Redoing of Notes:

Directional Terms:

Directional TermsSuperior (above-top) Inferior (below)Lateral (towards the outside from mediline)

Medial (towards the midline)

Dorsal (back-top) Ventral (belly-bottom)Anterior (front) Posterior (back)Sagittal (divide into right/left)-vertical cut

Coronal (divide into back/front)Vertical cut

Horizontal (horizon)

Central nervous (CNS)-enclosed in bone, both brain and spinal cord are enclosed in bone.

Vertebrae is the bone that encloses the spinal cord. Skull is the bone that encloses the brain

-33 pairs of vertebrae

-C3 and C4 injury are important to SLP

-results in quadriplegia (paralysis) (total or partial loss of limb use caused by injury/disease)

1. outcome from quadriplegia-breathing (respiratory) is difficult and voicing is difficult

2. outcome from quadriplegia-swallowing is affected.

3. outcome from quadriplegia-communication function.

intervention-communicative function

-C5 and C6 injury in medical reports

-results in paraplegia

1. outcome-loss of fine motor ability (e.g. holding pencil, and type)

a. SLP will work with OT

-rationale: to improve communication through writing

2. outcome-difficulty in writing, possible use of AAC

a. SLP will work with AAC specialist.

-rationale: to improve communication and cognition (e.g. man on bike)

Meninges (s. meninx)-layers that protect the brain as well as couching0

PAD-

P: pia mater-adheres to the brain-like saran wrap.

-two layers-closest to the brain

-outer layer has only veins and arteries

-bleeding occurs in this layer: it is called a subarachnoid hemorrhage.

-subarachnoid means below the arachnoids layer.

-subarachnoid bleeding is caused by ballooning of arteries (called aneurysm)

-aneurysm is a weak vein

A: arachnoids-web-like layer

-no blood vessel and does not contour the brain like pia mater

-space within the arachnoid is called the sub-arachnoid filled with cerebral spinal fluid

-purpose is to cushioning the brain and provide nutritions to the brain

-arachnoid space is a closed system and if the layer is broken cause major damage.

if you have TBI, CSF will flow out the nose

-cisterns are within the arachnoid space

–stores CSF and then disposes CSF into the venous system.

- In neuroanatomy, a cistern (Latin: "box") is any opening in the subarachnoid space of thebrain created by a separation of the arachnoid and pia mater. These spaces are filled withcerebrospinal fluid. There are many cisterns in the brain with several especially large, notable ones each with their own name

-Why is arachnoid space important? It holds 85% of the CSF

-Where is subarachnoid space?

Dura Mater-tough as leather

-2 layers

2 projections:

-faux cerebri-midline of skull, then anterior to posterior

- tentorum cerebelli- horizontally divides the cerebrum from the cerebellum

The tentorium cerebelli or cerebellar tentorium (Latin: "tent of the cerebellum") is an extension of the dura mater that separates the cerebellum from the inferior portion of theoccipital lobes.

Why is the dura mater important? Because the dura mater adheres to the skull.

Terms to know subarachnoid (below the arachnoid) vs. extra dura mater (above the dura mater)

Hemmorrhage-

Hematoma-pooling of blood.  

(e.g sub dural hematoma, sub arachnoid hematoma)

haematoma, or hematoma, is a collection of blood outside the blood vessels,[1] generally the result of hemorrhage, or more specifically, internal bleeding. It is commonly called a bruise.

Brain-3 lbs jello 33% water, 25% made of glio-cells-foundations cells that support and separate nerve fiber tracts and connective tissue. Glio cells account for ½ of brain mass.

Why are glio cells important?

-Brain uses oxygen 25% of body.

-hypoxic-lack of oxygen-results in brain damage 2-3 minutes sustain results in brain damage

-anoxia-no oxygen to the brain-needs blood and oxygen

-gray matter-nerve cell bodies

-white matter-nerve fibers

left hemisphere vs. right hemisphere (know the characteristic of each)

Left Hemisphere (CLEVMR)1. Recognizes letters and words2. Language and related sounds3. Complex voluntary movement4. Verbal memory Memory for words, sentences, language related5. Expressive/receptive language 3r’s: reading, writing, arithemetic-other production

Aphasia is language disorder because of the 3rs and language comprehension and production

1. recognize letters and words

2. language and related sounds

3. complex voluntary movement

4. verbal memory

5. language-expressive and receptive lang. (3R; readingwritingmath)

right hemisphere-holistic part of the brain

1. recognize emotion and music

2. recognize geometric patterns (disorder: agnosia)

-memory books may not work

3. use of spatial relationships (e.g. parking parallel)

4. recognize non-language environment sounds (e.g. sirens)

5. tactile recognition (e.g. can tell object by feeling)

-type of agnosis: test by feeling object in a p

6. non-verbal memory (e.g. shapes)

-memory of shape

7. prosody impaired-language related

8. difficulty with humor and abstract language-language related

L. hemisphere

fissure-deep groove

sulcus-shallow grove

gyri-ridges

Longtitudinal fissure or superior long. fissure

-anterior, posterior in the midline

-divide the left and right hemisphere

Central fissure: fissure of Rolando

-begins at the longititudinal fissure and ½ way ends at the lateral surface of the hemisphere

lateral cerebral fissure=sylvian fissure open into the insular-anterior/posterior on the lateral surface of the brain

calcarine fissure=inside the long. fissure at the posterior ends.