Liberary, hence we are carried into the Museum There are a great many very Strange Animals,

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Now was I put into an Extasie indeed, for I had never seen such a Collection of Naturall Things before (here are the Globes, the Spheres.) here are Trophies both from the East and west Indies, as well of Sea as the Lands, in Short it is a well furnished Museum, there are a great deal of Strang: Animals, some whole, and some in part, there is a good Collection of Coynes, and Medalls, of sea-shells of Birdsegge shells, and the best Collection of Insects in England, Except Mr. Charletons at the Temple-Barr; of which more when we come to London. from hence wee are carried into the Laboratory, where they prepare their Chymical Preparations, from hence into a secret arched little Roome, where two men may sit and Study the arch is all laid over Curious green Shells,36 and in the midst of it there is a Display of water, haveing seen the Rarities of this noble house, now must we goe to Nottingham and Taste their Ale, the weather and the waies were something foul, therefore we must goe in Coach, when we came at Nottingham I got the Coach-man and Supervisor of the Garden set in the Tavern, and went to view the Town, and Castle about the Castle wall I found plenty of Lychnis Sylvestris nona Clusii,37 and Horminum Sylvestre38 which were strange to me then, at my returne to the Taverne my Company were a quarrelling, which I did not Attribute to their Ill natures, but to the Damnable Strong Ale, which is the Strongest that ever I tasted and which did well appear in its affects on my Companions, at night we returned home with our heads well filld with the fumes of the Intoxicateing Liquor, the next day I left Wolerton Hall, I haveing Staied five days.

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The plants I observed growing wild about the Hall are these. Verbascum pulverulentum flore luteo39 Alsine hirsuta parvo flore, Caspari Bauheni40

Acanthium vulgare.41

Having left this noble house I went from thence to Sir Gervase Clifton’s of Clifton,42 I passed the River Trent in Charons Boat43 by the River side I found plenty of

Lactuca Sylvestris major odore Opii.44

Cardus tomentosus Corona fratrum,45

Dipsacus Sativus,46 Virga Pastoris major.47

The Gentleman had very good Beer in his Seller, but nothing of plants in his garden, onely in the Town I found great plenty of Conyza minor palustris,48 from thence I went

To the Earl of huntingdons, it is no fine Building, but delicately seated in the midst of a pleasant Park, he hath little in his garden, only these I observedConvolvulus major americanus,49 and A Calabash50 (I think it was 3 yards about taken about haveing taken a little refreshment in the Sellar)

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I went to my Lord Ferras’s51 where are fine Gardens and waterworks, one place I cannot but mention it was a Summer house standing upon Pillars, [under] it was a large Bason of marble, supported with six Angells of fine polished marble, with one hand they supported and out of the other went a Display of water, which flew up fiercely against the convex side of a large brazen bason, and so made a pleasant singing noise, which a man might hear a pretty [while] in before he came at the hall, there were Busts

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Divers other water works which I have not time here to discribe, here is the finest Plantation of orange Limmon, and Pomegranate Trees that ever I see with as fair and as large fruite growing on them as any that come from Spaine or the other hott Countries, the last excepted with only blows, they grow in a large glass house, which is as large as many a Countrey-mans barne: Their Gardens are adorned with delicate Statues of many of the heathen Gods, they have some rare and beautifull plants growing in their gardens as

Clematis PannoniaeFlos Cardinalis52

Flos Passionalis (a flower of an odd form and beauty).53

Yucca Indica.54

Aloe Americana55

Trachelium Pyramidale56

And many more which I have no time to enumerate here, haveing seen their Avery57 and taken a Bottle of Ale: I went from Thence to the Earl of Chesterfields,58 His Gardens are fine, or rather finer than my Lord Ferras’s, in the midst of one waterwork stands Perseus with Medusa’s head in one hand, and a Display of water in the other, on his right hand is a Dolphin and a Triton, and on his left hand is another Dolphin and Triton, throwing water at each other about the borders of the Pond stands pretty Boies59 or Angels, spouting water at each other, here are statues of many of the heathen Gods, and also of many of the Grecian and Roman heroes, all in Marble, haveing seen the rarieties of this noble house and taken a little refreshment in the Sellar

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I went from thence to Tamworth, a good Town with one Parish Church60 in it, and old Castle belonging to it, it was one of the heptarthical Seat,61 an[d] the Mansion of the Mercian Kings, here was noe dear Lodging for me, for I staied betwixt Saturday night and munday morning for one shilling.

From hence I went to Warwick, I had the worst Travelling this day that ever I had in my Life for in about 3 miles Compasse in Warwickshire so strange and sudden a Raine fell on the night that it had amost like to have drowned the Country, they told me that the Water had carryed away 3 thousand Stocks of Corne, I waded near a mile in water to the knees, upon a narrow Causey, (the stones were very sharp for my feet) and if I had slipt one either side, I had falln in, to the head, but I comforted my self with the sight I should have of the

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Reliques of the noble Champion Guy of Warwick62 when I came at the farr side, Warwick is a fine large and handsome Town, well seated in a good and wholsome Air, haveing in it 3 parish-Churches, with a strong and Magnificent Castle, belonging to my Lord Brook, hard within the Gates of it is a little house where are kept the Reliques of Guy Earl of Warrick, as his headpiece, Breast-plate, Sword, and his walking Cane etc. about a little mile from the Town is the Cave where he Dyed, now much defaced, here was little of vegetables worth observation, only in the River which runs through part of the Town, there is great plenty of Sagitta major,63 and Sagitta minor angustifolia.64

From hence, I went to Banbury, from Banbury to Oxford

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My business in this City was, To see the Colledges, and their Liberaries, the Physick-Garden; Museum, and the Laboratory,65 and what other Rarities I could see. I staied ten daies here, 5 daies I spent in viewing the places above said, and what other Rarieties the City did afford me, the other 5 daies I spent with the Ingenious Mr. Floyd66 keeper of the Museum, we went about Thirty miles into the Country, a Lithoscoping [or Gathering formed Stones] A catalogue of them were of little use here except the figures were added, also, The Coledgians were very Kind to mee, Especially my Countrymen Mr. Archer,67 Mr Raylton of Carlisle,68 Mr John Jefferson69 and Mr William Pennyngton,70 The plants I observed about the City in the Fields are these

Laudanum Segetum quorundum flore rubro,71

Stachys G.72

Anagallis flore caeruleo.73

Buglossum Luteum.74

Sium majus latifolium75

Elaphoboscum Matthioli.76

Elatinae folio subrotundo,77

Onobrychis, sive caput Gallinaceum.78

Orchis Spiralis alba odorata.79

having greatly Satisfied myself in this City, I buskled80 for London. The first Lodging Place I came at after I left Oxford was Henly,81 a handsome Town, well built of Brick, and flint, seated pleasantly, fast by the pleasant River Thames, about this Town I found great Plenty of

Betulus sive Carpinus.82

Fagus.83

Viorna,84

Verbascum nigrum flore ex luteo purpurascente85

from

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hence I went to Winsor,86 it is a fine and a large Town, Seated hard by the River Thames, haveing the Sweet Breezes of a Good and Serene Air, my Business here was to see the Castle, and the Face of a Court, I hired one of the Townsmen to goe along with me to the Castle, the first thing of note that presented it self to our view, was in the Court, King Charles his Statue on horseback, railed about with Iron, and Spikes gilded with gold, from hence we were carried to the Magazine, then we were Carried into St. George’s hall, the finest hall in England, it is not so large as Westminster hall, but it farr enough excells it in Beauty, at the high end of the hall St George’s Picture is, drawn in large and full proportion, it is set about with Buffets covered with Scarlet, the floor is flaggd with black and white marble, In truth were it mine I would think it a fine hall indeed, hence we were carried to a fine Gallery, supported by four huge Giants, hence we were carried into the Kings Dineing Roome, and also into the Queens Dineing Roome, they were fine Roomes indeed, the Tables were of Silver, supported with pretty Angels of Silver with golden crowns on their heads, hence we were carried to the Kings presence Chamber and also to the Queens, and to the Kings bed chamber, and to the Queens, which you must think were sumptious Roomes, their Curtaines were of Scarlet, the Beds curiously emboss’d and adorned, with Curious work in Gold, in short it is a very fine Castle and there is the finest drawn work in it that ever I saw, they told me the finest in the world, haveing seen what I could see, and parted with some

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of my moneys, for the sight of these Novelties I refreshed my self a little in the Town And then I tript away for Hampton Court, at present the Pallace is a building, but when It is finished, it will certainely be the finest place in all the Kings Dominions, The King hath here one of the best Collections, of Exotick Plants that is in Europe, all kept in Glass-houses, this Collection belonged to a Nobleman of holland, and when he died he gave it to his present majesty King William,87 haveing seen what I could see, about the Palace, I went into the Parkes, to see the Kings Deer, Phesanteries, and the Kings Canolls,88 in the old Park I found plenty of

Caryophylus virgineus89 and great plenty ofViscum vulgare90 growing upon the Trees

From hence I went to Kingston upon Thames, where I staied all night with my kind Countryman Mr Septimius Foster, I got up early the next morning, and hired a Boat for London, (for I was resolved to goe by water) now came I to the banks of the English Nile, humbly imploreing that Divine Power whose glory and bounty was here to be read, in such lively Characters to be kind, and fortunate to me, Thinking if Nilus was a Deity to the Egyptians The River Thames might be so to the English (a subordinate dispenser of the great Benefactors Gracious [and] plentifull liberallity to his Creatures, taken [one word] the arbitrary Lisence of Etymologists [several words]91 forename (not as (Jordan like) it is [several words] it is [several words] united

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springs or streams but with a Quasi92 from θέα93 and Ισισ (the Egyptian Goddess Isis). This was the pleasantest 20 miles, that ever I went, I could have been glad, to have been rowed on the river till now, the River was finely bedeckt with Swans, the banks thereof with Pretty Townes and Noblemens Pallaces, all the way to London, Amongst the rest of the Boteman showed me the Princes’ of Wales Palace, which was a Shame to all the rest, for it was an old kiln like, he told me also he was so good on foot, when he should have been born at whitehall, that the Midwife could scarcely catch him on the Bed, he told me his father was a Tyler (that made Brick) and that his wife and he were both gone into France with him94 and so left the Kiln Empty. But now we come in sight of fair London.

My Business at London was 1. To see their Physick-Gardens; 2. To see their Museums; 3. To talk with Learned men: The Gardens I visited was first Chelsey-Garden.95 a pretty Collection but not such as many boast it to be: The next was the Bishop’s of London at Fulham,96 a very good Collection; The next was Capt. Fosters at Lambeth a pretty handsome Collection it is, with a good plantation of Orang: and Limmon Trees, Also a pretty aviary there is with Several birds; as well Aquatick as Terrestrial; the [next] Mr Clemants at miles End.97 The museums I was att. were 1st Mr Coniers an Apothecary98 in [one word missing]99 lane, this Collection as I was credibly informed [words missing] thousand Pounds, The Collection is not so [words missing] respected for its fineness as for the

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Antiquity of the Things he hath. he hath Severall Chinesian writeings, and very many old Manuscripts: The Next was, the Collection belonging to the Royall Society, at Gresham Colledge, which is a very fine one, but Dr Grew,100 that writ a Catalogue of the Things, and described them very well, therefore I shall say noe more of them; the next and last was W

Mr Charletons101 at Temple-Barr here I see all most whatever I had seen in other Museums before, and a great Deal more, and farr finer, This was the finest Collection that ever I saw and well may I say so, that never have been out of England, for those that have been at Leyden, Paris, Rome, and divers other places of the World, told me that it was the best Collection in Europe; he showed us one folio Booke that cost him three hundred pounds, It had Birds, fishes, Insects, Shells and Stones, drawn in it to the very life, he bought it at Paris, it was drawn by the french kings Painter.102 (which made me think, if the English could win ffrance, they would well nigh have as rich a Booty, as the Grecians had at the gaineing of the Persian Monarchy from the Persians,) All his Insects are kept in Drawers and covered with transparent glass, to keep them from the injuries of the Air, he hath most of not all the Serpents mentioned by Authors, kept in clear glasses full of Spirit of wine, his Medalls, coynes, shells, formed stones, and many other Rarieties, lie upon either black, red or green velvet; here

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here you might have seen divers of the shells called Nautilus, curiously polished, with Venus and Cupid, on one side, and Bacchus and the nine muses on the others, ingraven to the life, he shewed us one Trochus103 of which he said he divers times refused Eight Ginnies for it; his Maid told me the Things in this Museum cost Ten Thousand pounds, by this short Account you may see the Excellencie of this Museum. Now must we address our selves to Learned men, the first that I was with Dr Woodward104 and Ingenious younge man and a Gental Schollar; the Second was Dr Salmon,105 A man well seen in the Theory of all manner of Learning and an able Physician, let other Drs of Physick say what they will. The next was Dr Lister106 a Learned and Brave Naturalist, indeed, as the many of his Writings doe Testifie, he invited me twice to Dinner, and Bestowed on me his Historia Conchyliorum.107 a folio worth Twenty Shillings; the next was Dr Plucknard108 an Industrious man for An Hortus Siccus. [or Dry Collection of plants] of which I was informed he had the best in Europe; the next was Mr Rich - Baxtor109 the Devine, for I did not wholly neglect Religion, although we have Religious now at home, yea never so many Religious and never, as I think so little of Religion. I did not goe to him as I thought him the most Orthodox Devine in London, But upon other Reasons not material to write down here. Amongst other Questions, I asked him why he dissented from the Church of England,110 I told him I was A Presbyterian, and that the Church of England men charged me with schisme, and that I begun to think perhaps they said truly, he replied, he had not times nor strength [missing words] he was an old man)111 to solve that Question.

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but he had done it elsewhere, in a Book called the English nonconformist Since the Daies of King Charles the 2d. Described and vindicated.112 But however (not to miss of the right if it was on either of our sides) he said It was his use to goe to both, however noe man can say but that he is a learned Devine that have but read his Church history, his Methodus Theologia113 And Directory114 his Catholick Theology and other his learned workes.

After this I went into Essex to see Mr. Ray,115 and Mr Daile,116 2 good Naturalists, and bravely accomplished men, I met with little of vegetables in Essex, only Viburnum, as also Elatine folio acuminato;117 when I came at Chansford118 the Shire Town, at the Towns end I met 3 briske Girles haveing in their hands, each a Bunch of ripe hopps, before I came at ‘em, they cried at me, Pray Sir, give us a Largess, I wist119 not what they meant and went briskly on, when I came at them they caught hold on me; (blesse me, thought I, I have often heard of womens being ravished, but never of men before now). I asked them what they meaned, they told me, they would have a piece of money on me, I replied I had some hundreds of miles home, and was not of Ability to give anything, and so they let me goe without any further Incivility, I asked a Waggoner the meaning of it, he told me yongue women used alwaies so to doe, there, about that time a year: I came out of Essex againe to London, and comeing into the City on a Saturday, went to the Jews Synagogue,120 to see and heare their man[ner] of worship, they never put off

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their hatts, from their [several words]121 comeing in, till their coming out, never all [several words] Seats were like our long Settles, every man [several words] with a lock and a key to it, wherein lay [several words] and Lytergy bookes, they cast their Mantles [several words] Shoulders and being directed by the Rabbi [several words] their Lytergy in Spanish,122 haveing [several words]

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Rabbi and other 2, his assistants, went to the Ark and fetched out the Pentateuch, Above the Arke was, the Decalogue written in Hebrew Letters of Gold, the Ark opened with 2 Bands and was curiously hung within, with hangings of Scarlet the Pentateuch was a Roll, Rolled up with 2 Rollers, at the top of which were fitted two soffets of gold of a pyramide forme like Pineapples, and hung about with Golden bells, when they came at the Altar they expended the Pentateuch and turned round Elevateing it So,123 and then the Jews sung aloud, they read a Portion of it, in Spanish (and not Hebrew as I did expect) it was divided into five [one word] according to the five Bookes, haveing done they rolled it up again, and tyed it with a Curious fillet wrought of Gold, and put the Soffets upon the 2 Rollers, with their Gold bells, and carried it up to the Ark againe, with not a little Ceremony, as before they brought it, and then sung a little after and then the Service was done.

Now after I had seen most Places of note in London, I begun to bethink myself of returning to Kendall124 therefore hireing the Carriage of which I had gotten with the Carrier, and walked a foot home, where I am now at Dockeral- hall125 in good health, for which I have reason to praise the Omnipotent Creatour and preserver of All things, for indeed I found no incivility, from my going from home till [one word] comeing home again. So that I may say with many of the Virtuosos of old, That a man hath [two words] in his own house and country.126 And here I shall doe what must be done to all these Natural things; Viz put a Period to this Opusculum. Finis.

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1 Square brackets indicate editorial insertions in light of manuscript damage. [several words] indicates substantive damage. I have also reproduced Petiver’s deletions. The symbols \ / indicate Petiver’s insertions on another line. The diary is prefaced by a pasted in letter, which is transcribed here. Most plant identifications have been taken from P.H. Oswald and C.D. Preston, trans. and ed., John Ray’s Cambridge Catalogue (1660) (London, 2011), a pre-Linnaean botanical guide roughly contemporaneous with Petiver’s diary.

2 The botanist Richard Richardson (1663–1741) of North Bierley in Yorkshire. As Bodl. MS Radcliffe Trust c. 12, fols 34 and 35 demonstrate, Richardson and his son were keen botanists with hothouses full of specimens, although sadly the Hall was demolished in the 1960s; the extensive gardens, however, have survived.

3 19 September Bishop Postal Mark. Henry Bishop invented the first Post Office stamp used in the British Isles, and he farmed the office of Postmaster-General from 1660to 1663. In its earliest form, the London bishop stamp consisted of a thirteen- millimeter diameter circle with the month in the upper semi-circle and the day in the lower one. The months were abbreviated, IA=January, FE=February, MR=March, AP=April, MA=May, IU=June, IY=July, AV=August, SE=September, OC=October, NO=November, DE=December. See R. Alcock and F. Holland, The Postmarks of Great Britain and Ireland,Being A Survey of British Postmarks From 1660 to 1940 (Cheltenham, 1940).

4 This was written on the wrapper of the letter in a different hand than Petiver’s.

5 Reverend Adam Buddle of Catherine Hall, Cambridge, BA 1681; MA 1685; Reader of Gray’s Inn. He was a botanist. He left a collection of English Plants and seaweed specimens collected from the UK in the 1690s to Sir Hans Sloane, and he was an authority on bryophytes. He gives his name to the genus Buddleja.

6 Of this work, the Gazophylacium Naturae et Artis, were published five Decades between 1702 and 1709 in octavo, with a separate Catalogue of their contents. The plates have figures of 610 plants or animals drawn after dried specimens, with a second volume published in 1711. For an analysis of the dedications in the tables of the Gazophylacium Naturae et Artis, see K.A. James, “’Humbly dedicated’: Petiver and the audience for natural history in early eighteenth-century Britain,” Archives of Natural History 31, 2 (2004), pp. 318-329. Richard Richardson was one of the persons dedicated in Decade II, number 17.

7 At this point, Petiver had his apothecary’s practice at White Cross Street, Aldersgate in London.

8 Journal of my itinerary; adversāria, ōrum (sc. scripta), in mercantile language, a book at hand in which all matters are entered temporarily as they occur, a waste-book, day-book, journal, memoranda. Petiver underlined his title page with flourishes of his pen.

9 A short preface.

10 The page is damaged at this point. As indicated in footnote one, square brackets will indicate damage and words penciled in by the archivist or editorial surmise of missing words.

11 Guineas.

12 Delay, obstacle or hindrance.

13 Ingleborough, Yorkshire, the second highest mountain in the Yorkshire Dales.

14 The Oxford English Dictionary’s first account of the use of “moorish” in this fashion is from the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 43, 61 (1744):  The Land is mountainous and moorish, abounding with Moss and Heather.

15 Vaccinium vitis-idaea or the Dotted leaf cowberry, also known as the lingonberry, a short evergreen shrub in the heath family that bears edible fruit.

16 Probably Rubus chamaemorus or Cloudberry.

17 Round-leaf willow, which grows primarily on mountains. Now: Salix rotundifolia.

18 Purple saxifrage or Saxifraga oppositifolia. This was described in Johann Bauhin, Historia Plantarum (1651), vol. 3 (2), p. 694.

19 Yellow saxifrage or Saxifraga aizoides. John Ray’s description of Sedum Alpinum luteum minus was published in his Catalogus plantarum Angliae (Cambridge 1670), pp. 279-280 and constitutes the first published British record of yellow saxifrage.

20 Keighley, Bradford, West Yorkshire.

21 Small market town in the Yorkshire Dales.

22 Common hemp nettle, now: Galeopsis tetrahit.

23 See footnote two.

24 A spontaneous plant is any that grows without assistance from humans.

25 A common snake. There are only three species of snake in Great Britain. Adder (Vipera berus), Grass snake (Natrix natrix) and the Smooth snake (Coronella austriaca).

26 The common flying dragon, Draco volans, endemic to southeast Asia. It can glide using its patagia, or lateral extensions of skin.

27 A type of centipede.

28 A kind of venomous spider.

29 City in West Yorkshire.

30 Rotherham, South Yorkshire, near Sheffield.

31 A type of ironwort.

32 Musk thistle, or Carduus nutans.

33 Now Erigeron acris, or Bitter or blue fleabane.

34 Yellow centory, possibly Blackstonia perfoliata.

35 Wollaton Hall, Nottingham, the seat of the Willughbys. Please see the article for an analysis of Petiver’s description of the house and gardens.

36 Possibly an early grotto, discussed in the article.

37 Silene nutans. Nodding Catchfly or Nottingham Catchfly.

38 Wild Oculis christi or Wild clary. The seeds in water form a mucilaginous envelope and were used to extract foreign objects from the eye.

39 Verbascum pulverulentum, or the Hoary mullein, described in Ray’s Synopsis, 287, 2.

40 Cerastium fontanum or Mouse-ear chickweed. Petiver refers to Caspar Bauhin, Pinax Theatri Botanici (Basil, 1623), p. 254.

41 Onopordum vulgare, or Common cotton thistle.

42 Sir Gervase Clifton, 4th Baronet (d. 1731). He was a Roman Catholic and imprisoned in 1715 at the height of the Jacobite threat. The family papers are part of the Clifton collection held in Manuscripts and Special Collections at the University of Nottingham.

43 The boat that in antiquity ferried the dead to the underworld. It must not have been a wonderful vessel or boatman. “The ferryman, as an instrument of irony and humour, is present in the works of some ancient authors: Aristophanes, Juvenal, Lukillios, Petronius and Lucian of Samosata.” See Ágnes Alföldy -Gazdac and Cristian Gazdac, “Who Pays the Ferryman? The Testimony of Ancient Sources on the Myth of Charon,” Klio 95 (2013): 285-314, on p. 310.

44 Lactuca virosa, or Strong-scented lettuce.

45 Cirsium eriophorum, or Wool-bearing soft-thistle.

46 Fuller’s teasel or Indian teasel.

47 Dipsacus fullonum, or Wild teasel.

48 Pulicaria vulgaris Geartn. or Dwarf fleabane.

49 Convolvulus sepium var. americanus, now Calystegia sepium, or American bindweed.

50 Bottle gourd.

51 Robert Shirley, First Earl Ferrers (1650-1717).

52 Lobelia cardinalis or the cardinal flower.

53 A type of passiflora or Passion flower.

54 Yucca gloriosa or yucca or mound lily.

55 Agave americana or American aloe.

56 Campanula thyrsoides or yellow bellflower.

57 Aviary.

58 Philip Stanhope, 2nd Earl of Chesterfield, Estate at Bretby.

59 Boys.

60 The Collegiate and Parish Church of St Editha.

61 The castle overlooks the River Tane, and AEthelflaed, the Mercian Queen, built a fortification to defend against the Vikings; the site was also a residence of Mercian Kings.

62 The relics of Guy of Warwick, the legendary and apocryphal medieval knight, were a tourist attraction in the early modern era at Warwick Castle. In his diary, John Evelyn recorded visiting on 3 August 1654: We pass’d next through Warwick, & saw the Castle which is built on an eminent rock . . . The Castle is the dwelling-house of the Lord Brook . . .Here they shew us Sir Guys greate two-handed Sword, Staff, Horse-armes, Pott, & other reliques of that famous Knight errant. . . Hence to Sir Guys Grott, where they say he did his penances, & dyed, & ‘tis certainly a squalid den . . .neere this we were shewd his Chapell, and gigantic statue hewn out of the solid rock.” Guy de la Bédoyère, ed, The Diary of John Evelyn (Woodbridge, 1995), p. 92. For details of other visitors, see Ronald S. Crane, “The Vogue of Guy of Warwick from the Close of the Middle Ages to the Romantic Revival,” PMLA 30, 2 (1915), pp. 125-94; John Simons, Guy of Warwick and Other Chapbook Romances: Six Tales from the Popular Literature of Pre-Industrial England (Exeter, 1998), p. 168.

63 Sagittaria sagittifolia or Water arrowhead.

64Also Sagittaria sagittifolia or Water arrowhead. Petiver is probably taking his plant identifications from works of John Ray. As Preston and Oswald have indicated, Gerarde made three species out of the one recognised today. Ray (1670, 1677) retained these as separate taxa without any comment on their distinctness. However he later concluded that they did not seem to him to be specifically distinct because . . . “they very often arise indiscriminately in the same waters, whence they seem also to owe their origin to the same seed.” P.H. Oswald and C.D. Preston, trans. and ed., John Ray’s Cambridge Catalogue (1660) (London, 2011), p. 282.

65 The Old Ashmolean Museum and its basement chymical laboratories.

66 Edward Lhwyd (1660-1709), the keeper of the Ashmolean Museum, known to several of his colleagues as Mr Floyd. See the accompanying article for analysis of this visit.

67 John Archer, of Kendall, Westmorland, gent. Queen’s College, Oxford, matriculated 9 April 1690, aged 17. He was admitted to St. Johns College, Cambridge in 1694, receiving his Bachelor of Medicine in 1695. He was the nephew of antiquarian William Nicolson. See Joseph Foster, Alumni Oxoniensis (Oxford: Oxford University press, 1891). British History Online. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/alumni-oxon/1500-1714 [Accessed 14 June 2016]

68 Robert Railton of Carlisle, Cumberland, matriculated at Queen’s College, Oxford on 14 July 1691, aged 19. He became vicar of Marston, Oxon, 1705, and rector of Headley, Hants, 1717. Foster, Alumni Oxoniensis.

69 John Jefferson of Kendal, Westmorland matriculated as a pauper at Queen’s College, Oxford in 1687, aged 18, taking his BA in 1692. He was 70 years vicar of Cockermouth, and died 5 Feb. 1768, according to Gentleman’s Magazine, 1768, p. 94. Foster, Alumni Oxoniensis.

70 William Pennington of Kendall, matriculated on 3 June 1690 at Queen’s College, Oxford, receiving his BA on 11 March 1694/5, his MA in 1698, and served as curate of Sulhamstead Abbots, Berks, rector of Yattendon, Berks, 1711-24, and vicar of Bramley, Hants, 1713-24. Foster, Alumni Oxoniensis.

71 Galeopsis ladanum var. angustifolia or the Red Hemp-nettle. It is a European annual plant growing to 30cm tall. It is classified as scarce, having declined dramatically in the last 60 years due to increased use of herbicides.

72 Stachys germanica subsp. germanica Downy woundwort.

73 Anagallis arvensis, or Scarlet pimpernel.

74 Helminthotheca echioides, known as Bristly oxtongue.

75 Sium latifolium, or the Greater water parsnip.

76 Pastinaca sativa subsp. sylvestris. Wild parsnip.

77 Kickxia spuria or Roundleaf cancerwort.

78 Onobrychis viciifolia, common sainfoin, a forage legume. The Latin of the pre-Linnaean name “caput Gallinaceum” literally means “cock’s head”, which is was known by Gerarde (1567, pp. 1062 and 1064). See Oswald and Preston, John Ray’s Cambridge Catalogue, p. 248, note 477.

79 Spiranthes spiralis or Lady’s traces/tresses. The white flowers are set in spirals about a slender axis and remotely resemble braided hair.

80 To set out or go hastily.

81 Henley on Thames, Oxfordshire.

82 Carpinus betulus, the Horn-beam tree.

83 Fagus sylvatica or the Beech.

84 Clematis vitalba or Travellers’ joy.

85 Verbascum nigrum. Common black mullein.

86 Windsor and Windsor Castle.

87 William and Mary reworked the gardens at Hampton Court introducing a Dutch baroque style emulating the gardens at their palace at Het Loo, using the Dutch East India Company to import exotic plants.

88 Canals, a reference to the Long Water Canal of Hampton Court.

89 Dianthus deltoides, or the Maiden pink.

90 Viscum vulgare or Mistletoe.

91 The corner of this page is missing.

92 ‘As if’ arising as the contraction of ‘quam si’.

93 View or site. Petiver is speculating on the name of the river if it were made into a deity, suggesting a Greek word that would mean the site or place of Isis.

94 Reference to the exile of James II at the court of Louis XIV in France.

95 Chelsea Physic Garden. For an analysis of Petiver’s visit, see the accompanying article.

96 Bishop Henry Compton (1632-1713) had developed a noteworthy collection of hardy and exotic plants at Fulham Palace. Compton received several North American plants from the Reverend John Banister who he sent to the New World. Banister was also known to Petiver and to Petiver’s colleague Martin Lister. “Compton is credited with planting the first Magnolia virginiana in Europe as well as liquidambar, honey locust (Gleditsia), Acer negundo, black walnut and scarlet oak. His head gardener was George London, who

went on to partner Henry Wise in the leading landscape-design and nursery concern of the age.” See John Goodall, “Country Life visits Fulham Palace,” Country Life, 12 September 2014. See also Joseph Ewan and Nesta Ewan, John Banister and His Natural History of Virginia1678–1692 (Urbana and Chicago, 1970).

97 For an analysis of these gardens, please see the accompanying article.

98 John Conyers, the apothecary. See the accompanying article.

99 The corner of the page is missing.

100 Nehemiah Grew’s Musaeum Regalis Societatis, or, A Catalogue and Description of the Natural and Artificial Rarieties Belonging to the Royal Society (London, 1685).

101 The collector William Courten. See the accompanying article.

102 Possibly Nicolas Robert (1610-85). See Kim Sloan, “Sloane’s ‘Pictures and drawings in frames’ and ‘Books of miniature & painting, designs, &c,” in From Books to Bezoars: Sir Hans Slaone and his Collections, eds. Alison Walker, Arthur MacGregor, and Michael Hunter (London: The British Library, 2012), pp. 168-90.

103 Shell of a sea snail.

104 John Woodward (1665-1728) who became the Professor of Physick at Gresham College.

105 William Salmon (1644-1713) who wrote many works of medicine and astrological tracts for the lay person, including the Family-Dictionary, or, Household Companion (1696). As an empiric, Salmon was subject to criticism from licensed physicians.

106 Martin Lister (1639-1712), the first scientific arachnologist and conchologist who resided at Old Palace Yard, Westminster.

107 Martin Lister, Historiae Conchyliorum (London: by the author, 1685-1692, 1st ed. 1692-1697, second ed.). Lister often gave updated versions of his book to fellow virtuosi. See Anna Marie Roos, Web of Nature: Martin Lister (1639-1712): The First Arachnologist (Leiden, 2011).

108 Leonard Plukenet (1642-1706), botanist to Queen Mary II. He was best known for his Phytographia (compiled between 1691-1696), a comprehensive botanical work utilised by Linnaeus. Ironically, Plukenet and Petiver would compete in amassing a great herbarium of plants from around the world, a hortus siccus of dried specimens. See Global Plants, Jstor, http://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.person.bm000047919

109 Richard Baxter (1615-91), a theologian, controversialist and influential leader of non-comformists.

110 Baxter was persecuted several times during his life on charges of libeling the Church, tried before Sir George Jeffreys in 1685 for his Paraphrase on the New Testament; Baxter was imprisoned for 18 months. He eventually benefitted from the Toleration Act of 1689.

111 Baxter died in December 1691, four months after Petiver’s visit.

112 Probably Richard Baxter, The English Nonconformist, as under King Charles II and King James II. Truly Stated and Argued, 2nd edition (London, 1690).

113 Richard Baxter, Methodus Theologiae Christianae (London, 1681).

114 Richard Baxter, A Christian Directory (1673) and A Catholic Theology (1675).

115 The naturalist John Ray.

116 Samuel Dale.

117 Kickxia elatine or Sharp pointed fluellin.

118 Chelmsford.

119 Knew.

120 Creechurch Lane Synagogue, founded in 1657. Creechurch Lane runs south from the junction of Bevis Marks and Dukes Place to Leadenhall Street. The synagogue followed Sephardi Ritual and was replaced by the Bevis Marks Synagogue in 1701. See P. Renton, The Lost Synagogues of London (London, 2000), 21-23.

121 A large corner of the page is missing.

122 It was a Sephardi congregation from the Iberian Peninsula.

123 In Sephardic ritual, the Torah scroll is lifted and displayed before the Torah reading rather than afterwards.

124 Kendall, Westmorland.

125 Dockwray or Dockray Hall in Kendall was a manor house of a small estate, having a fortified tower with an attached chapel dedicated to St. Anne. See the Cumbria Extensive Urban Survey, Archaeological Assessment Document, Kendal, English Heritage http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-319-1/dissemination/pdf/South_Lakeland/Assessment/Kendal_assessment_report.pdf [Accessed 23 September 2016].

126 This may be a reference to the biblical phrase that a prophet is not without honour, but in his own country, and in his own house. Matthew 13:57.