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Reference Type: Journal Article

Record Number: 1267

Author: K. F. Abraham

Year: 1978

Title: Adoption of Spectacled Eider Ducklings by Arctic Loons

Journal: Condor

Volume: 80

Issue: 3

Pages: 339-340

Short Title: Adoption of Spectacled Eider Ducklings by Arctic Loons

Accession Number: BCI:BCI197916057845

Keywords: Spectacled Eider; Somateria fischeri; Behavior; Breeding Season;

URL: ://BCI197916057845


Record Number: 177

Author: K. F. Abraham and C. D. Ankney

Year: 1986

Title: Summer Birds of East Bay Southampton Island Northwest Territories Canada

Journal: Canadian Field-Naturalist

Volume: 100

Issue: 2

Pages: 180-185

Short Title: Summer Birds of East Bay Southampton Island Northwest Territories Canada


Keywords: Sea Ducks - General; Common Eider; Abundance, Distribution, and Trends; Breeding Season;

Abstract: Forty-one species of birds were observed in the summers of 1979 and 1980 along the south shore of East Bay, Southampton Island. The first certain evidence was obtained of Red Knot (Calidris canutus) and Sanderling (Calidris alba) nesting on Southampton Island. The abundance of several species, particularly Common Eider (Somateria molissima) and Whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus), differed from the other Southampton Island locations where birds have been studied. No species new to the island were recorded.

URL: ://BCI198783022538


Record Number: 994

Author: P. Academy Of Natural Sciences Of

Year: 1997

Title: White-winged scoter: Melanitta fusca

Journal: Birds of North America

Volume: 0

Issue: 274

Pages: 1-27

Short Title: White-winged scoter: Melanitta fusca


Keywords: White-winged Scoter; Melanitta fusca; Nonbreeding Seasons; Breeding Season;

URL: ://BCI199799591751


Record Number: 1073

Author: P. Academy Of Natural Sciences Of

Year: 1998

Title: Surf Scoter: Melanitta perspicillata

Journal: Birds of North America

Volume: 0

Issue: 363

Pages: 1-28

Short Title: Surf Scoter: Melanitta perspicillata


Keywords: Surf Scoter; Melanitta perspicillata; Breeding Season; Nonbreeding Seasons;

URL: ://BCI199800475468


Record Number: 327

Author: P. A. Adams, G. J. Robertson and I. L. Jones

Year: 2000

Title: Time-activity budgets of Harlequin Ducks molting in the Gannet Islands, Labrador

Journal: Condor

Volume: 102

Issue: 3

Pages: 703-708

Date: August, 2000

Short Title: Time-activity budgets of Harlequin Ducks molting in the Gannet Islands, Labrador


Keywords: Harlequin duck; Histrionicus histrionicus; Behavior; Molt; Nonbreeding Seasons;

Abstract: We studied the time-activity budgets of Harlequin Ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) molting at the Gannet Islands, Labrador in the summer of 1998. For the entire population, a large proportion of time was spent hauled out of the water (61.4%), and resting (53.5%). Only a small proportion of time was spent foraging (11.6%). Male Harlequin Ducks undergoing the pre-basic molt were hauled out of the water significantly more (92.2%) than males in basic plumage (8.1%). Males undergoing the pre-basic body feather molt foraged significantly less (1.7%) than males in basic plumage (17.7%). Harlequin Ducks do not appear to increase their food intake to meet the nutritional requirements of molt. Instead they may try to reduce thermoregulatory and maintenance costs by engaging in activities that do not consume much energy, and by staying out of cold water while their plumage is not intact. Furthermore, they may deliberately lose body mass while molting to regain the ability to fly at an earlier stage of wing molt.

URL: ://BCI200000448257


Record Number: 1140

Author: A. Ader and J. Kespaik

Year: 1996

Title: Seasonal migration dynamics of the long-tailed duck (Clangula hyemalis), the common scoter (Melanitta nigra), and the velvet scoter (Melanitta fusca) in Estonia

Journal: Gibier Faune Sauvage

Volume: 13

Issue: 3

Pages: 1297-1385

Date: Sept., 1996

Short Title: Seasonal migration dynamics of the long-tailed duck (Clangula hyemalis), the common scoter (Melanitta nigra), and the velvet scoter (Melanitta fusca) in Estonia


Keywords: Long-tailed Duck; Clangula hyemalis; Migration; Nonbreeding Seasons;

URL: ://BCI199800282767


Record Number: 558

Author: A. D. Afton and R. D. Sayler

Year: 1982

Title: Social Courtship and Pair Bonding of Common Goldeneyes Bucephala-Clangula Wintering in Minnesota USA


Volume: 96

Issue: 3

Pages: 295-300

Short Title: Social Courtship and Pair Bonding of Common Goldeneyes Bucephala-Clangula Wintering in Minnesota USA


Keywords: Common Goldeneye; Bucephala clangula; Behavior; Nonbreeding Seasons;

Abstract: Courtship behavior and displayes of common goldeneyes (B. clangula) wintering on the Mississippi River in Minneapolis, Minnesota were studied. Age, pair status and spatial position in the display group affected relative frequencies of certain displays performed by males. Display flights were not observed before late Jan. and did not become frequent until late Feb. This aerial display apparently functions to encourage the female to follow the displaying male away from the display group. Wintering goldeneyes began courtship and pairing in Dec., long before possible reproduction. Some adult males were unwilling or unable to complete courtship sequences to the point of copulation even when approached by a soliciting female and undisturbed by other males. Early pairbond formation entails costs and benefits which vary for the sexes, and in some instances females may be ready to pair before males, a situation indicative of sexual conflict in maximizing their reproductive interests.

URL: ://BCI198375070621


Record Number: 127

Author: B. A. Agler, S. J. Kendall, D. B. Irons and S. P. Klosiewski

Year: 1999

Title: Declines in marine bird populations in Prince William Sound, Alaska coincident with a climatic regime shift

Journal: Waterbirds

Volume: 22

Issue: 1

Pages: 98-103

Short Title: Declines in marine bird populations in Prince William Sound, Alaska coincident with a climatic regime shift


Keywords: Sea Ducks - General; Abundance, Distribution, and Trends;

Abstract: Analyses of marine bird surveys conducted in Prince William Sound, Alaska in July 1972 were compared to surveys in July 1989, 1990, 1991, and 1993 and indicated that populations of several taxa of marine birds that prey on fish have declined in Prince William Sound, but most taxa that feed on other prey species, such as benthic invertebrates, have not declined. Red-throated Loon (Gavia stellata), Pacific Loon (G. pacifica), cormorant (Phalacrocorax spp.), Surf Scoter (Melanitta perspicillata), Bonaparte's Gull (Larus philadelphia), terns (Sterna spp.), Pigeon Guillemot (Cepphus columba), Brachyramphus murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus and B. brevirostris), Parakeet Auklet (Cyclorrhynchus psittacula), Tufted Puffin (Fratercula cirrhata), and Horned Puffin (Fratercula corniculata) populations declined by >50%. Most of these are piscivores, feeding on schooling fish. Some non-piscivorous taxa, such as Harlequin Ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus), goldeneyes (Bucephala clangula and islandica), and Black Oyster-catchers (Haematopus bachmani), have increased in Prince William Sound between 1972 and 1989-1993, although a portion of the population was killed by the T/V Exxon Valdez oil spill. Declines in piscivorous bird populations also have been documented in the Gulf of Alaska, the Bering Sea, and along the California coast in the past two decades and have been coincidental to changes in forage fish species in the North Pacific Ocean. Many of the declines appear to be related to changes in forage fish abundance that occurred during a climatic regime shift in the north Pacific Ocean, although some taxa were also affected by the Exxon Valdez oil spill.

URL: ://BCI199900463790


Record Number: 466

Author: M. Ahlund

Year: 2005

Title: Behavioural tactics at nest visits differ between parasites and hosts in a brood-parasitic duck

Journal: Animal Behaviour

Volume: 70

Issue: Part 2

Pages: 433-440

Date: Aug 2005

Short Title: Behavioural tactics at nest visits differ between parasites and hosts in a brood-parasitic duck


Keywords: Common Goldeneye; Bucephala clangula; Behavior; Breeding Season;

Abstract: Whether conspecific brood parasitism is adaptive is a matter of debate. It may just be accidental when suitable nest sites are scarce. I tested this and other hypotheses, using video recordings and quantitative behavioural observations at nestboxes of individually marked common goldeneyes, Bucephala clangula. In 11 of 13 parasitized nests filmed, parasite behaviour differed markedly from that of hosts during most of the egg-laying sequence. Hosts typically started and laid the most eggs in the nest, covered the clutch when leaving it, and deposited down. Parasites covered the eggs poorly and did not deposit down. Hosts spent increasing time on the nest over the laying sequence, whereas parasites did not. Parasites tended to lay eggs later than hosts in the morning, possibly in response to nest guarding by hosts. When in the nest, hosts usually prevented females from entering, but parasites rarely did so. Of 84 parasitic eggs, 85% were laid by 'true parasites, and 15% by females that behaved like hosts but were eventually displaced by another female. Most (73%) of the 'truly' parasitic eggs were from females that were marked as adults previously, and 27% from new recruits. Parasitism in this goldeneye population is thus usually an alternative behavioural tactic, distinctly different from the behaviour of hosts, and not simply a side-effect of competition between females over the same nest.

URL: ://BCI200510264316


Record Number: 1316

Author: J. A. Akearok, C. E. Hebert, B. M. Braune and M. L. Mallory

Year: 2010

Title: Inter- and intraclutch variation in egg mercury levels in marine bird species from the Canadian Arctic

Journal: Science of the Total Environment

Volume: 408

Issue: 4

Pages: 836-840

Date: Jan 15 2010

Short Title: Inter- and intraclutch variation in egg mercury levels in marine bird species from the Canadian Arctic


Keywords: Common Eider; Somateria mollissima; Contaminants; Breeding Season; Long-tailed Duck; Clangula hyemalis;

Abstract: Mercury (Hg) is a toxic metal that has been of increasing concern in the Canadian Arctic. We measured total Hg in eggs of three marine birds (Arctic terns Sterna paradisaea, common eiders Somateria mollissima borealis, long-tailed ducks Clangula hyemalis) that breed in the Canadian Arctic, to compare Hg laying order effects from the same clutch and to examine Hg among species. Early-laid eggs of all three species had 24-48% higher Hg concentrations than late laid eggs. Arctic terns had approximately twice the concentration of Hg in their eggs as the two duck species, and Hg in eider eggs from the High Arctic was higher than Hg in eggs from the Low Arctic. Higher Hg in tern eggs was consistent with this species occupying a higher trophic position in marine food webs, as indicated by stable nitrogen isotope (delta N-15) values. The egg-laying sequence may need to be considered for Hg biomonitoring studies where small samples sizes are planned, and early eggs may be preferable for such studies since early eggs may be more representative of potential maximum levels of Hg in the marine food webs. Crown Copyright (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

URL: ://BCI201000124135


Record Number: 1680

Author: P. H. Albers and R. C. Szaro

Year: 1978

Title: Effects of No-2 Fuel Oil on Common Eider Eggs

Journal: Marine Pollution Bulletin

Volume: 9

Issue: 5

Pages: 138-139

Short Title: Effects of No-2 Fuel Oil on Common Eider Eggs


Keywords: Common Eider; Somateria mollissima; Contaminants; Productivity; Breeding Season;

Abstract: An oil spill near a breeding colony could result in the transfer of oil from the plumage and feet of incubating birds to their eggs. Microliter amounts of No. 2 fuel oil were applied externally to common eider [Somateria mollissima] eggs in an island breeding colony in Maine [USA]. Clutches of eggs treated with 20 .mu.l of fuel oil had significantly greater embryonic mortality than the control clutches when they were examined 7 days after treatment. The results are similar to those of an earlier study of artificially incubated common eider eggs and indicate that nest site conditions do not affect embryotoxicity of No. 2 fuel oil.

URL: ://BCI197967012678


Record Number: 126

Author: T. Alerstam and G. A. Gudmundsson

Year: 1999

Title: Migration patterns of tundra birds: Tracking radar observations along the Northeast Passage

Journal: Arctic

Volume: 52

Issue: 4

Pages: 346-371

Date: Dec., 1999

Short Title: Migration patterns of tundra birds: Tracking radar observations along the Northeast Passage


Keywords: Sea Ducks - General; Migration; Nonbreeding Seasons;

Abstract: Bird migration was recorded by tracking radar and visual observations at 15 study sites, situated between 50degreeE and 170degreeE along the Northeast Passage, during a ship-based expedition in July and August 1994. A total of 1087 radar tracks (average duration 220 s) of bird flocks on postbreeding migration were recorded. Migration was dominated by waders and to a certain degree also skuas (especially pomarine skua Stercorarius pomarinus). Terns, gulls, ducks, and geese were also among the migrants tracked by radar. The radar data revealed a major migratory divide at about 100degreeE (Taymyr Peninsula), with mainly eastbound migration to the east of this divide, and mainly westbound migration to the west of it. The main stream of eastbound migration was directed toward the sector 90-120degree and that of westbound migration toward the sector 240-270degree; these directions are broadly in parallel with the coasts of the Arctic Ocean east and west of the Taymyr Peninsula, respectively. There was also important ENE migration, which provided strong indications of long-distance flights along orthodrome-like routes directly between Siberia and North America, across vast expanses of the Arctic Ocean pack ice. Analysis of flight directions in relation to wind indicated complete compensation for wind drift. Mean flight altitude was 1.3 km, and the birds regularly travelled at high altitudes above 3 km (9% of the tracks) up to a maximum height of 4.8 km. They preferred to migrate on occasions and at altitudes with following winds; such conditions provided an average gain in speed of 4.6 m/s. There were also recurrent cases of birds migrating in tailwinds of gale force, between 18 and 24 m/s. The birds' airspeed varied between 8 and 22 m/s, with a mean of 14 m/s. Airspeed was significantly correlated with altitude, wind, and vertical speed and seemed to be intermediate between the speeds for minimum power and maximum range predicted by aerodynamic theory.

URL: ://BCI200000087569


Record Number: 41

Author: T. Alerstam, M. Rosen, J. Backman, P. G. P. Ericson and O. Hellgren

Year: 2007

Title: Flight speeds among bird species: Allometric and phylogenetic effects

Journal: PLoS Biology

Volume: 5

Issue: 8

Pages: 1656-1662

Date: Aug 2007

Short Title: Flight speeds among bird species: Allometric and phylogenetic effects


Keywords: Sea Ducks - General; Behavior; Physiology;

Abstract: Flight speed is expected to increase with mass and wing loading among flying animals and aircraft for fundamental aerodynamic reasons. Assuming geometrical and dynamical similarity, cruising flight speed is predicted to vary as (body mass)(1/6) and (wing loading)(1/2) among bird species. To test these scaling rules and the general importance of mass and wing loading for bird flight speeds, we used tracking radar to measure flapping flight speeds of individuals or flocks of migrating birds visually identified to species as well as their altitude and winds at the altitudes where the birds were flying. Equivalent airspeeds (airspeeds corrected to sea level air density, U-e) of 138 species, ranging 0.01-10 kg in mass, were analysed in relation to biometry and phylogeny. Scaling exponents in relation to mass and wing loading were significantly smaller than predicted (about 0.12 and 0.32, respectively, with similar results for analyses based on species and independent phylogenetic contrasts). These low scaling exponents may be the result of evolutionary restrictions on bird flight-speed range, counteracting too slow flight speeds among species with low wing loading and too fast speeds among species with high wing loading. This compression of speed range is partly attained through geometric differences, with aspect ratio showing a positive relationship with body mass and wing loading, but additional factors are required to fully explain the small scaling exponent of U-e in relation to wing loading. Furthermore, mass and wing loading accounted for only a limited proportion of the variation in U-e. Phylogeny was a powerful factor, in combination with wing loading, to account for the variation in U-e. These results demonstrate that functional flight adaptations and constraints associated with different evolutionary lineages have an important influence on cruising flapping flight speed that goes beyond the general aerodynamic scaling effects of mass and wing loading.

URL: ://BCI200700611545


Record Number: 2256

Author: R. T. Alisauskas and D. K. Kellett

Year: 2014

Title: Age-specific in situ recruitment of female King Eiders estimated with mark-recapture

Journal: Auk

Volume: 131

Issue: 2

Pages: 129-140

Date: Apr

Short Title: Age-specific in situ recruitment of female King Eiders estimated with mark-recapture

ISSN: 0004-8038

DOI: 10.1642/auk-13-214.1

Accession Number: WOS:000336477300002

Keywords: King Eider; Somateria spectabilis; Breeding season; Population dynamics

Abstract: In addition to estimating survival probability of adult birds, estimating recruitment of new individuals into avian breeding populations is fundamental to understanding rates of population change. Notions about mean recruitment age can lead to erroneous conclusions about population projections if the probability of capture is ignored. We calculated the mean recruitment age of King Eiders (Somateria spectabilis) using two methods: (1) a naive estimate based strictly on observed age at first recapture of marked ducklings as nesting females; and (2) reversed capture histories, which incorporate probability of capture into estimates. From 1996 to 2009, we marked 2,390 King Eider ducklings, 53 of which were recaptured from 2007 to 2010 as females nesting at Karrak Lake, Nunavut, in Canada's Central Arctic region. The naive approach estimated mean (+/- 95% CL) recruitment age as 4.58 +/- 0.42 yr, whereas reversed capture histories estimated mean recruitment age as 4.08 +/- 0.34 yr. We illustrate the influence of recruitment age (range: 3-9 yr) on the predicted annual rate of population change. We fit numerous ecological covariates to test for cohort effects, phenology of vernal thaw, absolute and relative nesting phenology of mothers, maternal body size, density dependence, and relative clutch size on age-specific recruitment probability. There was good support for a negative effect of relative initiation date of nests that produced ducklings, and equivocal support for an additive negative influence of vernal thaw at the age that ducklings were recruited as breeders. We discuss the implications of variation in female recruitment age for King Eider population biology and fitness. More broadly, we reiterate previous advice (e.g., Pradel et al. 1997, Schwarz and Arnason 2000), against calculation of mean recruitment age from age at first capture, regardless of study species, particularly when detection probability of recruits is low.

Notes: Alisauskas, Ray T. Kellett, Dana K.

URL: ://WOS:000336477300002


Record Number: 983

Author: R. T. Alisauskas, J. J. Traylor, C. J. Swoboda and F. P. Kehoe

Year: 2004

Title: Components of population growth rate for White-winged Scoters in Saskatchewan,Canada

Journal: Animal Biodiversity and Conservation

Volume: 27

Issue: 1

Pages: 451-460

Short Title: Components of population growth rate for White-winged Scoters in Saskatchewan,Canada


Keywords: White-winged Scoter; Melanitta fusca; Population Model; Survival; Dispersal; Population Dynamics; Breeding Season;

Abstract: Components of population growth rate for White-winged Scoters in Saskatchewan, Canada.- Breeding range and abundance of White-winged Scoters (Melanitta fusca deglandi) have declined in northwestern North America. Hypotheses proposed to account for this trend are that survival and/or recruitment of females had declined. Thus, we used a reverse-time capture-recapture approach to directly estimate survival, seniority and capture probabilities for females of breeding age at Redberry Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada for 1975-1980 and 2000-2003. We also estimated population size of breeding females for 1975-1985 and 2000-2003 using capture-recapture data. Initially, this local population was in serious decline [95% CL (lambda(-<^>)(75-80)) = 0.89 +/- 0.09], but has since stabilized and may be slowly increasing [95% CL (lambda(-<^>)(00-03)) = 1.07 +/- 0.11]. This reversal in trajectory apparently resulted from increased recruitment rather than increased apparent survival. Importantly, recent recruitment of adult females appeared to be driven solely by immigration of adult females with no detectable in situ recruitment, suggesting a hypothesis that the local population is being rescued by females produced elsewhere.

URL: ://BCI200510245588

Reference Type: Book

Record Number: 2358

Author: R. T. a. J.-M. D. Alisauskas

Year: 2015

Title: Breeding Costs, Nutrient Reserves, and Cross-Seasonal Effects: Dealing with Deficits in Sea Ducks

Series Editor: D. V. D. J.-P. L. Savard, D. Esler, and J. M. Eadie

Series Title: Studies in Avian Biology

Place Published: Boca Raton, FL

Publisher: CRC Press

Volume: 46

Pages: 125-168

Short Title: Breeding Costs, Nutrient Reserves, and Cross-Seasonal Effects: Dealing with Deficits in Sea Ducks

Keywords: Breeding season; Energetics and Nutrition

Abstract: We reviewed reproductive life histories and associated nutritional requirements of egg production and incubation for 18 species and subspecies of sea ducks that breed in North America. We also refer to life histories of some European subspecies. We found that basic information for several species remains unavailable for egg composition, egg-laying rates, follicular growth rates and estimates of incubation constancy. Relationships among various life-history traits associated with egg production and incubation by sea ducks revealed that phylogeny and body mass both affect daily and total energetic costs. For example, regression of some life-history traits associated with egg production that were related to body mass across all species or subspecies under consideration showed different patterns when compared between Somatereae (eiders) and Mergeae (non-eiders). Also missing for most species were estimates of the proportion of egg nutrients supplied by endogenous stores. Inferences about nutrient supply to eggs were highly variable, regardless of whether estimation relied on analysis of stable isotopes or the regression of cumulative nutrient production on somatic nutrient reserves. The proportion of egg nutrient supplied by endogenous reserves showed no clear pattern, judging from the lack of relationship to other life history traits. There is a general lack of understanding of whether endogenous nutrient reserves used in reproduction are acquired by sea ducks from wintering habitat, distant staging or those areas proximal to nesting sites. The geographic sourcing of nutrients used in sea duck reproduction should receive additional study because such areas may influence population-level recruitment. Reported incubation constancy in sea ducks ranged from 81% to 99%, and reflected the range of strategies to source nutrients for reproduction. Based on differences in body mass before and after incubation, we estimated that between 8% and 94% of energy requirements during incubation by different species or subspecies were met with endogenous reserves. The gradient in reliance on endogenous nutrients during incubation across species was a strong function of body mass (r2 = 0.84). We also discuss the potential interplay of contaminants, nutrition and reproduction, and suggest that determination of nutrient reserve thresholds for breeding are an important research goal.


Record Number: 1177

Author: R. Alison

Year: 1975

Title: Capturing and Marking Oldsquaws

Journal: Bird-Banding

Volume: 46

Issue: 3

Pages: 248-250

Short Title: Capturing and Marking Oldsquaws


Keywords: Long-tailed Duck; Clangula hyemalis; Techniques;

URL: ://BCI197612000680


Record Number: 1175

Author: R. M. Alison

Year: 1976

Title: Oldsquaw Brood Behavior

Journal: Bird-Banding

Volume: 47

Issue: 3

Pages: 210-213

Short Title: Oldsquaw Brood Behavior


Keywords: Long-tailed Duck; Clangula hyemalis; Behavior; Breeding Season;

URL: ://BCI197713005849


Record Number: 1171

Author: R. M. Alison

Year: 1977

Title: Homing of Subadult Oldsquaws

Journal: Auk

Volume: 94

Issue: 2

Pages: 383-384

Short Title: Homing of Subadult Oldsquaws


Keywords: Long-tailed Duck; Clangula hyemalis; Dispersal;

URL: ://BCI197713069913


Record Number: 1490

Author: K. Allard and H. G. Gilchrist

Year: 2002

Title: Kleptoparasitism of Herring Gulls taking eider eggs by Canada Geese

Journal: Waterbirds

Volume: 25

Issue: 2

Pages: 235-238

Date: June, 2002

Short Title: Kleptoparasitism of Herring Gulls taking eider eggs by Canada Geese


Keywords: Common Eider; Somateria mollissima; Trophic Interactions; Breeding Season;

Abstract: Nesting in association with species that aggressively attack predators may reduce nest predation in some birds. For example, nesting ducks sometimes benefit from aggressive defence by nesting Canada Geese (Branta canadensis). Although Common Eiders (Somateria mollissima) commonly nest with gulls (Larus spp.), the costs and benefits for eiders of this association remain uncertain. Over two years, 32 instances of kleptoparasitism of Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus) by Canada Geese were recorded in arctic Canada. The Canada Geese nested amongst Common Eiders and interrupted Herring Gulls while taking eider eggs. The geese displaced Herring Gulls from approximately ten percent of all eider eggs taken from nests, and ate egg contents themselves. Kleptoparasitism may provide Canada Geese with an important exogenous food resource, but the small overall number of eggs stolen from gulls (less than five percent of all eider eggs laid) limits the potential consequences of additive compensatory predation pressure by gulls within the eider colony.

URL: ://BCI200200445713


Record Number: 2138

Author: A. B. Allison, J. R. Ballard, R. B. Tesh, J. D. Brown, M. G. Ruder, M. K. Keel, B. A. Munk, R. M. Mickley, S. E. J. Gibbs, A. da Rosa, J. C. Ellis, H. S. Ip, V. I. Shearn-Bochsler, M. B. Rogers, E. Ghedin, E. C. Holmes, C. R. Parrish and C. Dwyer

Year: 2015

Title: Cyclic Avian Mass Mortality in the Northeastern United States Is Associated with a Novel Orthomyxovirus

Journal: Journal of Virology

Volume: 89

Issue: 2

Pages: 1389-1403

Date: Jan

Short Title: Cyclic Avian Mass Mortality in the Northeastern United States Is Associated with a Novel Orthomyxovirus

ISSN: 0022-538X

DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02019-14


Keywords: Common Eider; Somateria mollissima; Disease

Abstract: Since 1998, cyclic mortality events in common eiders (Somateria mollissima), numbering in the hundreds to thousands of dead birds, have been documented along the coast of Cape Cod, MA, USA. Although longitudinal disease investigations have uncovered potential contributing factors responsible for these outbreaks, detecting a primary etiological agent has proven enigmatic. Here, we identify a novel orthomyxovirus, tentatively named Wellfleet Bay virus (WFBV), as a potential causative agent of these outbreaks. Genomic analysis of WFBV revealed that it is most closely related to members of the Quaranjavirus genus within the family Orthomyxoviridae. Similar to other members of the genus, WFBV contains an alphabaculovirus gp64-like glycoprotein that was demonstrated to have fusion activity; this also tentatively suggests that ticks (and/or insects) may vector the virus in nature. However, in addition to the six RNA segments encoding the prototypical structural proteins identified in other quaranjaviruses, a previously unknown RNA segment (segment 7) encoding a novel protein designated VP7 was discovered in WFBV. Although WFBV shows low to moderate levels of sequence similarity to Quaranfil virus and Johnston Atoll virus, the original members of the Quaranjavirus genus, additional antigenic and genetic analyses demonstrated that it is closely related to the recently identified Cygnet River virus (CyRV) from South Australia, suggesting that WFBV and CyRV may be geographic variants of the same virus. Although the identification of WFBV in part may resolve the enigma of these mass mortality events, the details of the ecology and epidemiology of the virus remain to be determined. IMPORTANCE The emergence or reemergence of viral pathogens resulting in large-scale outbreaks of disease in humans and/or animals is one of the most important challenges facing biomedicine. For example, understanding how orthomyxoviruses such as novel influenza A virus reassortants and/or mutants emerge to cause epidemic or pandemic disease is at the forefront of current global health concerns. Here, we describe the emergence of a novel orthomyxovirus, Wellfleet Bay virus (WFBV), which has been associated with cyclic large-scale bird die-offs in the northeastern United States. This initial characterization study provides a foundation for further research into the evolution, epidemiology, and ecology of newly emerging orthomyxoviruses, such as WFBV, and their potential impacts on animal and/or human health.

Notes: Allison, Andrew B. Ballard, Jennifer R. Tesh, Robert B. Brown, Justin D. Ruder, Mark G. Keel, M. Kevin Munk, Brandon A. Mickley, Randall M. Gibbs, Samantha E. J. da Rosa, Amelia P. A. Travassos Ellis, Julie C. Ip, Hon S. Shearn-Bochsler, Valerie I. Rogers, Matthew B. Ghedin, Elodie Holmes, Edward C. Parrish, Colin R. Dwyer, Chris

URL: ://WOS:000347178900043


Record Number: 794

Author: B. W. Anderson and M. G. Reeder

Year: 1977

Title: Food Habits of the Common Merganser in Winter

Journal: Bulletin of the Oklahoma Ornithological Society

Volume: 10

Issue: 1

Pages: 3-6

Short Title: Food Habits of the Common Merganser in Winter


Keywords: Common merganser; Mergus merganser; Trophic Interactions; Nonbreeding Seasons;

URL: ://BCI197713061117


Record Number: 797

Author: B. W. Anderson, M. G. Reeder and R. L. Timken

Year: 1974

Title: Notes on the Feeding Behavior of the Common Merganser Mergus-Merganser

Journal: Condor

Volume: 76

Issue: 4

Pages: 472-476

Short Title: Notes on the Feeding Behavior of the Common Merganser Mergus-Merganser


Keywords: Common merganser; Mergus merganser; Trophic Interactions;

URL: ://BCI197559041787


Record Number: 804

Author: B. W. Anderson and R. L. Timken

Year: 1971

Title: Age and Sex Characteristics of Common Mergansers

Journal: Journal of Wildlife Management

Volume: 35

Issue: 2

Pages: 388-393

Short Title: Age and Sex Characteristics of Common Mergansers


Keywords: Common merganser; Mergus merganser;

URL: ://BCI197152118293


Record Number: 799

Author: B. W. Anderson and R. L. Timken

Year: 1972

Title: Sex and Age Ratios and Weights of Common Mergansers

Journal: Journal of Wildlife Management

Volume: 36

Issue: 4

Pages: 1127-1133

Short Title: Sex and Age Ratios and Weights of Common Mergansers


Keywords: Common merganser; Mergus merganser; Energetics and Nutrition; Abundance, Distribution, and Trends;

URL: ://BCI197355054235


Record Number: 2337

Author: E. M. Anderson, Rian D. Dickson, Erika K. Lok, Eric C. Palm, Jean-Pierre L. Savard, Daniel Bordage and Austin Reed

Year: 2015

Title: Surf Scoter (Melanitta perspicillata)

Journal: The Birds of North America

Short Title: Surf Scoter (Melanitta perspicillata)

Keywords: Surf Scoter; Melanitta perspicillata


Record Number: 1803

Author: E. M. Anderson, D. Esler, W. S. Boyd, J. R. Evenson, D. R. Nysewander, D. H. Ward, R. D. Dickson, B. D. Uher-Koch, C. S. VanStratt and J. W. Hupp

Year: 2012

Title: Predation rates, timing, and predator composition for Scoters (Melanitta spp.) in marine habitats

Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne De Zoologie

Volume: 90

Issue: 1

Pages: 42-50

Date: Jan

Short Title: Predation rates, timing, and predator composition for Scoters (Melanitta spp.) in marine habitats

ISSN: 0008-4301

DOI: 10.1139/z11-110


Keywords: Surf Scoter; white-winged Scoter; Melanitta fusca; melanitta perspicillata; Trophic Interactions; Nonbreeding Seasons

Notes: Times Cited: 3

Anderson, Eric M. Esler, Daniel Boyd, W. Sean Evenson, Joseph R. Nysewander, David R. Ward, David H. Dickson, Rian D. Uher-Koch, Brian D. VanStratt, Corey S. Hupp, Jerry W.

4

URL: ://WOS:000299443200005


Record Number: 1048

Author: E. M. Anderson and J. R. Lovvorn

Year: 2008

Title: Gray whales may increase feeding opportunities for avian benthivores

Journal: Marine Ecology Progress Series

Volume: 360

Pages: 291-296

Short Title: Gray whales may increase feeding opportunities for avian benthivores


Keywords: Surf Scoter; Melanitta perspicillata; Trophic Interactions; Nonbreeding Seasons;

Abstract: Feeding by gray whales Eschrichtius robustus along the eastern Pacific coast between the Bering Sea and Baja, Mexico, appears to be increasing. Gray whale feeding can disturb large fractions of intertidal and shallow subtidal sediments, altering the distributions of benthic invertebrates for many months. Increased gray whale feeding may be modifying foraging profitability for other bottom-feeding vertebrates along the coast, but such effects have not been documented. This paper is the first report of a feeding association between a cetacean and bottom-feeding birds, namely a migrating gray whale and diving sea ducks. Local counts and condition of surf scoters Melanitta perspicillata in Puget Sound, Washington, suggest that gray whale feeding can provide important foraging opportunities for scoters during spring, when other foods may have declined and requirements to prepare for migration and reproduction are high. Complementary data are needed to evaluate the importance to scoters of this seasonal interaction with gray whales. However, given the large and protracted impacts of gray whales on benthic communities, our observations suggest that whale feeding may have increasing influence on the foraging patterns and trophic relations of a range of bottom-feeding vertebrates.

URL: ://BCI200800528149


Record Number: 1033


Year: 2011

Title: Contrasts in Energy Status and Marine Foraging Strategies of White-Winged Scoters (Melanitta Fusca) and Surf Scoters (M. Perspicillata)

Journal: Auk

Volume: 128

Issue: 2

Pages: 248-257

Date: Apr 2011

Short Title: Contrasts in Energy Status and Marine Foraging Strategies of White-Winged Scoters (Melanitta Fusca) and Surf Scoters (M. Perspicillata)


Keywords: Surf Scoter; Melanitta perspicillata; Abundance, Distribution, and Trends; Behavior; Energetics and Nutrition; Dispersal; Nonbreeding Seasons; Habitat; White-winged Scoter; Melanitta fusca; Trophic Interactions;

Abstract: White-winged Scoters (Melanitta fusca) and Surf Scoters (M. perspicillata) are often assumed to rely on similar marine resources. To evaluate the accuracy of this assumption, we contrast seasonal distributions, foraging effort, and indicators of energy status (body mass and composition, plasma metabolites) in three major foraging sites in Puget Sound, Washington, for these rapidly declining sea duck congeners. For Surf Scoters, distributions and energy status indicated that a mussel-dominated site was relatively important in early winter, but that importance shifted during late winter and spring to seagrass sites that provided either herring spawn or epifaunal invertebrates. As winter progressed, movements among foraging sites and increased foraging effort by Surf Scoters were accompanied by greater variability in their energy status compared with White-winged Scoters; body mass declined over winter by > 9% in about one-third of past studies for Surf Scoters, well above the range of losses observed in White-winged Scoters. For White-winged Scoters, lower variability in energy status, foraging effort, and distributions throughout winter suggests that they are better able to regulate energy balance regardless of changing foraging conditions. Greater resistance to seasonal environmental changes in White-winged Scoters may be related to their > 50% larger body size, which confers lower mass-specific energy costs and access to a wider size range of bivalve prey. Perhaps because of their greater sensitivity to winter foraging conditions, Surf Scoters appear to rely on a broader range of foraging sites than White-winged Scoters. Received 11 April 2010, accepted 9 January 2011.

URL: ://BCI201100375379


Record Number: 1805


Year: 2012

Title: Seasonal dynamics of prey size mediate complementary functions of mussel beds and seagrass habitats for an avian predator


Volume: 467

Pages: 219-232

Short Title: Seasonal dynamics of prey size mediate complementary functions of mussel beds and seagrass habitats for an avian predator

ISSN: 0171-8630

DOI: 10.3354/meps09943


Keywords: Surf Scoter; Melanitta perspicillata; Nonbreeding Seasons; Trophic Interactions;


Anderson, Eric M. Lovvorn, James R.

0

URL: ://WOS:000310270500017


Record Number: 1042

Author: E. M. Anderson, J. R. Lovvorn, D. Esler, W. S. Boyd and K. C. Stick

Year: 2009

Title: Using predator distributions, diet, and condition to evaluate seasonal foraging sites: sea ducks and herring spawn


Volume: 386

Pages: 287-302

Short Title: Using predator distributions, diet, and condition to evaluate seasonal foraging sites: sea ducks and herring spawn


Keywords: Surf Scoter; Melanitta perspicillata; White-winged Scoter; Melanitta fusca; Trophic Interactions; Habitat; Energetics and Nutrition; Nonbreeding Seasons; SDJV funded

Abstract: Identifying important foraging sites for highly mobile marine predators has relied mainly on relating their distributions to broadly defined habitat data. However, understanding functional dependencies on foraging sites also requires knowledge of the relative contributions of foods to predator condition. We coupled predator distributions with measures of their diet and condition to assess the importance of Pacific herring Clupea pallasii spawning events to 2 closely related and declining sea duck species. In Puget Sound, Washington, the numerical response of scoters to spawn increased with increasing biomass of spawning herring; this response was 4-fold greater for surf scoters Melanitta perspicillata than for white-winged scoters M fusca after accounting for local differences in their abundances. In the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, diets estimated from fatty acids and stable isotopes indicated that both scoter species gained mass by consuming spawn during late March to early April. At a site without spawn during this period, only male white-winged scoters gained mass. In contrast, body mass of male surf scoters declined appreciably before spawn became available in one study year, suggesting greater dependence on spawn for restoring depleted reserves. From winter to spring, surf scoters attained greatest body mass during late April to mid-May while migrating through southeast Alaska; during this period, plasma triglycerides suggested that fattening was not related solely to spawn consumption, yet surf scoters aggregated to consume spawn whenever it was available. Although it is not clear whether herring are essential to their population processes, surf scoters and a range of other predators for which spawning areas are clearly preferred foraging sites would likely benefit from efforts that preserve declining herring stocks.

URL: ://BCI200900535886


Record Number: 1049

Author: E. M. Anderson, J. R. Lovvorn and M. T. Wilson

Year: 2008

Title: Reevaluating marine diets of Surf and White-winged Scoters: Interspecific differences and the importance of soft-bodied prey

Journal: Condor

Volume: 110

Issue: 2

Pages: 285-295

Date: May 2008

Short Title: Reevaluating marine diets of Surf and White-winged Scoters: Interspecific differences and the importance of soft-bodied prey


Keywords: Surf Scoter; Melanitta perspicillata; White-winged Scoter; Melanitta fusca; Trophic Interactions; Techniques; Nonbreeding Seasons; SDJV funded

Abstract: Past studies of the marine diets of Surf Scoters (Melanitta perspicillata) and White-winged Scoters (M. fusca) have reported that they eat mostly bivalves, but deviations from well-established methods by most studies suggest that the importance of soft-bodied prey has been underestimated for both species. Methods needed to reduce bias in diet estimates include collecting birds that are feeding, immediately preserving gut contents, excluding gizzard contents, averaging food-item percentages across birds versus pooling gut contents for all birds, and using energy or ash-free dry mass versus wet mass values of foods. For Surf Scoters collected in northern Puget Sound, Washington during 2005-2006, adherence to the latter three methods alone resulted in the assessed bivalve component of diet declining by over half and a near doubling of soft-bodied prey (i.e., crustaceans, polychaetes). Diets of Surf Scoters differed among three heavily used bays with distinct benthic habitats, yet 67%-86% of the ash-free dry mass of esophagus contents from each bay was nonbivalve prey. A synthesis of previous and new diet data revealed differences between scoter species: relative to White-winged Scoters, Surf Scoters consume smaller bivalves, a smaller and more variable percentage of mollusk prey (including bivalves and gastropods), and a declining percentage of bivalves as winter progresses. Past diet studies for scoters may provide misleading guidelines to conservation efforts by implying that only standing stocks of bivalves require consideration when prioritizing critical foraging sites.

URL: ://BCI200800685943


Record Number: 76

Author: G. Anderson

Year: 2005

Title: Wind, fire and water - Renewable energy and birds

Journal: British Birds

Volume: 98

Issue: 7

Pages: 365-367

Date: Jul 2005

Short Title: Wind, fire and water - Renewable energy and birds


Keywords: Sea Ducks - General; Conservation;

URL: ://BCI200510247245


Record Number: 1765

Author: V. R. Anderson and R. T. Alisauskas

Year: 2001

Title: Egg size, body size, locomotion, and feeding performance in captive King Eider ducklings

Journal: Condor

Volume: 103

Issue: 1

Pages: 195-199

Date: February, 2001

Short Title: Egg size, body size, locomotion, and feeding performance in captive King Eider ducklings


Keywords: King Eider; Somateria spectabilis; Physiology; Energetics and Nutrition; Behavior; Breeding Season;

Abstract: We studied the effect of egg volume and body size on swimming speed, endurance, and feeding rate in captive King Eider (Somateria spectabilis) ducklings in the Canadian arctic. Sprint speed, endurance, and feeding rate were positively related to egg size and body size. Large ducklings from large eggs performed better than small ducklings from small eggs. Ducklings that are more capable swimmers and have higher feeding rates may grow more quickly and be more effective at predator evasion. Thus, ducklings from large eggs may have a survival advantage over those from small eggs under conditions where predation and nutrition may constrain survival.

URL: ://BCI200100142330


Record Number: 1760

Author: V. R. Anderson and R. T. Alisauskas

Year: 2002

Title: Composition and growth of King Eider ducklings in relation to egg size

Journal: Auk

Volume: 119

Issue: 1

Pages: 62-70

Date: January, 2002

Short Title: Composition and growth of King Eider ducklings in relation to egg size


Keywords: King Eider; Somateria spectabilis; Energetics and Nutrition; Physiology; Productivity; Breeding Season;

Abstract: In several bird species, offspring from larger eggs survive better than birds from smaller eggs, but mechanisms responsible for that pattern have not been clearly identified. Studies of waterfowl have found relationships between egg size, body composition of hatchlings, and duckling growth. Therefore, body composition and growth rate of newly hatched King Eider (Somateria spectabilis) ducklings were measured to assess if traits consistent with higher probability of survival early in duckling varied in relation to egg size. Forty-one King Eider eggs were collected in June and July 1998 from two lakes in the central Canadian Arctic, and artificially incubated, of which 34 hatched. Body composition of 15 hatchlings (<1 day old) was determined, and 19 ducklings were raised in captivity to measure growth rate. Larger eggs produced larger ducklings with absolutely more lipid and protein reserve; absolutely larger breast and leg muscles; higher functional maturity for whole body, leg, and breast muscles; and higher tarsal growth rates than ducklings from small eggs. Such patterns of hatchling composition and growth in relation to increasing egg size may improve likelihood of early survival by improving thermogenesis, reducing time spent as optimal prey size for avian predators, and as shown elsewhere, by enhancing motor performance of ducklings through improvements in foraging efficiency and predator evasion.

URL: ://BCI200200236857


Record Number: 490

Author: M. Andersson and M. Ahlund

Year: 2000

Title: Host-parasite relatedness shown by protein fingerprinting in a brood parasitic bird

Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Volume: 97

Issue: 24

Pages: 13188-13193

Date: November 21, 2000

Short Title: Host-parasite relatedness shown by protein fingerprinting in a brood parasitic bird


Keywords: Common Goldeneye; Bucephala clangula; Behavior; Breeding Season;

Abstract: Brood parasitism as an alternative female breeding tactic is particularly common in ducks, where hosts often receive eggs laid by parasitic females of the same species and raise their offspring. Herein, we test several aspects of a kin selection explanation for this phenomenon in goldeneye ducks (Bucephala clangula) by using techniques of egg albumen sampling and statistical band-sharing analysis based on resampling. We find that host and primary parasite are indeed often related, with mean r = 0.13, about as high as between first cousins. Relatedness to the host is higher in nests where a parasite lays several eggs than in those where she lays only one. Returning young females parasitize their birth nestmates (social mothers or sisters, which are usually also their genetic mothers and sisters) more often than expected by chance. Such adult relatives are also observed together in the field more often than expected and for longer periods than other females. Relatedness and kin discrimination, which can be achieved by recognition of birth nestmates, therefore play a role in these tactics and probably influence their success.

URL: ://BCI200100040674


Record Number: 486

Author: M. Andersson and M. Ahlund

Year: 2001

Title: Protein fingerprinting: A new technique reveals extensive conspecific brood parasitism

Journal: Ecology (Washington D C)

Volume: 82

Issue: 5

Pages: 1433-1442

Date: May, 2001

Short Title: Protein fingerprinting: A new technique reveals extensive conspecific brood parasitism


Keywords: Common Goldeneye; Bucephala clangula; Techniques; Breeding Season;

Abstract: Conspecific brood parasitism occurs in many birds and some insects, fishes, and amphibians. Here, we develop and test a novel molecular technique for ecological analysis, protein fingerprinting (PF), based on isoelectric focusing electrophoresis (IEF) in immobilized pH gradients. It is applied here to albumen from birds' eggs and permits accurate identification of eggs laid by different females. This technique greatly clarifies female alternative reproductive tactics and laying patterns in brood-parasitic Common Goldeneye ducks Bucephala clangula. A small, nondestructive sample of albumen is taken through a hole drilled through the eggshell, which is then sealed with superglue, preserving egg hatchability. IEF yields a rich pattern of albumen bands with extensive variation among females. Observation and video recording of egg-laying by 21 color-marked females showed that they had unique band patterns, which were fully repeatable within and between years. Brood parasitism occurred in two-thirds (13 of 19) of the video-recorded nests of color-ringed females, with up to five parasitic females per nest. Of 234 eggs, 36% were laid by females other than the incubating host. These results suggest that intraspecific brood parasitism is more common and important than suggested by earlier studies using traditional methods. Protein fingerprinting yields individual resolution similar to that of a DNA multilocus fingerprinting probe, and has several advantages. The albumen band pattern represents only the laying female, not her mate(s), making it easy to determine the maternity of eggs, and to identify a parasite that spreads her eggs among a number of nests. Albumen can be sampled as soon as the egg is laid, before predation or other losses occur, maximizing sample size and minimizing bias. Protein fingerprinting is relatively inexpensive and easy. It is also useful for several purposes other than maternity determination, such as relatedness estimation for categories of individuals.

URL: ://BCI200100301090


Record Number: 1409

Author: M. Andersson and P. Waldeck

Year: 2006

Title: Reproductive tactics under severe egg predation: an eider's dilemma

Journal: Oecologia (Berlin)

Volume: 148

Issue: 2

Pages: 350-355

Date: Jun 2006

Short Title: Reproductive tactics under severe egg predation: an eider's dilemma


Keywords: Common Eider; Somateria mollissima; Behavior; Productivity; Breeding Season;

Abstract: Parental defence against predators may increase offspring survival but entail other costs. Egg predation is frequent early in the laying sequence of the common eider, which differs in this and in several other ways from most other waterfowl. We test the hypothesis that permanent presence at the nest from the second or third egg is an adaptation for reducing egg predation in eiders. Two other alternative hypotheses for lower predation at later nest stages are early predation loss of the most vulnerable nests and seasonal decrease in predation risk. Analyses of predation rates at the one-egg and later stages refute these two alternatives. Early nest attendance by eider females is estimated to increase clutch survival by about 20% in four-egg and 35% in five-egg clutches, albeit probably at a cost of smaller clutch size.

URL: ://BCI200600492640


Record Number: 1382

Author: M. Andersson and P. Waldeck

Year: 2007

Title: Host-parasite kinship in a female-philopatric bird population: evidence from relatedness trend analysis

Journal: Molecular Ecology

Volume: 16

Issue: 13

Pages: 2797-2806

Date: Jul 2007

Short Title: Host-parasite kinship in a female-philopatric bird population: evidence from relatedness trend analysis


Keywords: Common Eider; Somateria mollissima; Behavior; Breeding Season;

Abstract: Conspecific brood parasitism (CBP), an alternative reproductive tactic where some females lay eggs in the nests of other females of the same species, occurs in many animals with egg care. It is particularly common in waterfowl, for reasons that are debated. Many waterfowl females nest near their birthplace, making it likely that some local females are relatives. We analyse brood parasitism in a Hudson Bay population of common eiders, testing predictions from two alternative hypotheses on the role of relatedness in CBP. Some models predict host-parasite relatedness, others predict that parasites avoid close relatives as hosts. To distinguish between the alternatives, we use a novel approach, where the relatedness of host-parasite pairs is tested against the spatial population trend in pairwise relatedness. We estimate parasitism, nest take-over and relatedness with protein fingerprinting and bandsharing analysis of egg albumen, nondestructively sampled from each new egg in the nest throughout the laying period. The results refute the hypothesis that parasites avoid laying eggs in the nests of related hosts, and corroborate the alternative of host-parasite relatedness. With an estimated r of 0.12-0.14, females laying eggs in the same nest are on average closer kin than nesting neighbour females. Absence of a population trend in female pairwise relatedness vs. distance implies that host-parasite relatedness is not only an effect of strong natal philopatry: some additional form of kin bias is also involved.

URL: ://BCI200700471553


Record Number: 2139

Author: M. Andersson, P. Waldeck, S. A. Hanssen and B. Moe

Year: 2015

Title: Female sociality and kin discrimination in brood parasitism: unrelated females fight over egg laying

Journal: Behavioral Ecology

Volume: 26

Issue: 3

Pages: 755-762

Date: May-Jun

Short Title: Female sociality and kin discrimination in brood parasitism: unrelated females fight over egg laying

ISSN: 1045-2249

DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arv007


Keywords: Common Eider; Somateria mollissima; Breeding Season; Behavior

Abstract: In conspecific brood parasitism, some females ("parasites") lay eggs in nests of other females of the same species ("hosts"). This reproductive tactic is particularly common in waterfowl, in which studies suggest that parasites are often related to the host. Here, we test the hypothesis that hosts may discriminate and reject unrelated parasites. Based on observations and >4100 h of digital video film, we analyze behavioral interactions at 65 nests of High Arctic common eiders during the laying sequence. We also estimate parasitism and host-parasite relatedness by albumen fingerprinting of 975 eggs from 232 nests. Among the video-filmed nests in which interactions were recorded during the egg-laying period, 11 had eggs from 2 females. At 8 of these 11 nests, there was overt female aggression and significantly lower host-parasite relatedness (mean coefficient of relationship r = -0.40) than in the nests with tolerant or no interactions (r = 0.91). The results demonstrate active female kin discrimination in common eiders, used against nonrelatives that try to lay eggs in the nest. Other females trying to access the nest were often prevented from doing so: in 65% of 34 such attempts, the sitting female rejected the intruder. Brood "parasitism" in eiders and other waterfowl is complex, ranging from violent female conflict and parasitic exploitation of the host's parental care to nest takeover and potential kin selection favoring acceptance of related parasites. These and other aspects of female sociality in eiders are discussed; in some respects, they may resemble certain long-lived matriarchal mammals.

Notes: Andersson, Malte Waldeck, Peter Hanssen, Sveinn A. Moe, Borge

URL: ://WOS:000356585100016


Record Number: 1506

Author: T. B. Ardamatskaya

Year: 2001

Title: The expansion of the Common Eider Somateria mollissima at Ukrainian coast of the Black Sea

Journal: Acta Ornithologica (Warsaw)

Volume: 36

Issue: 1

Pages: 53-54

Date: Summer, 2001

Short Title: The expansion of the Common Eider Somateria mollissima at Ukrainian coast of the Black Sea


Keywords: Common Eider; Somateria mollissima; Abundance, Distribution, and Trends; Nonbreeding Seasons; Breeding Season; Dispersal;

Abstract: In 1950s the Common Eider was a very rare species in the Black Sea region, migrating there only irregularly. A decade later, 9-14 males wintered in Black Sea bays. A few pairs attempted to breed there but their nests were flooded by storms. The first records (2 pairs) of successful breeding come from 1975. By the mid-1990s, the total number of breeding pairs had reached almost 1000.

URL: ://BCI200100436548


Record Number: 1807

Author: T. W. Arnold, D. Shizuka, B. E. Lyon, J. T. Pelayo, K. R. Mehl, J. J. Traylor, W. L. Reed and C. L. Amundson

Year: 2011

Title: Use of Nape Tags for Marking Offspring of Precocial Waterbirds

Journal: Waterbirds

Volume: 34

Issue: 3

Pages: 312-318

Date: Sep

Short Title: Use of Nape Tags for Marking Offspring of Precocial Waterbirds

ISSN: 1524-4695


Keywords: Sea Ducks; Techniques; Breeding Season


Arnold, Todd W. Shizuka, Daizaburo Lyon, Bruce E. Pelayo, Jeffrey T. Mehl, Katherine R. Traylor, Joshua J. Reed, Wendy L. Amundson, Courtney L.

Lyon, Bruce/E-8491-2011

2

URL: ://WOS:000294592900006


Record Number: 1692

Author: R. E. Ashcroft

Year: 1976

Title: A Function of the Pair Bond in the Common Eider

Journal: Wildfowl

Volume: 27

Pages: 101-106

Short Title: A Function of the Pair Bond in the Common Eider


Keywords: Common Eider; Somateria mollissima; Behavior;

URL: ://BCI197713042309


Record Number: 859

Author: S. J. Aspinall and R. H. Dennis

Year: 1988

Title: Goosanders and Red-Breasted Mergansers in the Moray Firth North Sea

Journal: Scottish Birds

Volume: 15

Issue: 2

Pages: 65-70

Short Title: Goosanders and Red-Breasted Mergansers in the Moray Firth North Sea


Keywords: Red-breasted merganser; Mergus serrator; Common merganser; Mergus merganser;

URL: ://BCI198936089629


Record Number: 588

Author: T. Augspurger, J. R. Fischer, N. J. Thomas, L. Sileo, R. E. Brannian, K. J. G. Miller and T. E. Rocke

Year: 2003

Title: Vacuolar myelinopathy in waterfowl from a North Carolina impoundment

Journal: Journal of Wildlife Diseases

Volume: 39

Issue: 2

Pages: 412-417

Date: April 2003

Short Title: Vacuolar myelinopathy in waterfowl from a North Carolina impoundment


Keywords: Bufflehead; Bucephala albeola; Disease; Nonbreeding Seasons;

Abstract: Vacuolar myelinopathy was confirmed by light and electron microscopic examination of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), ring-necked ducks (Aythya collaris), and buffleheads (Bucephala albeola) collected during an epizootic at Lake Surf in central North Carolina (USA) between November 1998 and February 1999. Clinical signs of affected birds were consistent with central nervous system impairment of motor function (incoordination, abnormal movement and posture, weakness, paralysis). This is the first report of this disease in wild waterfowl (Anseriformes).

URL: ://BCI200300474555


Record Number: 993

Author: C. Aulert and B. Sylvand

Year: 1997

Title: Common scoters (Melanitta nigra) and velvet scoters (Melanitta fusca) wintering of the coasts of Calvados: Relation between diet and sea macrozoobenthic populations on the littoral

Journal: Ecologie (Brunoy)

Volume: 28

Issue: 2

Pages: 107-117

Short Title: Common scoters (Melanitta nigra) and velvet scoters (Melanitta fusca) wintering of the coasts of Calvados: Relation between diet and sea macrozoobenthic populations on the littoral


Keywords: Black Scoter; Melanitta nigra; White-winged Scoter; Melanitta fusca; Trophic Interactions; Nonbreeding Seasons;

Abstract: Every year, Common Scoters (Melanitta nigra) and Velver Scoters (Melanitta fusca) come in their thousands to overwinter along the Calvados coast, between the Orne bay and the Seine estuary. The birds' wintering quarters remain constant year after year, and the use of space is always the same. Since 1992, the diet of these diving ducks has been examined in the course of population studies. An inventory of benthic fauna was undertaken at the same time. We found that the Scoters fed mainly on bivalve mollusks (Common Scoters) or on gastropod mollusks (Velvet Scoters). The location of wintering flocks could reflect certain benthic species distributions.

URL: ://BCI199799704611


Record Number: 1572

Author: U. Baer and F. Jochums

Year: 1995

Title: Common Eider Somateria mollissima summering and moulting in Bavaria with remarks about Zebra Mussel Dreissena polymorpha

Journal: Ornithologischer Anzeiger

Volume: 34

Issue: 2-3

Pages: 159-162

Short Title: Common Eider Somateria mollissima summering and moulting in Bavaria with remarks about Zebra Mussel Dreissena polymorpha


Keywords: Common Eider; Somateria mollissima; Habitat; Abundance, Distribution, and Trends; Trophic Interactions; Nonbreeding Seasons;

Abstract: Between June 1994 and June 1995 eight adult males of Common Eider were recorded on the Starnberger See, Bavaria; their moult stages were observed. In this period they fed on Zebra Mussels Dreissena polymorpha, which increased enormously in the sixties. The increase of several species of aquatic birds in winter, including Common Eider, coincides with the immigration of Dreissena polymorpha from rivers of the Black and Caspian Sea.

URL: ://BCI199699003291


Record Number: 699

Author: A. C. Bagg and S. A. Eliot

Year: 1933

Title: Courtship of the hooded merganser (Lophodytes cucul-latus)

Journal: Auk

Volume: 50

Issue: (4)

Pages: 430-431

Short Title: Courtship of the hooded merganser (Lophodytes cucul-latus)


Keywords: Hooded Merganser; Lophodytes cucullatus; Behavior;

URL: ://BCI19340800021419


Record Number: 203

Author: E. P. Bailey

Year: 1977

Title: Distribution and Abundance of Marine Birds and Mammals Along the South Side of the Kenai Peninsula Alaska

Journal: Murrelet

Volume: 58

Issue: 3

Pages: 58-72

Short Title: Distribution and Abundance of Marine Birds and Mammals Along the South Side of the Kenai Peninsula Alaska


Keywords: Sea Ducks - General; Abundance, Distribution, and Trends;

URL: ://BCI197815051374


Record Number: 471

Author: S. M. Baillie, C. D. Wilkerson and T. L. Newbury

Year: 2004

Title: "Ashkui" vernal ice-cover phenomena and their ecological role in southern Labrador


Volume: 118

Issue: 2

Pages: 267-269

Date: Apr-Jun04

Short Title: "Ashkui" vernal ice-cover phenomena and their ecological role in southern Labrador


Keywords: Common Goldeneye; Bucephala clangula; Trophic Interactions; Nonbreeding Seasons;

Abstract: This is the first documented incident of River Otter (Lutra canadensis) feeding on Common Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) in a little studied region, southern Labrador. Our observations were made during spring staging when waterfowl aggregate at open water sites in frozen lakes and rivers, locally known as ashkui. We suggest that otters and raptors opportunistically forage on staging waterfowl at ashkui.

URL: ://BCI200510109577


Record Number: 683

Author: G. A. Bain and W. Threlfall

Year: 1977

Title: Helminth Parasites of Hooded Mergansers Lophodytes-Cucullatus from Ontario Canada

Journal: Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington

Volume: 44

Issue: 2

Pages: 219-221

Short Title: Helminth Parasites of Hooded Mergansers Lophodytes-Cucullatus from Ontario Canada


Keywords: Hooded Merganser; Lophodytes cucullatus; Parasites;

URL: ://BCI197713100116


Record Number: 108

Author: L. V. Balian, M. G. Ghasabian, M. S. Adamian and D. Klem

Year: 2002

Title: Changes in the waterbird community of the Lake Sevan-Lake Gilli area, Republic of Armenia: A case for restoration

Journal: Biological Conservation

Volume: 106

Issue: 2

Pages: 157-163

Date: August, 2002

Short Title: Changes in the waterbird community of the Lake Sevan-Lake Gilli area, Republic of Armenia: A case for restoration


Keywords: Sea Ducks - General; Red-breasted merganser; Conservation;

Abstract: Waterbird species richness (Gaviiformes, Podicipediformes, Pelecaniformes, Ciconiiformes, Phoenicopteriformes, Falconiformes, Anseriformes, Gruiformes, Charadriiformes, Passeriformes) has been significantly affected by a 19.5 m lowering of the water level in Lake Sevan (1933-2000), and the complete draining of nearby Lake Gilli (1960-2000) in the Republic of Armenia. Twenty-three former breeders are currently nonbreeders in the area. Four former breeders (black stork Ciconia nigra, glossy ibis Plegadis falcinellus, white-winged scoter Melanitta fusca, little crake Porzana parva) have been extirpated from the area. Four former non-breeders (cattle egret Bubulcus ibis, red-breasted goose Branta ruficollis, sociable lapwing Chettusia gregaria, lesser black-backed gull Larus fuscus) have been absent from the area for at least 20 years. The red-breasted merganser Mergus serrator is the only former nonbreeder discovered breeding in the Lake Sevan basin. We recommend that management plans of the 1960s and 1970s be used to further develop and enact new efforts to increase the water level of Lake Sevan by at least 6 m, and that Lake Gilli and its surrounding wetlands be restored as a means of increasing waterbird species richness overall, and protecting regional populations of globally threatened or near-threatened species (Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus crispus, red-breasted goose Branta ruficollis, ferruginous pochard Aythya nyroca, white-headed duck Oxyura leucocephala, corn crake Crex crex, great snipe Gallinago media, black-winged pratincole Glareola nordmanni, white-tailed eagle Haliaeetus albicilla).

URL: ://BCI200200403098


Record Number: 892

Author: A. N. Banks, W. G. Sanderson, B. Hughes, P. A. Cranswick, L. E. Smith, S. Whitehead, A. J. Musgrove, B. Haveock and N. P. Fairney

Year: 2008

Title: The Sea empress oil spill (Wales, UK): Effects on common scoter Melanitta nigra in Carmarthen Bay and status ten years later

Journal: Marine Pollution Bulletin

Volume: 56

Issue: 5

Pages: 895-902

Date: May 2008

Short Title: The Sea empress oil spill (Wales, UK): Effects on common scoter Melanitta nigra in Carmarthen Bay and status ten years later


Keywords: Black Scoter; Melanitta nigra; Contaminants; Nonbreeding Seasons;

Abstract: Carmarthen Bay, UK, regularly supports internationally important numbers (> 16,000) of non-breeding Common Scoters Melanitta nigra. The spill of 72,000 tonnes of crude oil from the Sea Empress in 1996 affected birds both through direct mortality and likely pollution of key food resources. Numbers were greatly reduced following the spill, whilst changes in the distribution of birds within Carmarthen Bay suggested that potentially sub-optimal foraging zones were used. However, ten years after the incident, numbers of Common Scoter were no different to those recorded immediately before the spill. Compared to some other spills, rapid revival is evident. Numbers increased to pre-spill levels within three winters and distributional changes suggested a concurrent return to previously contaminated feeding areas, implying that the ecosystem had regenerated sufficiently to support its top predator. The importance of prolonged, standardised monitoring of bird numbers and distribution as indicators of ecological recovery from environmental damage is emphasised. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

URL: ://BCI200800405156


Record Number: 1552

Author: H. J. M. Baptist, R. H. Witte, P. Duiven and P. A. Wolf

Year: 1997

Title: Numbers of Eiderr Somateria mollissima in The Netherlands in winter, 1993-97

Journal: Limosa

Volume: 70

Issue: 3

Pages: 113-118

Short Title: Numbers of Eiderr Somateria mollissima in The Netherlands in winter, 1993-97


Keywords: Common Eider; Somateria mollissima; Abundance, Distribution, and Trends; Nonbreeding Seasons;

Abstract: Aerial midwinter seaduck-surveys in Dutch inshore waters were conducted annually in 1993-97. In this paper, results of counts of Eider are presented and compared with those of previous aerial surveys of the Wadden Sea and the North Sea coast including the 'Voordeita'. Numbers of Eider in The Netherlands in 1993-97 varied from 120 000 to 170 000, with peak numbers during the cold winter of 1995/96. Before 1990, numbers fluctuated between 110 000 and 145 000. Nearly all of these occurred in the Wadden Sea. Coastal waters elsewhere had 3500 Eiders at most. In the early 1990s, Eiders in the Wadden Sea faced a food shortage caused by a reduced Cockle Cerastoderma edule and Mussel Mytilus edulis spatfall, combined with intensive shellfish-fisheries. Considerable mortality of Eiders and a shift in distribution from the Wadden Sea to the Dutch North Sea coastal zone was recorded. In January 1993, less than half of the wintering population stayed at the Wadden Sea. Considerable numbers of Cut trough shell Spisula subtruncata occurred in the coastal zone. As a result, the number of Common Scoters Melanitta nigra increased from a few thousand to over 100 000. The presence of this alternative food supply appears to have been essential for the survival of Eiders. When the food situation in the Wadden Sea recovered, the proportion of the Dutch population wintering there increased to 90% (January 1996). During the cold winter of 1995/96, Eider numbers in Dutch coastal waters were larger than ever before. The Wadden Sea as well as coastal waters north of it were extensively covered with ice. Eiders then concentrated in small patches of open water or were either resting on the ice. Apparently, most birds tried to survive locally, instead of moving south as did Common Scoters. In April 1996, large numbers of starved Eiders were found. In the second cold winter in succession (1996/97), almost 20% of the wintering population was found more southerly.

URL: ://BCI199800118951


Record Number: 889

Author: M. J. Baptist and M. F. Leopold

Year: 2009

Title: The effects of shoreface nourishments on Spisula and scoters in The Netherlands

Journal: Marine Environmental Research

Volume: 68

Issue: 1

Pages: 1-11

Date: Jul 2009

Short Title: The effects of shoreface nourishments on Spisula and scoters in The Netherlands


Keywords: Black Scoter; Melanitta nigra; Trophic Interactions; Nonbreeding Seasons;

Abstract: The coast of The Netherlands is protected by nourishing sand. Generally, two different techniques are used, beach nourishment and shoreface nourishment. The latter technique supplies sand at a water depth of about 5-8 m in the surf zone, and has been used on a regular basis since 1997 with increasing volumes since 2001. Observations on the bivalve mollusc Spisula subtruncata that was abundant before 1997 and a key food species for wintering seaduck show a decline since 2001. This coincided with a decrease in the abundance of the Common Scoter Melanitta nigra, the most numerous wintering seaduck off the Dutch coast. These observations raised concern about shoreface nourishments. This study analyses the timing and locations of shoreface nourishments in combination with S. subtruncata abundance and spatial distribution. Against the expectation, no causal relationship was found between the decline of S. subtruncata and shoreface nourishments. Other causes, such as climate change, fisheries, unsuccessful settlement or predation of spatfall are more likely behind the decline of Spisula along the Dutch coast. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

URL: ://BCI200900449397


Record Number: 1066

Author: L. Barjaktarovic, J. E. Elliott and A. M. Scheuhammer

Year: 2002

Title: Metal and metallothionein concentrations in scoter (Melanitta spp.) from the Pacific Northwest of Canada, 1989-1994

Journal: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

Volume: 43

Issue: 4

Pages: 486-491

Date: November, 2002

Short Title: Metal and metallothionein concentrations in scoter (Melanitta spp.) from the Pacific Northwest of Canada, 1989-1994


Keywords: White-winged Scoter; Melanitta fusca; Surf Scoter; Melanitta perspicillata; Contaminants; Nonbreeding Seasons;

Abstract: Eighty-six surf (Melanitta perspicillata) and nine white winged (M. fusca) scoters were collected from 1989-1994 at 11 locations in British Columbia and the Yukon. Their kidney and liver tissues were analyzed for cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and metallothionein (MT) concentrations. Individual kidney Cd values ranged from 2.4 mug/g dry weight (DW) in birds from northern Vancouver Island to 390.2 mug/g (DW) in birds from the Queen Charlotte Islands, which is in the range of values potentially associated with kidney damage. Birds from the Queen Charlotte Islands also had high kidney Zn concentrations, which were significantly higher than values in birds from Naniamo and Westham Island on the south coast of BC. Cd values were significantly (p<0.001) correlated with both Zn and MT concentrations in kidney tissue (r=0.66 and 0.62, respectively). Male surf scoters had significantly higher kidney Cd and Zn levels than females, with mean Cd values of 47.3 and 19.7 mug/g DW (p<0.002) for males and females, respectively. Mean Zn values were 120.8 and 108.0 mug/g DW (p<0.05) for males and females, respectively. However, no sex differences were observed for either Cu or MT concentrations in kidney tissue. Individual MT values ranged from 2.7 to 416.8 mug/g wet weight (WW). Individual kidney Cu values ranged from 15.1 to 48.4 mug/g DW for both sexes. Kidney and liver Cd concentrations were significantly correlated (r=0.90, p<0.05) with kidney levels almost always higher than liver values. Although Cd accumulation by the Skidegate scoters was high, comparable tissue Cd values have been documented in other seabirds collected from the same general area, indicating elevated Cd concentrations in marine food chains around the Queen Charlotte Islands (Haida Gwaii) region of the Pacific coast.

URL: ://BCI200200592630


Record Number: 176

Author: G. G. Barnes and V. G. Thomas

Year: 1987

Title: Digestive Organ Morphology Diet and Guild Structure of North American Anatidae

Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology

Volume: 65

Issue: 7

Pages: 1812-1817

Short Title: Digestive Organ Morphology Diet and Guild Structure of North American Anatidae


Keywords: Sea Ducks - General; Physiology;

Abstract: Discriminant function, cluster, and covariate analyses of gizzard, small intestine, and ceca weights were used to quantify the structure of feeding guilds and the effects of diet on gut morphology for 18 species of North American anatids. Guild structure based on gut measurements closely approximated that identified by generalized feeding habits. Herbivorous species such as Brant (Branta bernicla), Gadwall (Anas strepera), Redheads (Aythya americana), Canada Geese (Branta canadensis), and Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) consistently had heavier gizzards and ceca than carnivorous species such as Common Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula), Bufflehead (Bucephala albeola), Oldsquaw (Clangula hyemalis), and Common Mergansers (Mergus merganser). Omnivorous species such as Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis), Greater Scaup (Aythya marila), and American Black Ducks (Anas rubripes) were characterized by heavy gizzards, intermediate ceca, and heavy intestines. The results provide further evidence that intestine size is primarily influenced by overall diet diversity and suggest that gut size may be used to indicate general food habits. The ability of waterfowl to adjust gut sizes and accommodate dietary changes is restricted to ranges dictated by the most frequently eaten foods. Thus, predictions of general food habits can be made without knowledge of the foods being consumed at a particular time and location. [Other species discussed are Somateria mollissima, Lophodytes cucullatus, Anas crecca, Anas discors, Aythya collaris, and Aythya valisineria].

URL: ://BCI198885025196


Record Number: 1489

Author: R. T. Barrett, T. Anker-Nilssen, G. W. Gabrielsen and G. Chapdelaine

Year: 2002

Title: Food consumption by seabirds in Norwegian waters

Journal: ICES Journal of Marine Science

Volume: 59

Issue: 1

Pages: 43-57

Date: February, 2002

Short Title: Food consumption by seabirds in Norwegian waters


Keywords: Common Eider; Somateria mollissima; Trophic Interactions;

Abstract: A model is presented of the annual consumption of prey by seabirds living in the Norwegian and Barents seas (ICES Areas I, IIa, and IIb) based on the numbers of birds present at any one time, their energy expenditure (and hence their food demand), and the composition of their diet. About 20 million seabirds living in the Barents Sea annually consume approximately 1.16 X 106 t, with Brunnich's guillemots (Uria lomvia) taking around 550 000 t (or 47% of the total). Of the total harvest in the Barents Sea, fatty fish constitutes 45% and invertebrates 46%. Annual consumption in the Norwegian Sea is estimated to be 681 000 t by 11 million seabirds of which Atlantic puffins (Fratercula arctica) are the major consumers (240 000 t, 36%), followed by northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) (200 000 t, 29%). 50% of the harvest in the Norwegian Sea is of lean fish, and 40% invertebrates. Although these consumption rates are probably in the right order of magnitude, errors still arise from uncertainties concerning bird diets and numbers in the region at any one time (especially of birds which breed elsewhere and visit the sea in question outside the breeding season). While the percentages of invertebrates consumed in the two seas are similar, those taken in the Norwegian Sea consist mainly of benthic organisms eaten by common eiders (Somateria mollissima) while those eaten in the Barents Sea are mainly pelagic crustaceans taken by Brunnich's guillemots and northern fulmars. Compared to other predators such as cod (Gadus morhua), whales, seals, and humans, seabirds account for a minor part (8-15%) of the total harvest and even less (5-11%) of the fish harvest of top predators in the Barents Sea.

URL: ://BCI200200148696


Record Number: 1236

Author: J. Bart and S. L. Earnst

Year: 2005

Title: Breeding ecology of Spectacled Eiders Somateria fischeri in Northern Alaska

Journal: Wildfowl

Volume: 55

Pages: 83-98

Short Title: Breeding ecology of Spectacled Eiders Somateria fischeri in Northern Alaska


Keywords: Spectacled Eider; Somateria fischeri; Abundance, Distribution, and Trends; Habitat; Behavior; Productivity; Conservation; Breeding Season;

Abstract: Spectacled Eiders Somateria fischeri were studied on the Colville River delta during 1994-1999, prior to oil field development, to document aspects of breeding biology that are poorly known, especially for northern-nesting populations. Both sexes arrived June 6-12; many males remained for only about 10 days. Density on the 178-km(2) study area was 0.48 birds/km(2), comparable to densities reported from extensive surveys in western Alaska and Russia. Wetlands with numerous islands and peninsulas were utilised prior to incubation, a little-studied period. Females spent considerably more time feeding than males (56% vs. 18%). Males travelled, rested and were alert more than females, and actively defended females from intruding males. Whole nest survival was 31% and varied substantially between years, as has been demonstrated in other studies. Brood size showed no detectable decline from hatch about July 10 to mid-August, suggesting Low mortality during this period, a sharp contrast with results from a study in a lead-contaminated area of western Alaska in which duckling survival to 30 days post-hatch was 34%. The Likelihood of adverse impacts on this threatened species, from oil-related or other activities, can be reduced by industry avoiding areas, throughout the summer, with numerous islands, peninsulas and deep water.

URL: ://BCI200600253853


Record Number: 796

Author: U. Bauer and H. Zintl

Year: 1974

Title: Distribution and Breeding Biology of the Goosander Mergus-Merganser in Bavaria West Germany

Journal: Anzeiger der Ornithologischen Gesellschaft in Bayern

Volume: 13

Issue: 1

Pages: 71-86

Short Title: Distribution and Breeding Biology of the Goosander Mergus-Merganser in Bavaria West Germany


Keywords: Common merganser; Mergus merganser; Abundance, Distribution, and Trends; Breeding Season;

URL: ://BCI197661018393


Record Number: 756

Author: U. Bauer and H. Zintl

Year: 1995

Title: Breeding biology and development of breeding population of the goosander Mergus merganser in Bavaria since 1970

Journal: Ornithologischer Anzeiger

Volume: 34

Issue: 1

Pages: 1-38

Short Title: Breeding biology and development of breeding population of the goosander Mergus merganser in Bavaria since 1970


Keywords: Common merganser; Mergus merganser; Abundance, Distribution, and Trends; Breeding Season;

Abstract: 1. Since the year of 1970 remnant populations of the Goosander in the Bavarian Alps started to expand and the prealpine rivers down to the Danube were resettled with the exception of the river Inn. 2. The local population on the river Isar south of Munich, which has been studied more

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