NAME:

Regents Biology Homework Packet

Unit 4: Biochemistry

Use your Biology by Miller & Levine textbook to complete and help with the following homework assignments.

(1) Read the assigned pages, (2) Define the vocabulary, and (3) Answer the questions.

Neatness counts. Number the definitions. Write the page and number of the questions. Do your work in ink or even type the homework. Staple the definitions and questions to the HW packet.

The homework assignment is due the day before the test. We will use the HW packet as a test review. The completed and corrected HW packet will be collected on the day of the test. Late homework assignments receive no credit (0). If the assignment is not turned in by the last day of the quarter the zero grade (0) will change to -5.

Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life Read pgs. 32 - 59

p. 34 Vocabulary (11) p. 40 Vocabulary (12)p. 45 Vocabulary (9)p. 50 Vocabulary (7)Additional vocabulary (6):denature peptide bond glycogen glucose starch cellulose

p. 38 #1a p. 44 #1b, 3ap. 49 #2a, 2b p. 53 #1a, 3a, 3b, 3c

Regents Reviewpgs. 56 – 59#1 - 21

TEST DATE: __________

BiochemistryThe chemicals of Living Organisms

Basic Chemistry:___________ : the smallest unit of matter; protons

distinguish the element (specific type of atom); electrons determine how the atom acts. Specific Elements: Element Symbol Bonds

1. H

2. O

3. N

4. C

MOLECULES / COMPOUND: specific combinations of atoms; combine together by sharing

electrons; make covalent bonds (lines between the letters). Chemical bonds store ________________.

____________ – H2O _______________ – CO2 _______________ – C6H12O6

Inorganic Compounds: Simple molecules that do not contain __________ and __________ in the same molecule. Organic Compounds contain carbon and hydrogen together in the same molecule.

Polymers: are ________ _________ __________ units. Many organic compounds are polymers of smaller repeating units. They are made by the process of _____________________________ and broken down by _____________________________.

For Example: Many carbohydrates are polymers of glucose. The glucose molecules are chemically combined and form new molecules with completely different properties. The hexagon represents glucose and they are combined together with O (oxygen between the sub units)

Proteins are polymers of amino acids. Then the proteins form different shapes.

Carbohydrates____________________ : are simple sugars; they are the basic building blocks of all carbohydrates

_____________________ : are combinations of 2 monosaccharides

Examples: Maltose and Sucrose

Combine molecules by the process of DEHYDRATION SYNTHESISIn dehydration synthesis 2 __________ and 1 __________ atoms are removed from the molecules. It makes room for the two molecules to bond to each other.

C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + H2O Since H2O came out as a product it was removed from theoriginal molecules. That is why it is dehydration synthesis, water was taken out of the reactant molecules.

Notice the # of atoms of each element is the same on both sides; it is a balanced equation (more of that in chem).

Hydrolysis is the process that _________ molecules. It is the exact opposite of Dehydration Synthesis, instead of taking away water; water is used to break down atoms. Enzymes break the bond holding the two molecules together and 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen are added to keep the molecules separated.

Polysaccharides: are _______________, they are long polymers of monosaccharides; Starches are insoluble in water and thus can serve as storage depots of glucose. Plants convert excess glucose into starch for storage. The image shows starch grains (lightly stained with iodine) in the cells of the white potato. Rice, wheat, and corn are also major sources of starch in the human diet.

Animals store excess glucose by polymerizing it to form glycogen.Examples of Starches: Cellulose, Chitin, Amylose

Carbohydrates always have a specific ratio between the Hydrogen and Oxygen, 2 Hydrogen : 1 Oxygen.Does that remind you of any other molecules?

Carbohydrates provide the bulk of the ______________ (4 kcal/gram) in most diets.

C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 = C12H24O12

minus water - H2O C12H22O11 + H2O

LipidsFats, Oils, Waxes that are used to store energy

Made from 1 Glycerol molecule and 3 Fatty Acids

___________ = 3 Carbon chain with hydroxide groups (OH) attached to each carbon.

__________________ = Long chains of Carbon and Hydrogen atoms with an acid group (carboxyl group) at the end (-COOH).

______________ Fatty Acids have single bonds between the carbon atoms

______________ Fatty Acids have double or triple bonds between the carbons

______________ fats, the good fats for you; have many double and triple bonds

Like polysaccharides, Lipids are made through the same process, Dehydration Synthesis. In this instance it happens 3 times to attach each of the fatty acids.

The reverse process is also true. Lipids are broken down by the process of _______________.

It is just the same formula but turn the arrow around.

If you really wanted to, you could count the number and type of atoms before and after the reaction. What will be true about those numbers?

Lipids chiefly function in _________________ (9 kcal/gram), protection, and insulation. They contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but the H:O is not in a 2:1 ratio (Like Carbohydrates). Lipids tend to be large molecules.

fats found chiefly in animals oils and waxes found chiefly in plants - oils are liquid at room temperature, waxes are solids lipids along with proteins are key components of _________ _________________ steroids are special lipids used to build many reproductive hormones and cholesterol

ProteinsMake up the structure, enzymes, and characteristics of organisms

________________ = are the building blocks of all proteins. There are 20 different essential amino acids. All the proteins in your body (billions of them) are made from different combinations of these essential amino acids.

All amino acids have the same basic structure, an amino group, an acid group, and a variable chain (R) in the middle.

*Notice the CH3. That variable group makes this amino acid Alanine. For each of the 20 essential amino acids the variable group is composed of different atoms.

PeptidesPeptides are chains of amino acids. The amino acids are held together by peptide bonds, a bond between the

nitrogen atom in the amino group to the carbon atom in the carboxyl group. They are created by the process of

D S and broken down by H

The order of amino acids determines the shape of the peptide. When peptides come together proteins are formed. The shape of the protein determines the proteins function.

Proteins are used for structure and function (bones and muscles), enzymes, antibodies, hormones, buffers (stabilize pH), and pigments. The proteins in your body make up your characteristics

Alanine Arginine Asparagine Aspartic Acid Carnitine Citrulline Cysteine Cystine Gaba Glutamic Acid Glutamine Glutathione Glycine Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Ornithine Phenylalanine Proline Serine Taurine Threonine Tryptophan Tyrosine Valine

EnzymesEnzymes are __________________________ that are organic catalysts.

Organic Catalysts are molecules that __________________ the rates of reactions.Most enzyme names end in –ase.

Enzymes lower the energy needed to start a chemical reaction. (activation energy)

It is thought that, in order for an enzyme to affect the rate of a reaction, the following events must take place. 1. The enzyme must form a temporary association with the substance or substances whose reaction rate it

affects. These substances are known as substrates. 2. The association between enzyme and substrate is thought to form a close physical association between

the molecules and is called the enzyme-substrate complex. 3. While the enzyme-substrate complex is formed, enzyme action takes place. 4. Upon completion of the reaction, the enzyme and product(s) separate. The enzyme molecule is now

available to form additional complexes. ** Although enzymes may be reused in cells, they eventually are destroyed and new ones must be synthesized.

________________________:A substrate is the molecule(s) that the enzyme acts on. Enzymes can build up or break down molecules. In the end of the reaction the substrate becomes the product.

________________________:The active site is the specialized area on the enzyme that comes in contact with the substrate.

________________________:Coenzymes are molecules that attach to enzymes to make them work better. Usually coenzymes are vitamins and minerals.

Enzyme Action1. Lock and Key Model - each

enzyme is specific for one and ONLY one substrate (one lock - one key). In this theory the enzyme and substrate fit exactly together. It is the easier way to think of the situation.

2. Induced Fit Model – enzymes have the ability to change shape to fit around the substrate. This theory allows enzymes to work on multiple substrates.

Factors that Affect Enzyme Action1.  ______ - the optimum (best) in most living things is close to 7 (neutral). High or low pH levels

usually slow enzyme activity.

2. ___________________ - strongly influences enzyme activity. Optimum temperature for maximum enzyme function is usually about 35-40 C. Reactions proceed slowly below optimal temperatures. Above optimal temperatures, around 45 C in humans, most enzymes are _____________ (change in their shape so the enzyme active site no longer fits with the substrate and the enzyme can't function).

3. ____________________________________ - When there is a fixed amount of enzyme and an excess of substrate molecules -- the rate of reaction will increase to a point and then level off. This leveling off occurs because all of the enzymes are used up and the excess substrate has nothing to combine with. If more enzyme is available than substrate, a similar reaction rate increase and leveling off will occur. The excess enzyme will eventually run out of substrate molecules to react with.

Nucleic AcidsDNA and RNA

Nucleic acids are the instructions to make peptides.

1. At what pH level does the enzyme pepsin (a protein enzyme) seem to work best?

2. At what pH level does the liver enzyme seem to work best?

3. What would happen if you took a lot of Pepto-Bismol to help reduce your stomach acid?

4. One of the many things that our liver enzymes do is to break down toxins. Toxins are poisons in our bodies. What would happen if your liver pH increased? Would your health be affected?

5. So...what does this tell you about enzyme activity and pH?

________________________ : are the subunits of nucleic acids.

_____________________: are long chains of nucleotides.

1. ______: Ribonucleic AcidRNA is a single strand of nucleotides. It is found in the nucleus, ribosomes, and the cytoplasm of cells. The nucleotides sometimes bind with complimentary pairs, C-G and A-U. The primary role of RNA is to carry the genetic message from the nucleus to the ribosome for the production of peptides (protein synthesis).

2. _____: Deoxyribonucleic AcidDNA is a double strand of nucleotides (double helix). The nucleotides bond together in complimentary pairs, A-T, and C-G. It is found inside the nucleus of cells. It can also be found inside chloroplasts and mitochondria. It carries the genetic information and controls the cell’s activities.

Every nucleotide is made up of three different parts.1. _____________ group = PO4

2. ____________in DNA the sugar = ________________in RNA the sugar = ________________

3. ________________ = Nitrogen contain molecule, makeseach nucleotide different

1. ____________ (G)2. ____________ (C)3. ____________ (A)4. ____________ (T) only found in DNA5. ____________ (U) only found in RNA

Organic Compound Elements Subunit Structure Function Example

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

Understand the Concepts1. Distinguish between a solute and a solvent.

2. Balance the following equation: ___ CO2 + ___ H2O ___ C6H12O6 + ___ O2

3. Distinguish between a structural formula and a molecular formula.

4. What might be the result of mixing two solutions of equal volume, one of which has a pH of 9 and the other, a pH of 5?

5. Why do atoms share electrons?

6. Name the three types of atomic particles and describe where each is found in the atom.

7. What do you think a "double" covalent bond is?

8. Why are a hydrogen and hydroxyl(OH) removed during a dehydration synthesis reaction?

9. Why are a hydrogen and hydroxyl necessary for hydrolysis?

10. Why can organic molecules get so large?

11. How is a peptide bond formed?

12. How are the two chains of a double helix held together?

13. Why are small amounts of enzymes sufficient to catalyze a large number of chemical reactions?

14. Explain how glucose, fructose, and galactose can be different molecules even though they all have the same molecular formula (C6H12O6).

Covalent bonding between Oxygen and Hydrogen1. In a covalent bond atoms share pairs of __________.

2. How many electron vacancies does an atom of hydrogen have?___

3. How many bonds can hydrogen make?___

4. How many electron vacancies does oxygen have?___

5. How many bonds can oxygen make?___

6. How many atoms of hydrogen bond to oxygen to form water?___

7. What is the chemical formula of water?__________

Dehydration Synthesis of a Lipid

Dehydration Synthesis of a Peptide

Know the TermsSelect the most appropriate words from the list to complete the following paragraphs.nucleic acids thymine DNA ribosehydrolysis hydrogen dehydration synthesis amino acidspolysaccharide lipids cytosine proteinsfatty acids deoxyribose peptide bond saturatedenzymes carbohydrates oxygen guanineorganic compounds adenine glycerol RNAmonosaccharides disaccharide carbon unsaturated

Living organisms are composed of a special category of molecules called _______________(1). Molecules must

have both _______________(2) and _______________(3) atoms in them to be in this category. In addition they usually

contain _______________(4) as well.

Sugars and starches are _______________(5), which always have a hydrogen to oxygen ratio of 2:1. They are

composed of building blocks called _______________(6). Two of these units can be attached to each other through a

process called _______________(7), which results in a _______________(8). If more subunits are hooked on, we get a

_______________(9). This type of molecule can be broken into its building blocks again through the reverse reaction,

called _______________(10).

_______________(11) have a hydrogen to oxygen ratio greater than 2:1 and include fats, oils, and waxes. If the

carbon-to-carbon bonds in these molecules are all single bonds, they are said to be _______________(12). lf there are

any double bonded carbons, the molecule is said to be _______________(13).The building blocks of these molecules are

_______________(14) and _______________(15).

The group of organic molecules that contain nitrogen are called _______________(16). They have

_______________(17) as their building blocks. The bond connecting two of these together is called a _______________

(18). Some of these molecules function as _______________(19), which catalyze chemical reactions within cells.

The group of organic molecules that were first discovered in the nucleus of the cell are called _______________

(20). There are two kinds of these molecules. They are _______________(21) and _______________(22). One of these

is described as a double helix. Its subunits are composed of a five-carbon sugar, called _______________(23), and one

of four bases.

MATCHTNG QUESTIONSFrom the list below, select the term that best fits each of the following descriptions. Each term may be used more than once, but there is only one correct answer for each question.a. radioactivity b. suspension c. acid d. neutralizatione. solvent f. indicator g. fatty acid h. hydrolysisi. saturated j. nucleic acid k. enzyme l. peptide bondm. starch n. ribose o. substrate p. coenzymeq. denaturation r. amino group

___ 1. the reaction between an acid and a base

___ 2. having no carbon-carbon double bonds

___ 3. formed between two amino acids

___4. mixture that separates on standing

___ 5. an organic catalyst

___ 6. RNA and DNA

___ 7. changes color with change in pH

___ 8. a polymer of glucose

___ 9. splitting apart molecules by reacting with water

___ 10. a component of RNA

___ 11. the bulk component of a solution

___ 12. a part of a lipid molecule

___ 13. produces H ions in solutions

___ 14. that upon which an enzyme acts

___ 15. change in structure that can be caused by heating

MODIFIED TRUE FALSEIndicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the sentence or statement true.

____ 1. The basic unit of matter is the molecule. _________________________

____ 2. A substance made up of only one kind of atom is a(an) element. _________________________

____ 3. Scientists show the composition of compounds by a kind of shorthand known as a chemical formula. ____________________

____ 4. The compound produced by a reaction between an acid and a base is an alkaline solution. _________________________

____ 5. Lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings. _________________________

____ 6. Polysaccharides are formed through the process known as polymerization. _________________________

____ 7. The substances that are present when a chemical reaction begins are the products. _________________________

____ 8. Proteins that speed up the rate of chemical reactions in the cell without requiring high temperatures are antibodies. _________________________

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONSChoose the best answer and write it on the answer blank.

___ 1. A covalent bond is formed as the result ofa.) transfer of electrons b.) transfer of protonsc.) sharing of an electron pair d.) sharing of a proton pair

___ 2. In chemical reactions, atoms are a.) created b.) rearrangedc.) destroyed d.) neutralized

___ 3. lf the pH of an acid solution and a basic solution were checked a.) both would be below 7b.) both would be above 7c.) the acid solution would be above 7; the basic solution would be below 7d.) the acid solution would be below 7; the basic solution would be above 7

___ 4. The total number of carbon atoms in the compound 2C6H12O6is a.) 2 b.) 6 c.) 12 d.) 24

___ 5. When hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water, hydrogen would be a(n) a.) product c.) ionic bondb.) reactant d.) radioisotope

___ 6. Which of the following is an inorganic compound?a.) carbohydrate c.) waterb.) amino acid d.) enzyme

___ 7. All the following statements about enzymes are true EXCEPTa.) Enzymes work best at a specified pH.b.) All enzymes work inside cells.c.) Enzymes are proteins.d.) Enzymes are organic catalysts.

___ 8. RNA and DNA differ from each other in that a.) RNA has guanine but DNA does notb.) DNA is single stranded but RNA is notc.) DNA has ribose but RNA has deoxyribosed.) RNA has uracil but DNA does not

___ 9. Amino acid is to protein as a.) fat is to lipid b.) DNA is to RNAc.) sugar is to fat d.) sugar is to starch

___ 10. A monosaccharide is a a.) carbohydrate c.) nucleic acidb.) lipid d.) protein

___ 11. Which is NOT a lipid?a.) fats c.) waxesb.) oils d.) enzymes

___ 12. The main function of glucose is a.) to function as an enzymeb.) to assist in protein synthesisc.) to be part of nucleic acidsd.) as a source of energy

___ 13. Which of the following organic compounds is the main source of energy for living things?a.) carbohydrates b.) lipidsc.) nucleic acids d.) proteins

___ 14. Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins?a.) store and transmit heredityb.) help to fight diseasec.) control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processd.) build tissues such as bone and muscle

___ 15. Which statement is true?a.) Simple sugars are made of polysaccharidesb.) Glycerol is made of fatty acidsc.) Glycogen is made of starchd.) Amino acids are made of proteins

___ 16. Identify the reactant(s) in the chemical reaction, CO2 + H2O H2CO3.

a.) CO2, H2O and H2CO3

b.) CO2 and H20c.) H2CO3

d.) CO2

___ 17. Which statement about organic compounds is CORRECT?a.) All contain carbon.b.) All can be produced in chemistry laboratories'c.) All contain hydrogen'd.) They contain most of the 90 elements.

___ 18. Which statement is TRUE?a.) Sugars are made of polysaccharides.b.) Glycerol is made of fatty acids.c.) RNA molecules are made of nucleotidesd.) Amino acids are made of proteins.

___19. Which group of organic compounds includes the enzymes? a.) carbohydrates b.) lipids c.) proteins d.) nucleic acids

___20. Which characteristic allows enzymes to function in a specific way?a.) Each enzyme has a characteristic shape.b.) Enzymes are long, complex compounds composed of starch.c.) Enzymes are long, complex fats.d.) Each enzyme is made up of sugar, phosphate and base.

___ 21. Which represents an amino acid?

CONSTRUCTED RESPONSEAnswer each of the following questions.1. What are the structural differences between the two types of nucleic acids?

2. Where are the bases located on a molecule of DNA?

3. Compare what happens to a water molecule during hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis.

4. Compare the lock and key model with the induced-fit model.

5. When your stomach produces excess HCl, you feel a burning sensation.a. What kind of substance can you use to relieve the stress caused by excess acid?

b. What is the term for the type of reaction that will bring relief?

c. Why does this reaction bring relief?

d. What are the products of this reaction?